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The ubiquity of tiny particles of minerals -mineral nanoparticles- in oceans and rivers, atmosphere and soils, and in living cells are providing scientists with new ways of understanding Earth's workings. ''Our planet's physical, chemical, and biological processes are influenced or driven by the properties of these minerals''.
So states a team of researchers from seven universities in a paper published in the journal Science: [["Nanominerals, Mineral Nanoparticles, and Earth Systems."|http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5870/1631]] "This is an excellent summary of the relevance of natural nanoparticles in the Earth system," said Enriqueta Barrera, program director in NSF's Division of Earth Sciences. "It shows that there is much to be learned about the role of nanominerals, and points to the need for future research."
Minerals have an enormous range of physical and chemical properties due to a wide range of composition and structure, including particle size. Each mineral has a set of specific physical and chemical properties. ''Nanominerals'', however, ''have one critical difference: a range of physical and chemical properties, depending on their size and shape''.
"This difference changes our view of the diversity and complexity of minerals, and how they influence Earth systems," said [[Michael Hochella|http://www.vt.edu/spotlight/achievement/2008-03-03_hochella/2008-03-03_hochella.html]] of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Va.
''The role of nanominerals is far-reaching'', said Hochella. ''Nanominerals are widely distributed throughout the atmosphere, oceans, surface and underground waters, and soils, and in most living organisms, even within proteins''.
Nanoparticles play an important role in the lives of ocean-dwelling phytoplankton, for example, which remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Phytoplankton growth is limited by iron availability. Iron in the ocean is composed of nanocolloids, nanominerals, and mineral nanoparticles, supplied by rivers, glaciers and deposition from the atmosphere. Nanoscale reactions resulting in the formation of phytoplankton biominerals, such as calcium carbonate, are important influences on oceanic and global carbon cycling.
On land, nanometer-scale hematite catalyzes the oxidation of manganese, resulting in the rapid formation of minerals that absorb heavy metals in water and soils. The rate of oxidation is increased when nanoparticles are present.
Conversely, harmful heavy metals may disperse widely, courtesy of nanominerals. In research at the Clark Fork River Superfund Complex in Montana, Hochella discovered a nanomineral involved in the movement of lead, arsenic, copper, and zinc through hundred of miles of Clark River drainage basin.
Nanominerals can also move radioactive substances. Research at one of the most contaminated nuclear sites in the world, a nuclear waste reprocessing plant in Mayak, Russian, has shown that plutonium travels in local groundwater, carried by mineral nanoparticles.
In the atmosphere, mineral nanoparticles impact heating and cooling. Such particles act as water droplet growth centers, which lead to cloud formation. The size and density of droplets influences solar radiation and cloud longevity, which in turn influence average global temperatures.
''"The biogeochemical and ecological impact of natural and synthetic nanomaterials is one of the fastest growing areas of research, with not only vital scientific, but also large environmental, economic, and political consequences,"'' the authors conclude.
In addition to Hochella, authors of the paper are Steven Lower of Ohio State University, and Patricia Maurice of the University of Notre Dame; along with R. Lee Penn of the University of Minnesota; Nita Sahai of the University of ~Wisconsin-Madison; Donald Sparks of the University of Delaware; and Benjamin Twining of the University of South Carolina.
Source: [["Nanominerals" Influence Earth Systems from Ocean to Atmosphere to Biosphere|http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=111279&org=NSF&from=news]]. See also [[Nanoscience will change the way we think about the world|http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/story.php?relyear=2008&itemno=177&head=Nanoscience%20will%20change%20the%20way%20we%20think%20about%20the%20world]]
Rather than infer that nanotechnology is safe, members of the public who learn about this novel science tend to become sharply polarized along cultural lines, according to a study conducted by the [[Cultural Cognition Project|http://www.culturalcognition.net/]] at Yale Law School in collaboration with the [[Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies|http://www.nanotechproject.org/]]. These findings have important implications for garnering support of the new technology, say the researchers.
According to Kahan and other experts, the findings of the experiment highlight the need for public education strategies that consider citizens' predispositions. "There is still plenty of time to develop risk-communication strategies that make it possible for persons of diverse values to understand the best evidence scientists develop on nanotechnology's risks," added Kahan. "The only mistake would be to assume that such strategies aren't necessary."
''"The message matters,"'' said David Rejeski, director of the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies. ''"How information about nanotechnology is presented to the vast majority of the public who still know little about it can either make or break this technology''. Scientists, the government, and industry generally take a simplistic, 'just the facts' approach to communicating with the public about a new technology. But, this research shows that diverse audiences and groups react to the same information very differently."
Source: [[Nanotechnology 'culture war' possible, says Yale study|http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-12/yu-nw120508.php]]
<<tag [[public opinion]] "public opinion" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag dissemination "dissemination" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
Using lasers, Korean researchers have crafted a microscopic version of Rodin's famed sculpture "The Thinker" just about twice the size of a red blood cell at 20 millionths of a meter high. For more than a decade, researchers worldwide have experimented with lasers to fabricate elaborate 3-D creations.
[img[the thinker|http://www.livescience.com/images/070108_sculpt_C_02.jpg]]
<html><a href="http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APPLAB000090000007079903000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes">Ultraprecise microreproduction of a three-dimensional artistic sculpture by multipath scanning method in two-photon photopolymerization</a> [Appl. Phys. Lett 90, 013113 (2007)] by Dong-Yol Yang, Sang Hu Park, Tae Woo Lim, Hong-Jin Kong, Shin Wook Yi, Hyun Kwan Yang and Kwang-Sup Lee</html>
[<img[DNA cassette | http://www.nyu.edu/public.affairs/images/photos/uploads/Seeman-Proofs-12.jpg]] New York University chemistry professor Nadrian C. Seeman and his graduate student Baoquan Ding have developed a DNA cassette through which a nanomechanical device can be inserted and function within a DNA array, allowing for the motion of a nanorobotic arm. The results, reported in the latest issue of the journal Science, mark the first time scientists have been able to employ a functional nanotechnology device within a DNA array.
"It is crucial for nanorobotics to be able to insert controllable devices into a particular site within an array, thereby leading to a diversity of structural states," explained Seeman. "Here we have demonstrated that a single device has been inserted and converted at a specific site." He added that the results pave the way for creating nanoscale "assembly lines" in which more complex maneuvers could be executed... http://www.nyu.edu/public.affairs/releases/detail/1355
Scientists at Rice University and Baylor College of Medicine have discovered a new way to use Rice's famed buckyball nanoparticles as passkeys that allows drugs to enter cancer cells.
The passkeys that Barron and colleagues developed contain a molecule called Bucky amino acid that was created in Barron's lab. Bucky amino acid, or Baa, is based on pheylalanine, one of the 20 essential amino acids that are strung together like beads on a necklace to build all proteins.
Barron's graduate student, Jianzhong Yang, developed several different Baa-containing peptides, or slivers of protein containing about a dozen or so amino acids. In their natural form, with pheylalanine as a link in their chain, these peptides did not pass through the cell walls.
Barron's group collaborated with Yang's brother, Baylor College of Medicine assistant professor Jianhua Yang at Texas Children’s Cancer Center, and found the Baa-containing peptides could mimick viral proteins and pass through the walls of cancer cells. The peptides were found effective at penetrating the defenses of both liver cancer cells and neuroblastoma cells.
http://media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=9213&SnID=1476741455
<<tag nanomedicine>><<tag [[drug delivery]]>>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-EuroScience-Open-Forum-ESOF-2008"> <a class="url" href="http://www.euroscience.org/ESOF/esof2008.htm"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20080718">July 18th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20080723">22th, 2008</abbr> <span class="summary">EuroScience Open Forum ESOF 2008</span>— at <span class="location">Barcelona</span> </a> <div class="description">Euroscience Open Forum is a biennial event which seeks to showcase European achievements right across the scientific spectrum and serves as an open forum for debates on science-related issues and also as a showcase for European and International research. Through ESOF, researchers and scientists, as well as the general public, are provided with an adequate platform for exchanging views and discussing the challenges and consequences of scientific developments around the world. Barcelona has been selected to host ESOF in 2008 and, thus, deserves the tribute as Europe’s “City of Science” for that year. </div>
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Nanotechnology in Cosmetics!
These days we are debating if nanoparticles in sunblock and toothpaste are safe. The ancient Greeks and Romans didn't know about such things - but they already used nanotechnology in their cosmetics. An ancient dyeing process for blacking hair is a remarkable illustration of synthetic nanoscale biomineralization.... http://www.newswiretoday.com/news/8233/
<<tag concerns>><<tag [[nano before nanotech]]>>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-Nanotech Europe 2009"> <a class="url" href="ttp://www.nanotech.net"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20090928">September 28th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20090930">30th, 2008</abbr> <span class="summary">Nanotech Europe 2009</span>— at <span class="location">Berlin</span> </a> <div class="description">Europe's largest annual nanotechnology conference and exhibition, Nanotech Europe takes place on 28th - 30th September 2009 in Berlin, Germany. Nanotech Europe is an event for nanotechnology professionals, with an interest in research or taking that research to market. The fifth Nanotech Europe offers a broad, interdisciplinary overview of nanotechnology, and the opportunity to meet and discuss with others in the nanotechnology community.</div>
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In his project, “High Efficient 3-Dimensional Nanotube Solar Cell for Visible and UV Light,” William Yuan (12-year-old) invented ''a novel solar panel that enables [[light absorption from visible to ultraviolet light|Nanoantennas: the next generation of solar energy collectors]]''. He designed carbon nanotubes to overcome the barriers of electron movement, doubling the light-electricity conversion efficiency. William also developed a model for solar towers and a computer program to simulate and optimize the tower parameters. //His optimized design provides 500 times more light absorption than commercially-available solar cells and nine times more than the cutting-edge, three-dimensional solar cell//.
Since 2005, William has been involved in the [[First Lego League|nano quest]] ([[FLL|nanoquest competition lego 2006]]), which led him to research renewable energy and nanotechnology. During his research and community outreach, William //realized the importance of renewable energy for future generations and began to focus his research on solar cells//.
Source: [[2008 Davidson Fellow Laureates|http://presskit.ditd.org/2008_Davidson_Fellows_Press_Kit/2008_DF_William_Yuan.pdf]]. "Davidson Fellows scholarships recognize young people under the age of 18 for completing a significant piece of work that has the potential to make a positive contribution to society in one of the following areas: science, technology, mathematics, music, literature, philosophy, or any other graduate-level work considered outside the box. [[The Davidson Institute|http://www.davidsongifted.org/]] mission is to recognize, nurture and support profoundly intelligent young people and to provide opportunities for them to develop their talents to make a positive difference."
A new X-ray microscope can look at nanomaterials in three dimensions.
<html><a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nanotechnology/Electron_microscopy#Transmission_electron_microscopy_.28TEM.29">
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)</a></html> has traditionally been used to study nanomaterials, but because electrons do not penetrate far into materials, the sample preparation procedure is usually complicated and destructive. Furthermore, TEM only gives two-dimensional images.
The new method shines a powerful X-ray source onto a nanoparticle and collects the X-rays scattered from the sample. Then computers construct a three-dimensional image from that data. The microscope can resolve details down to 17 nanometers, or a few atoms across.
<<tag microscope>><<tag images>>
Access on the web at no charge in 2007
The inaugural issue of ACS Nano was released online August 14, 2007. During 2007, the journal is available on the web at no charge. Go to the web site now: http://www.acsnano.org
The first issue of ACS Nano features articles presenting the latest findings from the research groups of Drs. David Allara, Hongjie Dai, and Prashant Kamat, along with a conversation with Nobel Laureate Heinrich Rohrer and a special editorial by ~Editor-in-Chief Paul S.
Weiss.
ACS Nano is a new international forum for the communication of comprehensive articles on nanoscience and nanotechnology research at the interfaces of chemistry, biology, materials science, physics, and engineering. Moreover, the journal helps facilitate communication among scientists from all these research communities in developing new research opportunities, advancing the field through new discoveries, and reaching out to scientists at all levels.
In addition to comprehensive, original research articles, ACS Nano offers reviews, perspectives on cutting-edge research, conversations with nanoscience and nanotechnology thought leaders, and discussions of topics that are important for the entire community.
ACS Nano complements Nano Letters, the leading forum for rapid communication of nanoscale research, ranked #1 in nanoscience & nanotechnology with a 9.960 impact factor.
Addictlab and IMEC are launching a new call for ideas and visions on future applications of emerging technologies in the field of art, design, architecture, fashion, communication, environments, health and well-being. After a first successful collaboration researching visual, conceptual and more practical ways of communicating about nanotechnology, a new call will take it one step further into the world of emerging technologies and their applications, with a focus on the emerging invisible (a-material) production, where benefits are perceptions centred. ''The Addict & IMEC partnership is also aimed at creating a brand new international platform for creative views on nanotechnology applications and ideas''. An international jury will select a winner for each application domain and announce it during a public event in 2009.
It all started a year ago. IMEC, Europe's leading independent nanoelectronics and nanotechnology research centre is driven by a dream: opening up the horizon of emerging technologies research, not only by widening the fields of scientific studies, but involving and informing as many people as possible. Science is for all, not only an educational topic, but also as a mean of increasing creativity and creating a true dialogue on science, technology, possible applications and implications. ''By crossing the borders between science and technology and art and design industry, research institutes, academia and policy leaders can enter into a dialogue with the broad public''.
In this aim, IMEC came to Ad!dict Creative Lab for a first project that resulted in a publication: [[#27 Nanotechnology|http://www.addictlab.com/labfiles/?page=project&project=52]]. This Inspiration Book generated workshops and exhibitions during 2007, and it’s still adopted at IMEC as a communication tool to explain that science and creativity have no limits. The present project needs to be considered as a step further: ''emerging technologies are becoming privileged media in art and design''. Even if still delimited to a niche category (e.g. bio-art, interactive- or experience design, etc.) we all know that in an optic of sustainable development, this might be the future.
The Addict Inspiration Book [[#29 “in.tangible.scape.s”|http://www.modobruxellae.be/Doc/annonces/080212_addictlab.pdf]] will go through that entire invisible domain that is ''moving the creativity world from the object predominance to the experiencing sphere of perceptions and the benefits of a more and more invisible (a-material) production''. This call reaches out to designers, artists, students, architects, engineers, researchers and dreamers worldwide. This second step will lead Addict with its labmembers and IMEC to the promotion of a new global approach of science and high-tech applied to arts and design in the wider sense.
Source: [[A joint initiative to bring science and technology to life through art and design|http://www.imec.be/wwwinter/mediacenter/en/Addict_2008.shtml]]
European scientific research is normally presented to the public after the project is complete. When clear post-hoc descriptions of the science are constructed, it can present a misleading impression - of the process of scientific research, the methods and skills used by the researchers, and the levels of uncertainty involved. This makes debate of scientific subjects in the public arena difficult, and blocks the public from actively engaging with the science. Furthermore many of the most challenging and exciting aspects of scientific research are often never seen by the public.
''To find a new way to involve the public in scientific research. To actively engage them in a two-way dialogue. To show that scientific research is not about cut-and-dried facts but is a dynamic process of discovery, surprise, occasional failure, and often the unexpected. To impart a deeper understanding of the scientific process, and hopefully transfer some of the excitement of involvement in cutting edge nanoscience research''.
Using the latest video and Internet technology, we will produce documentary films before and after the project, showing our aims, and eventual outcomes. Throughout the project, the participants will produce ''video diaries which will be available to view over the Internet'', with a forum facilitating discussion between the scientists and the public.
We use a novel plasma treatment technique developed at Namur to modify the surface of carbon nanotubes. This makes it possible, in a single step, to apply precisely controlled amounts of metal to the nanotube surfaces. These metal-nanotube hybrid materials have great potential for use in gas sensors. Combining detailed experiments with strong computer modelling support we will develop new insight into the fundamental interactions between metals and carbon nanotubes, as well as the behaviour of nanotubes in plasma treatments. At the same time we will develop industrial scale production techniques for synthesis, and design, test and optimise a gas sensing device using these metal-nanotube hybrid nanomaterials.
''To see what the scientists are doing at the moment'', go to the [[View Scientist Diaries|http://www.nano2hybrids.net/browse_posts.php]]
Source: [[nano2hybrids project|http://www.nano2hybrids.net/2-project/introduction.php]]
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The physico-chemical properties and consequent behaviour of a tiny cage of 60 carbon atoms or a compact gold aggregation of a few thousand atoms are far more different that the differences between the necessary Escherichia Coli in the guts or the dangerous Streptococcus Pneumoniae Bacterias. However, both, the carbon and the gold structure, are called nanoparticles. As a 200 nm polymeric sphere loaded with drugs or the 10 nm titanium dioxide embedded in the sunscreens creams. All of them are very different and called the same: nanoparticles. Mainly in mass media, in the headlines, many different materials are called the same, not helping to understand. Thus confusing news simultaneously appear claiming that nanoparticles will cause and will heal cancer. And all that does not help to inform the public and us (as society) to reach appropriate consensus for the efficient and safe development of new technologies . We, all concerned people, should immediately engage in an honest effort to label, describe and characterize the different players (materials, properties, phenomena) of the nanoworld in order to create an adequate ontology to accurately describe the complexity happening at the nanoscale. The physical and chemical properties change when the mater is reduced to the nanometric scale, and therefore its kinetics and thermodynamics. But all those changes happen in a particular way towards a particular direction in any piece of different material. Different by composition, size, shape, number and surface state. One should not think that materials become similar when they reach the nanometric scale. Far from that. The differences between the carbon and the metal increases when they become nanometric. The diversity of properties and behaviour expands at the nanoscale, what is fascinating and, again, remain us the celebrated sentence [[There is Plenty of Room at the Botom|http://www.its.caltech.edu/~feynman/plenty.html]].
[<img[Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope|http://www-cmls.llnl.gov/data/assets/images/science_and_technology/materials/dtem/fig2.jpg]] Researchers have achieved a milestone in materials science and electron microscopy by taking a high-resolution snapshot of the transformation of nanoscale structures.
Using the Lab’s [[Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope (DTEM)|http://www-cmls.llnl.gov/?url=science_and_technology-materials-dtem]], Judy Kim and colleagues peered into the microstructure and properties of reactive multilayer foils with 15-nanosecond-scale resolution.
//Observing short-lived behavior — how a chemical reaction, structural deformation or phase transformation occurs — is not easy, but is key to understanding many of the basic phenomena at the heart of chemistry, biology and materials science//. The ability to directly observe and characterize these complex events leads to a fundamental understanding of properties such as reactivity, stability and strength, and helps in the design of new and improved materials and devices.
Transmission electron microscopy has evolved dramatically in recent years and can spatially resolve microstructural details of phase and structure, but it can’t collect at times less than a millisecond.
That’s where Livermore’s DTEM comes in. It provides scientists with the ability to image transient behavior with ''an unprecedented combination of spatial and temporal resolution: nanometers and nanoseconds''.
Multilayer foils (also known as nanolaminates) are layers of reactant materials that undergo exothermic, self-propagating reactions when layer mixing is caused by an external energy source. The foils show mobile, high-temperature reaction zones where atoms of adjoining layers diffuse across the interfaces. They are used as customized heat sources for rapid fuses, biological neutralization and joining materials via localized heating rather than global device heating.
Source: [[A snapshot of the transformation of nanoscale structures|https://publicaffairs.llnl.gov/news/news_releases/2008/NR-08-09-02.html]]. The research appears the journal Science, [["Imaging of Transient Structures Using Nanosecond in Situ TEM"|http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;321/5895/1472?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Judy+Kim&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT]]
~NanoWiki, using Feed Informer and rss2pdf, created this RSS Reader tailored for nanotechnology feeds tracking
The Australian Minister for Education, launch an innovative secondary school resource that will assist science teachers to teach nanotechnology in Australian schools.
~AccessNano is a unique, cutting-edge ''nanotechnology educational resource'' designed to introduce accessible and innovative science and technology into Australian secondary school classrooms. We hope that ~AccessNano provides you with a fresh new approach to teaching science in your school, as well as stimulating new ideas and opening pathways for Australian careers in nanotechnology for your students.
The [[Australian Office of Nanotechnology|http://www.nanotechnology.gov.au/]] developed ~AccessNano following feedback from science teachers that children were asking to be taught about nanotechnology, but many teachers did not have the knowledge or resources to be able to teach the topic.
Source: [[AccessNano|http://www.accessnano.org/]]
[[Dr. Robert Langer|http://web.mit.edu/langerlab/langer.html]] is institute professor, chemical and biomedical engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "//Robert Langer is the foremost pioneer and innovator in modern drug delivery//," says John Sterling, ~Editor-in-Chief of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. "[[Dr. Langer|http://nanowiki.info/index.html#%5B%5BGroundbreakers%20in%20the%20field%20of%20Nanotechnology%20worldwide%5D%5D]] and his team continue to advance research and development on novel biomaterials and tissue- engineered products. They are constantly pushing the technology envelope for new ways to deliver biodrugs and pharmaceuticals."
[[Interview with Robert Langer|http://www.genengnews.com/genCasts.aspx?id=198]]. This podcast ''on New Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems'' is imperative for researchers and biotechnology, pharmaceutical and medical device executives whose companies are engaged in drug discovery and development, as well as market makers, analysts, and investors who must be knowledgeable about the challenges and directions in therapeutic delivery.
Source: [[Advances in drug delivery and tissue engineering|http://www.genengnews.com/genCasts.aspx?id=198]]
^^Via [[Joan Esteve|http://www.ub.edu/gcfes/index_es.htm]], [[Victor Puntes|Victor Puntes]]^^
Stained glass windows that are painted with gold purify the air when they are lit up by sunlight, a team of Queensland University of Technology experts have discovered. Associate Professor [[Zhu Huai Yong|http://www.sci.qut.edu.au/about/staff/physchem/chem/zhuh.jsp]] said that //glaziers in medieval forges were the first nanotechnologists who produced colours with gold nanoparticles of different sizes//. Professor Zhu said numerous church windows across Europe were decorated with glass coloured in gold nanoparticles. "For centuries people appreciated only the beautiful works of art, and long life of the colours, but little did they realise that these works of art are also, in modern language, ''photocatalytic air purifier with nanostructured gold catalyst''," Professor Zhu said.
He said tiny particles of gold, energised by the sun, were able to destroy air-borne pollutants like volatile organic chemical (~VOCs), which may often come from new furniture, carpets and paint in good condition. "These ~VOCs create that 'new' smell as they are slowly released from walls and furniture, but they, along with methanol and carbon monoxide, are not good for your health, even in small amounts," he said.
"Gold, when in very small particles, becomes very active under sunlight. The electromagnetic field of the sunlight can couple with the oscillations of the electrons in the gold particles and creates a resonance [[[surface plasmon resonance|http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nanotechnology/Nanometals]]]. The magnetic field on the surface of the gold nanoparticles can be enhanced by up to hundred times, which breaks apart the pollutant molecules in the air." Professor Zhu said the by-product was carbon dioxide, which was comparatively safe, particularly in the small amounts that would be created through this process.
He said ''the use of gold [[nanoparticles]] to drive chemical reactions'' opened up exciting possibilities for scientific research. //"This technology is solar-powered, and is very energy efficient, because only the particles of gold heat up," he said. "In conventional chemical reactions, you heat up everything, which is a waste of energy. Once this technology can be applied to produce specialty chemicals at ambient temperature, it heralds significant changes in the economy and environmental impact of the chemical production."//
Source: [[Air-purifying church windows early nanotechnology|http://www.news.qut.edu.au/cgi-bin/WebObjects/News.woa/wa/goNewsPage?newsEventID=19841]]. Findings have been published in a recent edition of Angewandte Chemie International: [[Visible-Light-Driven Oxidation of Organic Contaminants in Air with Gold Nanoparticle Catalysts on Oxide Supports|http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1002/anie.200800602]].
[<img[the special paving stone in a lab of the Twente University|http://www.terradaily.com/images/air-purifying-concrete-afp-bg.jpg]] As of April 2008, [[Jos Brouwers|http://www.cme.ctw.utwente.nl/organisatie/Persoonlijke%20websites/Jos%20Brouwers.doc/index.html]] with a post-doc (Dr. M. Ballari) has started a 2-year project concerning the full-scale demonstration of 500 m2 air-purifying (~DeNOx) stones in a street in Hengelo. [[The municipality of Hengelo and the University of Twente|http://www.hengelo.nl/smartsite.dws?menu=8698&channel=INT&ch=INT&id=65390&hl=Castorweg]] (UT) are paving a test road section in Hengelo with air-purifying stones. The top layer of the concrete stones converts nitrogen oxide from exhaust fumes into harmless nitrates.
Car exhaust fumes contain nitrogen oxides (~NOx). Nitrogen oxides cause acid rain and smog. This problem can be partly solved by using [[air-purifying|air]] paving stones. The top layer of the paving stones is made of [[air-purifying concrete|http://www.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=05922daf-ecd9-4098-8b64-8dd2373e6ac6&lang=nl&binary=/doc/13-05%20High-tech%20concrete.pdf]]. This concrete contains titanium dioxide, a photocatalytic material which uses sunlight to convert the nitrogen oxides in the air into harmless nitrates. The rain then washes the streets clean.
Based on a [[Japanese invention|http://www.businessgreen.com/business-green/news/2223985/dutch-debut-pollution-eating]], the stones were further developed and their effectiveness demonstrated by the UT in its concrete research laboratory. The next step now is to test the stones in practice. The municipality of Hengelo has made the Castorweg location available for this purpose. The street will be divided into two sections, one half will be paved with conventional stones and the other half with air-purifying ones. The air quality will then be measured in each section to test the effectiveness of the stones. As an added bonus, the stones repel dirt and therefore always stay clean.
The location in Hengelo was chosen because of the volume of cars and the fact that the road is being reconstructed. The local air quality is currently well within the norm.
This trial is being carried out with stone producer [[Struyk Verwo Infra|http://www.struykverwo.nl/]]. As part of its ‘Effective Sustainability’ programme the province of Overijssel has granted a subsidy for the project. The province of Overijssel sees these stones as a good future opportunity for improving the air quality at places where the norms are not met. The demonstration project also has national significance.
The road reconstruction is expected to be completed by the end of the year. Measurements will then start early next year, with the first test results expected around the summer of 2009.
Source: [[Air-purifying paving stones on trial|http://www.utwente.nl/en/news/2008/august/66780%20UT%20PB%20Straatstenen%20(Engels).doc/]]. See also [[The European-Japanese Initiative on Photocatalytic Applications and Commercialization|http://www.ejipac.de/]]
^^Via [[Victor Puntes|Victor Puntes]]^^
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A groundbreaking poll (Risks and Benefits of Nanotechnology & Synthetic Biology) finds that //almost half of U.S. adults have heard nothing about nanotechnology, and nearly nine in 10 Americans say they have heard just a little or nothing at all about the emerging field of synthetic biology//, according to a new report released by the [[Project on Emerging Technologies|http://www.nanotechproject.org/about/mission/]] and [[Peter D. Hart Research|http://www.nanotechproject.org/multimedia/flash/focus3/garin/garin.html]]. Both technologies involve manipulating matter at an incredibly small scale to achieve something new.
This ''new insight into limited public awareness of emerging technologies'' comes as a major leadership change is about to take hold in the nation's capital. Public policy experts are concerned, regardless of party, that //the federal government is behind the curve in engaging citizens on the potential benefits and risks posed by technologies that could have a significant impact on society//.
"Early in the administration of the next president, //scientists are expected to take the next major step toward the creation of synthetic forms of life//. Yet the results from the first U.S. telephone poll about synthetic biology show that most adults have heard just a little or nothing at all about it," says PEN Director David Rejeski. The poll findings are contained in the report, [[The American Public's Awareness Of And Perceptions About Potential Risks and Benefits of Nanotechnology & Synthetic Biology|http://www.nanotechproject.org/mint/pepper/tillkruess/downloads/tracker.php?url=http%3A//www.nanotechproject.org/process/assets/files/7040/final-synbioreport.pdf]].
//Synthetic biology is the use of advanced science and engineering to construct or re-design living organisms–like bacteria–so that they can carry out specific functions. This emerging technology is likely to develop rapidly in the coming years, much as nanotechnology did in the last decade//.
//At the same time, the poll found that about half of adults say they have heard nothing at all about nanotechnology. About 50 percent of adults are too unsure about nanotechnology to make an initial judgment on the possible tradeoffs between benefits and risks. Of those people who are willing to make an initial judgment, they think benefits will outweigh risks by a three to one margin when compared to those who believe risks will outweigh benefits. The plurality of respondents, however, believes that risks and benefits will be about equal. A major industry forecasting firm determined that last year nanotech goods in the global marketplace totaled $147 billion.//
According to the poll, ''the level of U.S. public awareness about nanotechnology has not changed measurably since 2004'' when Hart Research conducted the first poll on the topic on behalf of the PEN.
Source: [[Poll: Risks and Benefits of Nanotechnology & Synthetic Biology|http://www.nanotechproject.org/news/archive/synbio_poll/]]
“Information about the toxicity of nanoparticles is important in determining how nanoparticles will be regulated. In the U.S., the burden of collecting this information and conducting risk assessment is placed on regulatory agencies without the budgetary means to carry out this mandate. In this paper, we analyze the impact of testing costs on society’s ability to gather information about nanoparticle toxicity and whether such costs can reasonably be borne by an emerging industry. We show for the United States that costs for testing existing nanoparticles ranges from $249 million for optimistic assumptions about nanoparticle hazards (i.e., they are primarily safe and mainly require simpler screening assays) to $1.18 billion for a more comprehensive precautionary approach (i.e., all nanomaterials require long-term in vivo testing). At midlevel estimates of total corporate R&D spending, and assuming plausible levels of spending on hazard testing, the time taken to complete testing is likely to be very high (34-53 years) if all existing nanomaterials are to be thoroughly tested. These delays will only increase with time as new nanomaterials are introduced. The delays are considerably less if less-stringent yet risk-averse perspectives are used. Our results support a tiered risk-assessment strategy similar to the EU’s REACH legislation for regulating toxic chemicals.” Source: [[The Impact of Toxicity Testing Costs on Nanomaterial Regulation|http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es802388s]] by ~Jae-Young Choi, Gurumurthy Ramachandran and Milind Kandlikar.
Apparently, there is no way out for this situation other than take risks. However, we could imagine another and more peaceful scenario where companies delay the aggressive and competitive commercialization of advanced products containing nanostructures until enough scientific knowledge is gathered and matured. This may take long time, I do not thing that so much, however, even if we work for the next generation, will not they be our sons? Is not that better than just contaminate the world until things like fertility is challenged and mankind enter into a decline? Why companies are selling while scientist are still wondering about the impact of nanotechnology?
Off course, it is very different to uncontrolledly disperse antibiotic nanoparticles with underwear, than using nanoparticles in critical cases in therapies or diagnosis in a controlled environment (like and hospital) applied by specialists s(as doctors).
What we have to do is very simple, that we will be able to do despite ourselves is another question.
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanotoxicology "nanotoxicology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag concerns "concerns" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag [[Victor Puntes]] "victor puntes" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
Just as artists at Disney and Pixar Animation Studios bring Mickey Mouse, Shrek and Nemo to life, life science artists are using animation to bring viruses, bacteria and even nanowires to life and demystify scientific concepts.
Life science animators from Purdue Research Park-based [[Seyet LLC|http://www.seyet.com/]] recently used their video talents to demonstrate how silicon nanowires form, a process that may change the way computers and consumer electronics are manufactured. Seyet's video provides people who don't have a medical or scientific background a "visual story" of how such complicated organisms or human-designed technologies operate.
"Scientific research is becoming increasingly complex, At the same time, it is important that researchers clearly communicate new discoveries to the public," said Jon Kevan, director of research and design for Seyet LLC, a visual communication company. "The animation of the nanowires demonstrates how a silicon nanowire can 'nucleate,' or begin to form on the way to becoming wires."
Seyet specializes in ''translating difficult-to-grasp scientific concepts and processes into the highly accurate animated forms now demanded by specialized scientific- and technology-focused audiences, as well as regulatory agencies''.
"For example, ''a National Science Foundation grant is reviewed first on intellectual merit and second on 'broader impacts,'''" Kevan said. "Seyet's animations can help fulfill the second criteria for those broader impacts in an innovative way."
A recent video animation was designed for a research discovery by Eric Stach, a Purdue University assistant professor of materials engineering. The video describes his work with an instrument called a transmission electron microscope, which shows [[how nanowires develop|http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2008b/081113StachNanowires.html]]. The research is based at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center, and at Purdue's Birck Nanotechnology Center in the university's Discovery Park.
Stach published a paper on his research that appeared in the journal Science this month. It is the first time researchers have made such precise measurements of the nucleation process in nanowires, Stach said."This is very complicated science, and showing people how it works is a tremendous help in understanding it," Kevan said. "The demand for new discoveries like Eric Stach's is great, as is the need to explain, in a non-scientific way, their meaning to the public." Stach's research is funded by the NSF's Electronic Materials Division.
''Translating data into visual images, such as showing how nanowires grow, may help researchers secure funding from government and other sources'', such as the National Institutes for Health, the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Department of Education.
Source: [[Animation demystifies complex science; brings nanotechnology to life|http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2008b/081118SeyetGraphic.html]]
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While pondering the challenges of distinguishing one nano-sized probe image from another in a mass of hundreds or thousands of nanoprobes, researchers made an interesting observation. ''The tiny, clustered dots of light looked a lot like a starry sky on a clear night''.
The biomedical researchers realized that astronomers had already made great strides in solving a problem very similar to their own — isolating and analyzing one dot (in this case a star) in a crowded field of light. They hypothesized that a computer system designed for stellar photometry, a branch of astronomy focused on measuring the brightness of stars, could hold the solution to their problem.
Now, Georgia Tech and Emory ''researchers have created a technology based on stellar photometry software that provides more precise images of single molecules tagged with NanoProbes, particles specially designed to bind with a certain type of cell or molecule and illuminate when the target is found''. The clearer images allow researchers to collect more detailed information about a single molecule, such as how the molecule is binding in a gene sequence, taking scientists a few steps closer to truly personalized and predictive medicine as well as more complex biomolecular structural mapping.
In addition to biomedical applications, the system could be used to clarify other types of nanoparticle probes, including tagged particles or molecules.
''“This work is pointing to a new era in light microscopy in which single molecule detection is achieved at nanometer resolution,”'' said Dr. Shuming Nie, a professor of biomedical engineering and chemistry and also the director of the ~Emory-Georgia Tech Cancer Nanotechnology Center.'' “This is also an example of interdisciplinary research in which advanced computing meets nanotechnology''. I envision major applications not only for single-molecule imaging, but also for ultrasensitive medical diagnostics.”
Source: [[Astronomy Technology Brings Nanoparticle Probes into Sharper Focus|http://www.gatech.edu/newsroom/release.html?id=1728]]
A chronicle of the first effort to move individual atoms. [[Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope|http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524a0.html]] by D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer (Nature, April 5, 1990)
"In 1989, three years after joining IBM’s Almaden Research Center, [[Don Eigler|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Eigler]] and colleague Erhard Schweitzer demonstrated the ability to position individual atoms with atomic precision using a low-temperature [[Scanning Tunneling Microscope|http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/gallery.html]]".<html><object width="620" height="500"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/57QQqbziiFs&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/57QQqbziiFs&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" width="620" height="500"></embed></object></html>
<<tag video>><<tag microscope>><<tag milestone>>
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Gold is for ever… is inert and not biodegradable, the most noble of the noble metals. That is why it is used in medicine (stents) or dental restoration. However, if you look very close, with your nanoglasses, ''gold'' dissolves in biological environments. This metabolization of inorganic “non-biodegradable” matter is slow and it has been usually neglected. However, nanoparticles are also small and the dissolution rates become significant when your entity has few thousand of atoms. Mainly if the immune system is involved. See [[Gold ions bio-released from metallic gold particles reduce inflammation and apoptosis and increase the regenerative responses in focal brain injury|http://www.springerlink.com/content/a127670376840111/]].
Metabolization of magnetite/maghemite ''iron oxide'' ~NPs has also been described recently. See [[Bioinorganic transformations of liver iron deposits observed by tissue magnetic characterisation in a rat model|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TGG-4KB6YV2-6&_user=1517286&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000053449&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1517286&md5=b224b4272d490a17a278f6c74483b03f]]
''~CdSe nanoparticles'' have also been reported to corrode and dissolve in biological environments in a matter of 24-48 hours. See [[Cytotoxicity of Colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS Nanoparticles|http://www.nanion.de/pdf/NanoLetters_Cytotoxicity.pdf]]
Thus, if ~CdSe, iron oxide, Au dissolve in biological environments, one may expect that many other materials will do so (may be not carbon nanostructures, as carbon nanotubes or fullerenes, will be diamonds for ever even in the nanometer? Or very stable oxides as ~SiO2, will it dissolve?) ''and this will have an enormous impact on the risk evaluation of nanoparticles'' since it will determine their accumulation potential and therefore the doses, regulations, toxicities…
University of Pittsburgh researchers have developed ''the first natural, nontoxic method for biodegrading carbon nanotubes'', a finding that could help diminish the environmental and health concerns that mar the otherwise bright prospects of the super-strong materials commonly used in products, from electronics to plastics.
A Pitt research team has found that carbon nanotubes deteriorate when exposed to the natural enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP). These results open the door to further development of safe and natural methods-with HRP or other enzymes-of cleaning up carbon nanotube spills in the environment and the industrial or laboratory setting.
Carbon nanotubes are one-atom thick rolls of graphite 100,000 times smaller than a human hair yet stronger than steel and excellent conductors of electricity and heat. They reinforce plastics, ceramics, or concrete; conduct electricity in electronics or energy-conversion devices; and are sensitive chemical sensors, Alexander Star said. (Star created an [[early-detection device for asthma attacks|http://mac10.umc.pitt.edu/m/FMPro?-db=ma.fp5&-format=d.html&-lay=a&-sortfield=date&-sortorder=descend&keywords=asthma&-max=50&-recid=37156&-find=]] wherein carbon nanotubes detect minute amounts of nitric oxide preceding an attack)
"The many applications of nanotubes have resulted in greater production of them, but their toxicity remains controversial," Star said. "Accidental spills of nanotubes are inevitable during their production, and the massive use of nanotube-based materials could lead to increased environmental pollution. We have demonstrated a nontoxic approach to successfully degrade carbon nanotubes in environmentally relevant conditions."
The team's work focused on nanotubes in their raw form as a fine, graphite-like powder, Valerian Kagan explained. In this form, nanotubes have caused severe lung inflammation in lab tests. Although small, nanotubes contain thousands of atoms on their surface that could react with the human body in unknown ways, Kagan said. Both he and Star are associated with a three-year-old Pitt initiative to investigate nanotoxicology.
"Nanomaterials aren't completely understood. Industries use nanotubes because they're unique-they are strong, they can be used as semiconductors. But do these features present unknown health risks? The field of nanotoxicology is developing to find out," Kagan said. "Studies have shown that they can be dangerous. We wanted to develop a method for safely neutralizing these very small materials should they contaminate the natural or working environment."
To break down the nanotubes, the team exposed them to a solution of HRP and a low concentration of hydrogen peroxide at 4 degrees Celcius (39 degrees Fahrenheit) for 12 weeks. Once fully developed, this method could be administered as easily as chemical clean-ups in today's labs, Kagan and Star said.
Source: [[Pitt Researchers Create Nontoxic Clean-up Method for Common, Potentially Toxic Nano Materials|http://www.news.pitt.edu/m/FMPro?-db=ma&-lay=a&-format=d.html&id=3552&-Find]]. This work is detailed in the paper [[Biodegradation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes through Enzymatic Catalysis|http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/nl802315h?prevSearch=Alexander+Star&searchHistoryKey=]] by Brett L. Allen, Padmakar D. Kichambare, Pingping Gou, Irina I. Vlasova, Alexander A. Kapralov, Nagarjun Konduru, Valerian E. Kagan and Alexander Star
<<tag [[green chemistry]] "green chemistry" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanotoxicology "nanotoxicology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag [[carbon nanotubes]] "carbon nanotubes" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
Berkeley Lab scientists have developed a nano-sized synthetic polymer bundle that can fold in half and trap a zinc molecule between its jaws, ''a first-of-its-kind feat that mimics how proteins conduct life’s vital functions''.
//“Our goal is to take proteins’ catalysis and molecular-recognition capabilities, and add them to a material that is more rugged and less prone to degradation,”// said Ron Zuckermann, who is the Facility Director of the Biological Nanostructures Facility in Berkeley Lab’s Molecular Foundry. “Proteins are precisely folded linear polymer chains of amino acids. So we thought, why not make a similar polymer chain by linking together non-natural amino acids?”
The scientists’ research is detailed in a study entitled [[“Biomimetic Nanostructures: Creating a High-Affinity Zinc-Binding Site in a Folded Nonbiological Polymer”|http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jacsat/2008/130/i27/abs/ja802125x.html]].
Source: [[Nanosized Jaws Perform Like Proteins|http://www.lbl.gov/publicinfo/newscenter/features/2008/MSD-nano-jaws.html]]
^^Via [[Joan Esteve|http://www.ub.edu/gcfes/index_es.htm]]^^
Testing for diseases such as cancer and multiple sclerosis could soon be as simple as using a pregnancy testing kit. A team led by scientists at the University of Leeds has developed ''a biosensor technology that uses antibodies to detect biomarkers'' - molecules in the human body which are often a marker for disease – much faster than current testing methods (provides results in 15 minutes or less).
The technology could be used in doctors’ surgeries for more accurate referral to consultants, and in hospitals for rapid diagnosis. Tests have shown that the biosensors can detect a wide range of analytes (substances being measured), including biomarkers present in prostate and ovarian cancer, stroke, multiple sclerosis, heart disease and fungal infections. The team also believes that the biosensors are versatile enough to test for diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV.
The technology was developed through a European collaboration of researchers and commercial partners in a 2.7 million Euro project called [[ELISHA|http://www.immunosensors.com]] (~Electro-Immunointerfaces and Surface Nanobiotechnology: A Heterodoxical Approach).
ELISHA was co-ordinated by Dr Paul Millner from the Faculty of Biological Sciences at the [[University of Leeds|http://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk]], and managed by colleague Dr Tim Gibson. Says Dr Millner: “''We believe this to be the next generation diagnostic testing''. We can now detect almost any analyte faster, cheaper and more easily than the current accepted testing methodology.“
Currently blood and urine are tested for disease markers using a method called ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay). Developed in the 1970s, the process takes an average of two hours to complete, is costly and can only be performed by highly trained staff.
The Leeds team are confident their new technology could be developed into a small device the size of a mobile phone into which different sensor chips could be inserted, depending on the disease being tested for. “We’ve designed simple instrumentation to make the biosensors easy to use and understand,” says Dr Millner. “They’ll work in a format similar to the glucose biosensor testing kits that diabetics currently use.”
Says Dr Gibson: “''The analytes used in our research only scratch the surface of the potential applications. We’ve also shown that it can be used in environmental applications'', for example to test for herbicides or pesticides in water and antibiotics in milk.”
Source: [[Disease diagnosis in just 15 minutes|http://www.leeds.ac.uk/media/press_releases/current/15minutes.htm]]
<<tag nanomedicine "nanomedicine" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nano-oncology "nano-oncology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag detection "detection" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
[<img[The nanostructures that produce some birds’ brightly colored plumage, such as the blue feathers of the male Eastern Bluebird, have a sponge-like structure (Photo: Ken Thomas)|http://opa.yale.edu/images/articles/6559-58758972.jpg]] Some of the brightest colors in nature are created by tiny nanostructures with a structure similar to beer foam or a sponge, according to Yale University researchers.
Most colors in nature—from the color of our skin to the green of trees—are produced by pigments. But the bright blue feathers found in many birds, such as Bluebirds and Blue Jays, are instead produced by nanostructures. Under an electron microscope, these structures look like sponges with air bubbles.
Now an interdisciplinary team of Yale engineers, physicists and evolutionary biologists has taken a step toward uncovering how these structures form. They compared the nanostructures to examples of materials undergoing phase separation, in which mixtures of different substances become unstable and separate from one another, such as the carbon-dioxide bubbles that form when the top is popped off a bubbly drink. They found that the color-producing structures in feathers appear to self-assemble in much the same manner. Bubbles of water form in a protein-rich soup inside the living cell and are replaced with air as the feather grows.
The research, which appears online in the journal Soft Matter, provides new insight into how organisms use self-assembly to produce color, and has important implications for the role color plays in birds’ plumage, as the color produced depends entirely on the precise size and shape of these nanostructures.
“Many biologists think that plumage color can encode information about quality – basically, that a bluer male is a better mate,” said [[Richard Prum|http://www.yale.edu/eeb/prum]], chair of the [[Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|http://www.yale.edu/eeb]] and one of the paper’s authors. “Such information would have to be encoded in the feather as the bubbles grow. I think our hypothesis that phase separation is involved provides less opportunity for encoding information about quality than most biologists thought. At the same time, it’s exciting to think about other ways birds might be using phase separation.”
[[Eric Dufresne|http://www.seas.yale.edu/faculty-detail.php?id=31]], lead author of the paper, is also interested in the potential technological applications of the finding. “We have found that nature elegantly self assembles intricate optical structures in bird feathers. We are now mimicking this approach to make a new generation of optical materials in the lab,” said Dufresne, assistant professor of mechanical engineering, chemical engineering and physics.
Prum believes it was the interdisciplinary approach the team took that led to their success – a result he plans on celebrating “with another practical application of phase separation: champagne!”
Other authors of the paper include Heeso Noh, Vinodkumar Saranathan, Simon Mochrie Hui Cao (all of Yale University).
Source: [[Bird Feathers Produce Color Through Structure Similar to Beer Foam|http://opa.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=6559&s=t]].
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag [[nano before nanotech]] "nano before nanotechnology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag self-assembly "self-assembly" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
With the joint release of [[Principles for the Oversight of Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials|http://www.icta.org/doc/Principles%20for%20the%20Oversight%20of%20Nanotechnologies%20and%20Nanomaterials_final.pdf]], a broad international coalition of consumer, public health, environmental, labor, and civil society organizations spanning six continents called for strong, comprehensive oversight of the new technology and its products.
Source: [[International Center for Technology Assessment (CTA): BROAD INTERNATIONAL COALITION ISSUES URGENT CALL FOR STRONG OVERSIGHT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY|http://www.icta.org/press/release.cfm?news_id=26]]
Buildings are majorly funcional, but in some special cases they become icons, as the olympic stadiums, airports, train stations, museums or bridges.
Interestingly now, this concept has also arrived to the nanotechnology research buildings and beyond, underlaying the increasing public impact of this developing technology. Like the coming building of the new [[Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory|http://www.pr-inside.com/m-w-zander-selected-to-design-iberian-r634975.htm]] in Braga (Portugal), where the format and the substance/content are related.
Related to that there is the by Herzog & de Meuron [[40 Bond Street|http://www.40bond.com/]] building in New York, where a nanostructured coating ([[Diamon-Fusion|http://www.diamonfusion.com/en/news/pr121906.html]]) keeps the glasses clean saving time and resources. Or [[Richard Meier|http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/28/world/europe/28smog.html?n=Top/News/World/Countries%20and%20Territories/Italy]]'s Dives in [[Misericordia Church|http://www.richardmeier.com/Releases/Press_Jubilee_Text.htm]] in Rome (Italy) which has a ~TiO2 coating which in the presence of the UV light coming from the Sun, degrades combustion contaminants and maintain the walls clean and eats environmental smog too. This approach is also explored in a street in the town of Segrate, near Milan (Italy), using the same [[TX Active technology by Italcementi|http://www.italcementigroup.com/ENG/Research+and+Innovation/Innovative+Products/]]; the street with an average traffic of 1,000 cars per hour, has been repaved with the compound, and measures show a reduction in nitric oxides of around 60%
~CytImmune, a clinical stage nanomedicine company focused on the development and commercialization of multifunctional, tumor-targeted therapies presented at the 43rd American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual meeting. The poster, entitled “Preliminary Results of a Phase 1 Clinical Trial of ~CYT-6091: A ~PEGylated colloidal gold-TNF nanomedicine,” announced the preliminary data of a National Cancer Institute conducted and ~CytImmune Sciences sponsored Phase 1 trial of ~CYT-6091 (Aurimune), ~CytImmune’s lead drug compound. The Phase 1 clinical trial was designed to investigate whether: (1) Aurimune will perform identically in humans as it did in preclinical studies and companion animals and (2) the fever side effect observed in preclinical studies can be easily managed and separated from hypotension – the dose limiting side effect of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
“Presenting preliminary Phase 1 trial results to the leading body of international oncology experts helps pave the way for nanomedicines as the next generation of targeted cancer therapies and their use in improving the biodelivery of potent, but highly toxic therapeutics. We believe ~CYT-6091 has the potential to become a new, versatile therapeutic which may be used to treat a broad spectrum of solid tumors.” said Dr. Lawrence Tamarkin, CEO of ~CytImmune Sciences.
Source: [[CytImmune Presents Positive CYT-6091 Data|http://www.cytimmune.com/download/releases/CytImmune_ASCO_Release_Final6_3_061.pdf]]
This scientist use the fact that blood vessels surrounding the tumors are leaky due to their fast growth providing thus a way to passively target the tumor efficiently avoiding (or decreasing) deleterious secondary effects of antineoplastic drugs.
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|Name|CalendarPlugin|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#CalendarPlugin|
|Version|0.0.0|
|Author|SteveRumsby|
|License|unknown|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Requires||
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|Description|monthly and yearly calendars|
// // updated by Jeremy Sheeley to add cacheing for reminders
// // see http://www.geocities.com/allredfaq/reminderMacros.html
// // ''Changes by ELS 2006.08.23:''
// // added handling for weeknumbers (code supplied by Martin Budden. see "wn**" comment marks)
// // ''Changes by ELS 2005.10.30:''
// // config.macros.calendar.handler()
// // ^^use "tbody" element for IE compatibility^^
// // ^^IE returns 2005 for current year, FF returns 105... fix year adjustment accordingly^^
// // createCalendarDays()
// // ^^use showDate() function (if defined) to render autostyled date with linked popup^^
// // calendar stylesheet definition
// // ^^use .calendar class-specific selectors, add text centering and margin settings^^
!!!!!Configuration:
<<option chkDisplayWeekNumbers>> Display week numbers //(note: Monday will be used as the start of the week)//
|''First day of week:''|<<option txtCalFirstDay>>|(Monday = 0, Sunday = 6)|
|''First day of weekend:''|<<option txtCalStartOfWeekend>>|(Monday = 0, Sunday = 6)|
!!!!!Syntax:
|{{{<<calendar>>}}}|Produce a full-year calendar for the current year|
|{{{<<calendar year>>}}}|Produce a full-year calendar for the given year|
|{{{<<calendar year month>>}}}|Produce a one-month calendar for the given month and year|
|{{{<<calendar thismonth>>}}}|Produce a one-month calendar for the current month|
|{{{<<calendar lastmonth>>}}}|Produce a one-month calendar for last month|
|{{{<<calendar nextmonth>>}}}|Produce a one-month calendar for next month|
***/
// //Modify this section to change the text displayed for the month and day names, to a different language for example. You can also change the format of the tiddler names linked to from each date, and the colours used.
//{{{
config.macros.calendar = {};
config.macros.calendar.monthnames = ["Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"];
config.macros.calendar.daynames = ["M", "T", "W", "T", "F", "S", "S"];
config.macros.calendar.weekendbg = "#c0c0c0";
config.macros.calendar.monthbg = "#e0e0e0";
config.macros.calendar.holidaybg = "#ffc0c0";
//}}}
// //''Code section:''
// (you should not need to alter anything below here)//
//{{{
if(config.options.txtCalFirstDay == undefined)
config.options.txtCalFirstDay = 0;
if(config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend == undefined)
config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend = 5;
if(config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers == undefined)//wn**
config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers = false;
if(config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers)
config.options.txtCalFirstDay = 0;
config.macros.calendar.tiddlerformat = "0DD/0MM/YYYY"; // This used to be changeable - for now, it isn't// <<smiley :-(>>
version.extensions.calendar = { major: 0, minor: 6, revision: 0, date: new Date(2006, 1, 22)};
config.macros.calendar.monthdays = [ 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31];
config.macros.calendar.holidays = [ ]; // Not sure this is required anymore - use reminders instead
//}}}
// //Is the given date a holiday?
//{{{
function calendarIsHoliday(date)
{
var longHoliday = date.formatString("0DD/0MM/YYYY");
var shortHoliday = date.formatString("0DD/0MM");
for(var i = 0; i < config.macros.calendar.holidays.length; i++) {
if(config.macros.calendar.holidays[i] == longHoliday || config.macros.calendar.holidays[i] == shortHoliday) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
//}}}
// //The main entry point - the macro handler.
// //Decide what sort of calendar we are creating (month or year, and which month or year)
// // Create the main calendar container and pass that to sub-ordinate functions to create the structure.
// ELS 2005.10.30: added creation and use of "tbody" for IE compatibility and fixup for year >1900//
// ELS 2005.10.30: fix year calculation for IE's getYear() function (which returns '2005' instead of '105')//
// ELS 2006.05.29: add journalDateFmt handling//
//{{{
config.macros.calendar.handler = function(place,macroName,params)
{
var calendar = createTiddlyElement(place, "table", null, "calendar", null);
var tbody = createTiddlyElement(calendar, "tbody", null, null, null);
var today = new Date();
var year = today.getYear();
if (year<1900) year+=1900;
// get format for journal link by reading from SideBarOptions (ELS 5/29/06 - based on suggestion by Martin Budden)
var text = store.getTiddlerText("SideBarOptions");
this.journalDateFmt = "DD MMM YYYY";
var re = new RegExp("<<(?:newJournal)([^>]*)>>","mg"); var fm = re.exec(text);
if (fm && fm[1]!=null) { var pa=fm[1].readMacroParams(); if (pa[0]) this.journalDateFmt = pa[0]; }
if (params[0] == "thismonth")
{
cacheReminders(new Date(year, today.getMonth(), 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(tbody, year, today.getMonth());
}
else if (params[0] == "lastmonth") {
var month = today.getMonth()-1; if (month==-1) { month=11; year--; }
cacheReminders(new Date(year, month, 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(tbody, year, month);
}
else if (params[0] == "nextmonth") {
var month = today.getMonth()+1; if (month>11) { month=0; year++; }
cacheReminders(new Date(year, month, 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(tbody, year, month);
}
else {
if (params[0]) year = params[0];
if(params[1])
{
cacheReminders(new Date(year, params[1]-1, 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(tbody, year, params[1]-1);
}
else
{
cacheReminders(new Date(year, 0, 1, 0, 0), 366);
createCalendarYear(tbody, year);
}
}
window.reminderCacheForCalendar = null;
}
//}}}
//{{{
//This global variable is used to store reminders that have been cached
//while the calendar is being rendered. It will be renulled after the calendar is fully rendered.
window.reminderCacheForCalendar = null;
//}}}
//{{{
function cacheReminders(date, leadtime)
{
if (window.findTiddlersWithReminders == null)
return;
window.reminderCacheForCalendar = {};
var leadtimeHash = [];
leadtimeHash [0] = 0;
leadtimeHash [1] = leadtime;
var t = findTiddlersWithReminders(date, leadtimeHash, null, 1);
for(var i = 0; i < t.length; i++) {
//just tag it in the cache, so that when we're drawing days, we can bold this one.
window.reminderCacheForCalendar[t[i]["matchedDate"]] = "reminder:" + t[i]["params"]["title"];
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarOneMonth(calendar, year, mon)
{
var row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, "tr", null, null, null);
createCalendarMonthHeader(calendar, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon] + " " + year, true, year, mon);
row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, "tr", null, null, null);
createCalendarDayHeader(row, 1);
createCalendarDayRowsSingle(calendar, year, mon);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarMonth(calendar, year, mon)
{
var row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, "tr", null, null, null);
createCalendarMonthHeader(calendar, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon] + " " + year, false, year, mon);
row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, "tr", null, null, null);
createCalendarDayHeader(row, 1);
createCalendarDayRowsSingle(calendar, year, mon);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarYear(calendar, year)
{
var row;
row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, "tr", null, null, null);
var back = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, null);
var backHandler = function() {
removeChildren(calendar);
createCalendarYear(calendar, year-1);
};
createTiddlyButton(back, "<", "Previous year", backHandler);
back.align = "center";
var yearHeader = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, "calendarYear", year);
yearHeader.align = "center";
//yearHeader.setAttribute("colSpan", 19);
yearHeader.setAttribute("colSpan",config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers?22:19);//wn**
var fwd = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, null);
var fwdHandler = function() {
removeChildren(calendar);
createCalendarYear(calendar, year+1);
};
createTiddlyButton(fwd, ">", "Next year", fwdHandler);
fwd.align = "center";
createCalendarMonthRow(calendar, year, 0);
createCalendarMonthRow(calendar, year, 3);
createCalendarMonthRow(calendar, year, 6);
createCalendarMonthRow(calendar, year, 9);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarMonthRow(cal, year, mon)
{
var row = createTiddlyElement(cal, "tr", null, null, null);
createCalendarMonthHeader(cal, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon], false, year, mon);
createCalendarMonthHeader(cal, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon+1], false, year, mon);
createCalendarMonthHeader(cal, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon+2], false, year, mon);
row = createTiddlyElement(cal, "tr", null, null, null);
createCalendarDayHeader(row, 3);
createCalendarDayRows(cal, year, mon);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarMonthHeader(cal, row, name, nav, year, mon)
{
var month;
if(nav) {
var back = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, null);
back.align = "center";
back.style.background = config.macros.calendar.monthbg;
/*
back.setAttribute("colSpan", 2);
var backYearHandler = function() {
var newyear = year-1;
removeChildren(cal);
cacheReminders(new Date(newyear, mon , 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(cal, newyear, mon);
};
createTiddlyButton(back, "<<", "Previous year", backYearHandler);
*/
var backMonHandler = function() {
var newyear = year;
var newmon = mon-1;
if(newmon == -1) { newmon = 11; newyear = newyear-1;}
removeChildren(cal);
cacheReminders(new Date(newyear, newmon , 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(cal, newyear, newmon);
};
createTiddlyButton(back, "<", "Previous month", backMonHandler);
month = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, "calendarMonthname", name)
// month.setAttribute("colSpan", 3);
// month.setAttribute("colSpan", 5);
month.setAttribute("colSpan", config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers?6:5);//wn**
var fwd = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, null);
fwd.align = "center";
fwd.style.background = config.macros.calendar.monthbg;
// fwd.setAttribute("colSpan", 2);
var fwdMonHandler = function() {
var newyear = year;
var newmon = mon+1;
if(newmon == 12) { newmon = 0; newyear = newyear+1;}
removeChildren(cal);
cacheReminders(new Date(newyear, newmon , 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(cal, newyear, newmon);
};
createTiddlyButton(fwd, ">", "Next month", fwdMonHandler);
/*
var fwdYear = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, null);
var fwdYearHandler = function() {
var newyear = year+1;
removeChildren(cal);
cacheReminders(new Date(newyear, mon , 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(cal, newyear, mon);
};
createTiddlyButton(fwd, ">>", "Next year", fwdYearHandler);
*/
} else {
month = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, "calendarMonthname", name)
//month.setAttribute("colSpan", 7);
month.setAttribute("colSpan",config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers?8:7);//wn**
}
month.align = "center";
month.style.background = config.macros.calendar.monthbg;
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarDayHeader(row, num)
{
var cell;
for(var i = 0; i < num; i++) {
if (config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers) createTiddlyElement(row, "td");//wn**
for(var j = 0; j < 7; j++) {
var d = j + (config.options.txtCalFirstDay - 0);
if(d > 6) d = d - 7;
cell = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, config.macros.calendar.daynames[d]);
if(d == (config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend-0) || d == (config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend-0+1))
cell.style.background = config.macros.calendar.weekendbg;
}
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarDays(row, col, first, max, year, mon)
{
var i;
if (config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers){
if (first<=max) {
var ww = new Date(year,mon,first);
createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, "w"+ww.getWeek());//wn**
}
else createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, null);//wn**
}
for(i = 0; i < col; i++) {
createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, null);
}
var day = first;
for(i = col; i < 7; i++) {
var d = i + (config.options.txtCalFirstDay - 0);
if(d > 6) d = d - 7;
var daycell = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, null);
var isaWeekend = ((d == (config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend-0) || d == (config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend-0+1))? true:false);
if(day > 0 && day <= max) {
var celldate = new Date(year, mon, day);
// ELS 2005.10.30: use <<date>> macro's showDate() function to create popup
if (window.showDate) {
showDate(daycell,celldate,"popup","DD",config.macros.calendar.journalDateFmt,true, isaWeekend); // ELS 5/29/06 - use journalDateFmt
} else {
if(isaWeekend) daycell.style.background = config.macros.calendar.weekendbg;
var title = celldate.formatString(config.macros.calendar.tiddlerformat);
if(calendarIsHoliday(celldate)) {
daycell.style.background = config.macros.calendar.holidaybg;
}
if(window.findTiddlersWithReminders == null) {
var link = createTiddlyLink(daycell, title, false);
link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(day));
} else {
var button = createTiddlyButton(daycell, day, title, onClickCalendarDate);
}
}
}
day++;
}
}
//}}}
// //We've clicked on a day in a calendar - create a suitable pop-up of options.
// //The pop-up should contain:
// // * a link to create a new entry for that date
// // * a link to create a new reminder for that date
// // * an <hr>
// // * the list of reminders for that date
//{{{
function onClickCalendarDate(e)
{
var button = this;
var date = button.getAttribute("title");
var dat = new Date(date.substr(6,4), date.substr(3,2)-1, date.substr(0, 2));
date = dat.formatString(config.macros.calendar.tiddlerformat);
var popup = createTiddlerPopup(this);
popup.appendChild(document.createTextNode(date));
var newReminder = function() {
var t = store.getTiddlers(date);
displayTiddler(null, date, 2, null, null, false, false);
if(t) {
document.getElementById("editorBody" + date).value += "\n<<reminder day:" + dat.getDate() +
" month:" + (dat.getMonth()+1) +
" year:" + (dat.getYear()+1900) + " title: >>";
} else {
document.getElementById("editorBody" + date).value = "<<reminder day:" + dat.getDate() +
" month:" + (dat.getMonth()+1) +
" year:" + (dat.getYear()+1900) + " title: >>";
}
};
var link = createTiddlyButton(popup, "New reminder", null, newReminder);
popup.appendChild(document.createElement("hr"));
var t = findTiddlersWithReminders(dat, [0,14], null, 1);
for(var i = 0; i < t.length; i++) {
link = createTiddlyLink(popup, t[i].tiddler, false);
link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(t[i].tiddler));
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
function calendarMaxDays(year, mon)
{
var max = config.macros.calendar.monthdays[mon];
if(mon == 1 && (year % 4) == 0 && ((year % 100) != 0 || (year % 400) == 0)) {
max++;
}
return max;
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarDayRows(cal, year, mon)
{
var row = createTiddlyElement(cal, "tr", null, null, null);
var first1 = (new Date(year, mon, 1)).getDay() -1 - (config.options.txtCalFirstDay-0);
if(first1 < 0) first1 = first1 + 7;
var day1 = -first1 + 1;
var first2 = (new Date(year, mon+1, 1)).getDay() -1 - (config.options.txtCalFirstDay-0);
if(first2 < 0) first2 = first2 + 7;
var day2 = -first2 + 1;
var first3 = (new Date(year, mon+2, 1)).getDay() -1 - (config.options.txtCalFirstDay-0);
if(first3 < 0) first3 = first3 + 7;
var day3 = -first3 + 1;
var max1 = calendarMaxDays(year, mon);
var max2 = calendarMaxDays(year, mon+1);
var max3 = calendarMaxDays(year, mon+2);
while(day1 <= max1 || day2 <= max2 || day3 <= max3) {
row = createTiddlyElement(cal, "tr", null, null, null);
createCalendarDays(row, 0, day1, max1, year, mon); day1 += 7;
createCalendarDays(row, 0, day2, max2, year, mon+1); day2 += 7;
createCalendarDays(row, 0, day3, max3, year, mon+2); day3 += 7;
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarDayRowsSingle(cal, year, mon)
{
var row = createTiddlyElement(cal, "tr", null, null, null);
var first1 = (new Date(year, mon, 1)).getDay() -1 - (config.options.txtCalFirstDay-0);
if(first1 < 0) first1 = first1+ 7;
var day1 = -first1 + 1;
var max1 = calendarMaxDays(year, mon);
while(day1 <= max1) {
row = createTiddlyElement(cal, "tr", null, null, null);
createCalendarDays(row, 0, day1, max1, year, mon); day1 += 7;
}
}
//}}}
// //ELS 2005.10.30: added styles
//{{{
setStylesheet(".calendar, .calendar table, .calendar th, .calendar tr, .calendar td { text-align:center; } .calendar, .calendar a { margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important; }", "calendarStyles");
//}}}
"With carbon, we know how to make things very small," said Ohldag. "On the other hand we know a lot about how to process and store information using magnetism. This opens up the door for future studies that will lead to improved magnetism in carbon that could one day we will be able to combine the ‘magnetic' and the ‘carbon' world."
Harnessing the magnetic properties of carbon could one day revolutionize a range of fields from nanotechnology to electronics. Carbon nanodevices could be built one atom at a time, leading to miniaturized machines and lightweight electronics. Magnetism, which forms the basis of information storage and processing in computer hard drives, could be employed in novel ways in tomorrow's electronic devices.
Source: [[Carbon Joins the Magnetic Club|http://www.physorg.com/news98111007.html]]
<<tag nanomaterial>>
{{twocolumns{
<html><object width="390" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/ikYhyjPjKBs&hl=en&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ikYhyjPjKBs&hl=en&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="390" height="344"></embed></object></html>
The [[Stanford Nanoelectronics Lab|http://nano.stanford.edu/]] presents an 8-minute educational short, funded by the National Science Foundation, on Nanotechnology and Carbon Nanotubes. The video content is completely student-created, from directing, casting, to even animation, with some technical assistance from Silicon Run Productions.
The Stanford Nanoelectronics Group was founded in September 2004 by [[H.-S. Philip Wong|http://www.stanford.edu/~hspwong/]]. The group's research interests are in nanoscale science and technology, semiconductor technology, solid state devices, and electronic imaging. The group is interested in exploring new materials, novel fabrication techniques, and novel device concepts for future nanoelectronic systems. These devices often require new concepts in circuit and system designs. The group's research also includes explorations into circuits and systems that are device-driven.
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag educational "educational" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag video "video" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoelectronics "nanoelectronics" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
}}}
Research done by scientists in Italy and Switzerland has shown that ''carbon nanotubes may be the ideal “smart” brain material''. Their results are a promising step forward in the search to find ways to “bypass” faulty brain wiring.
The research shows that ''carbon nanotubes, which, like neurons, are highly electrically conductive, form extremely tight contacts with neuronal cell membranes''. Unlike the metal electrodes that are currently used in research and clinical applications, the nanotubes can create shortcuts between the distal and proximal compartments of the neuron, resulting in enhanced neuronal excitability.
The study was conducted in the [[Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry|http://bmi.epfl.ch/page61216.html]] at EPFL in Switzerland and led by [[Michel Giugliano|http://www.giugliano.info/pro/]] (now an assistant professor at the University of Antwerp) and University of Trieste professor [[Laura Ballerini|http://www.neuronano.net/PeopleData.aspx?Action=Data&IdPartner=1&IdPeople=1]]. ''“This result is extremely relevant for the emerging field of neuro-engineering and neuroprosthetics,”'' explains Giugliano, who hypothesizes that the nanotubes could be used as a new building block of novel “electrical bypass” systems for treating traumatic injury of the central nervous system. Carbon nano-electrodes could also be used to replace metal parts in clinical applications such as deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease or severe depression. And they show promise as a whole new class of “smart” materials for use in a wide range of potential neuroprosthetic applications.
[[Henry Markram|http://people.epfl.ch/henry.markram]], head of the Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry and an author on the paper, adds: “There are three fundamental obstacles to developing reliable neuroprosthetics: 1) stable interfacing of electromechanical devices with neural tissue, 2) understanding how to stimulate the neural tissue, and 3) understanding what signals to record from the neurons in order for the device to make an automatic and appropriate decision to stimulate. The new carbon nanotube-based interface technology discovered together with state of the art simulations of brain-machine interfaces is the key to developing all types of neuroprosthetics -- sight, sound, smell, motion, vetoing epileptic attacks, spinal bypasses, as well as repairing and even enhancing cognitive functions.”
Source: [[New “smart” materials for the brain|http://actualites.epfl.ch/presseinfo-com?id=693]]. This work is detailed in the paper [[Carbon nanotubes might improve neuronal performance by favouring electrical shortcuts|http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nnano.2008.374.html]] by Giada Cellot, Emanuele Cilia, Sara Cipollone, Vladimir Rancic, Antonella Sucapane, Silvia Giordani, Luca Gambazzi, Henry Markram, Micaela Grandolfo, Denis Scaini, Fabrizio Gelain, Loredana Casalis, Maurizio Prato, Michele Giugliano and Laura Ballerini
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag [[carbon nanotubes]] "carbon nanotubes" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanomedicine "nanomedicine" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanomaterial "nanomaterial" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
Antineoplastic effects of <html><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisplatin" rel="tag">Cisplatin</a></html>, a paradigm of serendipity, were discovered when applying electric fields to C.Elegans. In that case, the Pt(II) cations released from the electrodes interferred with cellular duplication and the C.Elegans growed to gigantic sizes. First was thought that the applied electrical induced organism growth however later on was found that <html><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2006/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Cisplatin" rel="tag">Cisplatin</a></html> irreversibly attaches to the N residues of the DNA impeding cell reproduction. Since then it has been one of the most used antitumoral drugs and still today is widely used in the treatment of the most prevalent tumours. In addition, <html><a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=84691" rel="tag">Cisplatin</a></html> derivates as carboplatin or oxiplatin has show also benefitial therapeutic effects, indicating that modifications of cisplatin may be of medical interest. Therefore many compunts based on Pt(II) has been produced showing biological activity, however, few of them have shown medical relevance. The loose of activity in the body can be associated with deactivation of the Pt(II) cation by sulfure containing molecules (cisteines) or by a unproper biodistribution of the drug, and others. In a recent paper, Lippard and co-workers have try to overcome this complications by conjugating platine(IV) compounds to carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotubes should act as Longboat Delivery Systems for Platium (IV). Such nanocomposites are internalized by endocitosis into a endosome where its low pH reduces Platium (IV) to Platinum (II) delivering a large amount of cisplatin(II) to the cell increasing efficiently its killer effects. In addition, circulating Platinum (IV) compounds are non toxic (it is the valence II compound the toxic one). Now it has to be observed the compund biodistribution and side effects since generally platinum chemotherapies are interrupted due to size effects of nefro toxicity or renal toxicity.
Feazell et al. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2007, 129,8438-8439
[<img[individual carbon atoms (yellow) on the honeycomb lattice of graphene|http://newscenter.lbl.gov/wp-content/uploads/team-05-graphene-214x300.jpg]] Hailed as the world’s most powerful [[transmission electron microscope|http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nanotechnology/Electron_microscopy#Transmission_electron_microscopy_.28TEM.29]], TEAM 0.5 is living up to expectations. Using TEAM 0.5 ([[TEAM|http://ncem.lbl.gov/TEAM-project/index.html]] stands for Transmission Electron Aberration-corrected Microscope), researchers with the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have produced stunning images of individual carbon atoms in graphene, the two-dimensional crystalline form of carbon that is highly prized by the electronics industry.
These first time ever images were recorded at Berkeley Lab’s National Center for Electron Microscopy ([[NCEM|http://ncem.lbl.gov/]]), a DOE national user facility that is a premier center for electron microscopy and microcharacterization. TEAM 0.5, its newest instrument, is capable of //producing images with half‑angstrom resolution, which is less than the diameter of a single hydrogen atom//.
“Simply put, //TEAM 0.5 is the best transmission electron microscope in the world, representing a quantum leap forward in instrumentation//,” said physicist [[Alex Zettl|http://www.physics.berkeley.edu/research/zettl/]] who led this research. “''Having the ability to see, basically in real time, each and every individual atom in a sample'' is unbelievably useful and the images we can now see have been jaw-dropping for even the most seasoned electron microscopists. TEAM 0.5 is pushing transmission electron microscopy to a new level.”
“Theorists are currently making all kinds of predictions about the properties of [[graphene|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene]] for different local atomic configurations, but until TEAM 0.5, we did not have the ability to actually see and study these configurations in real time,” Zettl said.
Says NCEM principal investigator and collaborator on this study Kisielowski, “TEAM 0.5 allows for the detection of every single atom from the Periodic Table provided that the sample under investigation can stand the radiation damage (TEAM 0.5’s record-setting half-angstrom resolution was achieved with an electron beam that was 300 kilovolts (kV) in energy.)
Source: [[Closest Look Ever at Graphene: Stunning Images of Individual Carbon Atoms From TEAM 0.5 microscope|http://newscenter.lbl.gov/press-releases/2008/09/09/closest-look-ever-at-graphene-stunning-images-of-individual-carbon-atoms-from-team-05-microscope/]]. The paper, published in Nanoletters, is [[Direct imaging of lattice atoms and topological defects in graphene membranes|http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/asap.cgi/nalefd/asap/pdf/nl801386m.pdf]]
''Professor [[Andre Geim|http://onnes.ph.man.ac.uk/nano/]] and Dr [[Kostya Noveselov|http://onnes.ph.man.ac.uk/nano/People.html]] have been awarded the prestigious [[Europhysics Prize 2008|http://www.eps.org/news/eps-europhysics-prize-2008-1]] for discovering and isolating a single free-standing atomic layer of carbon (graphene) and elucidating its remarkable electronic properties.''
/***
|Name|CoreTweaks|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#CoreTweaks|
|Version|n/a|
|Author|Eric Shulman - ELS Design Studios|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements <br>and [[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/]]|
|~CoreVersion|2.2.0|
|Type|plugin|
|Requires||
|Overrides|various|
|Description|a small collection of overrides to TW core functions |
This tiddler contains changes TW core functions to provide minor changes in standard features or behavior. It is hoped that some of these tweaks may someday be added into the TW core, so that these adjustments will be available without needing these add-on definitions.
>''Note: the changes contained in this tiddler are generally applicable for version 2.4.1 of TiddlyWiki. Please view [[CoreTweaksArchive]] for tweaks that may be used with earlier versions of TiddlyWiki.''
----
***/
// // {{block{
/***
!!!824 ~WindowTitle - alternative to combined ~SiteTitle/~SiteSubtitle in window titlebar
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/824 - OPEN
This tweak allows definition of an optional [[WindowTitle]] tiddler that, when present, provides alternative text for display in the browser window's titlebar, instead of using the combined text content from [[SiteTitle]] and [[SiteSubtitle]] (which will still be displayed as usual in the TiddlyWiki document header area).
Note: this ticket replaces http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/401 (closed), which proposed using a custom [[PageTitle]] tiddler for this purpose. ''If you were using the previous '401 ~PageTitle' tweak, you will need to rename [[PageTitle]] to [[WindowTitle]] to continue to use your custom window title text''
***/
//{{{
config.shadowTiddlers.WindowTitle='<<tiddler SiteTitle>> - <<tiddler SiteSubtitle>>';
window.getPageTitle=function() { return wikifyPlain('WindowTitle'); }
store.addNotification('WindowTitle',refreshPageTitle); // so title stays in sync with tiddler changes
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!823 apply option values via paramifiers (e.g. #chk...and #txt...)
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/823 - no ticket yet
This tweak extends and ''//replaces//'' the core {{{invokeParamifier()}}} function to support use of ''option paramifiers'' that set TiddlyWiki option values on-the-fly, directly from a document URL.
If a paramifier begins with 'chk' (checkbox) or 'txt' (text field), it's value will be automatically stored in {{{config.options.*}}}, adding to or overriding any existing 'chk' or 'txt' option values that may have already been loaded from browser cookies and/or assigned by the TW core or plugin initialization functions using hard-coded default values. Note: option values that have been overriden by paramifiers are only applied during the current document session, and are not //automatically// retained. However, if you edit an overridden option value during that session, then the modified value is, of course, saved in a browser cookie, as usual.
***/
//{{{
function invokeParamifier(params,handler)
{
if(!params || params.length == undefined || params.length <= 1)
return;
for(var t=1; t<params.length; t++) {
var p = config.paramifiers[params[t].name];
if(p && p[handler] instanceof Function)
p[handler](params[t].value);
else { // not a paramifier with handler()... check for an 'option' prefix
var h=config.optionHandlers[params[t].name.substr(0,3)];
if (h && h.set instanceof Function)
h.set(params[t].name,params[t].value);
}
}
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!784 allow tiddler sections in TiddlyLinks to be used as anchor points for intra-tiddler scrolling.
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/784 - OPEN
You can use the tiddler section syntax within the {{{<<tiddler>>}}} macro to //transclude// a subsection of one tiddler into another (e.g., {{{<<tiddler SomeTiddler##SomeSection>>}}}). However, if this syntax is used in a TiddlyLink (e.g., {{{[[SomeTiddler##SomeSection]]}}}), the entire reference is treated as a link to a (non-existent) tiddler that includes the section reference in the tiddler title itself.
This tweak extends the TiddlyLink and displayTiddler() processing so that section references in links can be used to auto-scroll to the indicated heading within a tiddler (i.e., the same 'anchor' behavior as {{{<a name="foo">}}} and {{{<a href="#foo">...</a>}}} when using HTML syntax).
***/
//{{{
Story.prototype.scrollToSection = function(title,section) {
if (!title||!section) return; var t=this.getTiddler(title); if (!t) return null;
var elems=t.getElementsByTagName('*');
for (var i=0; i<elems.length; i++) { var e=elems[i];
if (!['H1','H2','H3','H4','H5'].contains(e.nodeName)) continue;
if (getPlainText(e).indexOf(section)!=-1) {
var delay=config.options.chkAnimate?config.animDuration+1:0; // scroll *after* tiddler animation
setTimeout('window.scrollTo(0,'+findPosY(e)+')',delay);
return e;
}
}
}
window.createTiddlyLink_sectionanchor=window.createTiddlyLink;
window.createTiddlyLink=function(place,title) {
var t=story.findContainingTiddler(place); var tid=t?t.getAttribute('tiddler'):'';
var parts=title.split(config.textPrimitives.sectionSeparator);
if (!parts[0].length) parts[0]=tid; // default to current tiddler for '##section' links
if (parts[1]) arguments[1]=parts[0]; // trim section from tiddler title
var btn=createTiddlyLink_sectionanchor.apply(this,arguments);
if (parts[1]) btn.setAttribute('section',parts[1]); // save section
return btn;
}
window.onClickTiddlerLink_sectionanchor=window.onClickTiddlerLink;
window.onClickTiddlerLink=function(ev) {
var e=ev||window.event; var target=resolveTarget(e); var title=null;
while (target!=null && title==null) {
title=target.getAttribute('tiddlyLink');
section=target.getAttribute('section');
target=target.parentNode;
}
var t=story.findContainingTiddler(target); var tid=t?t.getAttribute('tiddler'):'';
if (title!=tid||!section) onClickTiddlerLink_sectionanchor.apply(this,arguments); // avoid excess scrolling
story.scrollToSection(title,section);
return false;
}
Story.prototype.displayTiddler_sectionanchor=Story.prototype.displayTiddler;
Story.prototype.displayTiddler = function(srcElement,tiddler)
{
var title=(tiddler instanceof Tiddler)?tiddler.title:tiddler;
var parts=title.split(config.textPrimitives.sectionSeparator);
if (parts[0].length && parts[1]) arguments[1]=parts[0]; // trim section from tiddler title
this.displayTiddler_sectionanchor.apply(this,arguments);
story.scrollToSection(parts[0],parts[1]);
}
config.formatterHelpers.isExternalLink_sectionanchor=config.formatterHelpers.isExternalLink;
config.formatterHelpers.isExternalLink=function(link) {
if (link.indexOf(config.textPrimitives.sectionSeparator)!=-1) return false;
return config.formatterHelpers.isExternalLink_sectionanchor.apply(this,arguments);
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!757 add removeCookie() function
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/757 - OPEN
When a TW option is reset to it's hard-coded default value, the corresponding browser cookie is usually just set to that default value, which results in an accumulation of unnecessary cookies. Unfortunately, there is a browser-imposed limit on the number of cookies that are stored for any given domain and, when that limit is reached, the browser starts removing cookies on it's own, thereby unexpectedly discarding some TW settings. In order to allow core and/or plugin code to 'clean up after themselves' and remove unneeded cookies, this tweak provides a new 'core' function, removeCookie() that is the inverse of the existing saveOptionCookie(), and results in the actual deletion of the browser cookie associated with the specified TW option.
***/
//{{{
if (window.removeCookie===undefined) {
window.removeCookie=function(name) {
document.cookie = name+'=; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:01 UTC; path=/;';
}
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!749 ieCreatePath fixup for handling / in UNC paths
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/749 - OPEN
***/
//{{{
// tweak ieCreatePath to add fallback check for / (in addition to current check for \)
var fn=window.ieCreatePath;
fn=fn.toString().replace(/function ieCreatePath\(path\)/,'window.ieCreatePath=function(path)');
fn=fn.toString().replace(/var pos = path.lastIndexOf\("\\\\"\);/,
'var pos=path.lastIndexOf("\\\\"); if(pos==-1) pos=path.lastIndexOf("/");');
eval(fn);
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!741 allow """<hr>""" directly in wiki-formatted content
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/741 - OPEN
This tweak extends the 'horizontal rule' formatter to recognize {{{<hr>}}} (or {{{<hr />}}}) directly in tiddler content without being enclosed within an HTML block (i.e., {{{<html><hr></html>}}}). This allows HR elements to be used within table cell content, bullet items and other ''line-mode'' syntax, where the required use of newlines surrounding the """----""" syntax would interfere with the enclosing line-mode formatting.
***/
//{{{
config.formatters[config.formatters.findByField('name','rule')].match+='|<hr ?/?>\\n?';
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!683 FireFox3 Import bug: 'browse' button replacement
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/683 - OPEN
The web standard 'type=file' input control that has been used as a local path/file picker for TiddlyWiki no longer works as expected in FireFox3, which has, for security reasons, limited javascript access to this control so that *no* local filesystem path information can be revealed, even when it is intentional and necessary, as it is with TiddlyWiki. This tweak provides alternative HTML source that patches the backstage import panel. It replaces the 'type=file' input control with a text+button combination of controls that invokes a system-native secure 'file-chooser' dialog box to provide TiddlyWiki with access to a complete path+filename so that TW functions properly locate user-selected local files.
>Note: ''This tweak also requires http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/604 - cross-platform askForFilename()''
***/
//{{{
if (window.Components) {
var fixhtml='<input name="txtBrowse" style="width:30em"><input type="button" value="..."'
+' onClick="window.browseForFilename(this.previousSibling,true)">';
var cmi=config.macros.importTiddlers;
cmi.step1Html=cmi.step1Html.replace(/<input type='file' size=50 name='txtBrowse'>/,fixhtml);
}
merge(config.messages,{selectFile:'Please enter or select a file'}); // ready for I18N translation
window.browseForFilename=function(target,mustExist) { // note: both params are optional
var msg=config.messages.selectFile;
if (target && target.title) msg=target.title; // use target field tooltip (if any) as dialog prompt text
// get local path for current document
var path=getLocalPath(document.location.href);
var p=path.lastIndexOf('/'); if (p==-1) p=path.lastIndexOf('\\'); // Unix or Windows
if (p!=-1) path=path.substr(0,p+1); // remove filename, leave trailing slash
var file=''
var result=window.askForFilename(msg,path,file,mustExist); // requires #604
if (target && result.length) // set target field and trigger handling
{ target.value=result; target.onchange(); }
return result;
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!604 cross-platform askForFilename()
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/604 - OPEN
invokes a system-native secure 'file-chooser' dialog box to provide TiddlyWiki with access to a complete path+filename so that TW functions properly locate user-selected local files.
***/
//{{{
window.askForFilename=function(msg,path,file,mustExist) {
var r = window.mozAskForFilename(msg,path,file,mustExist);
if(r===null || r===false)
r = window.ieAskForFilename(msg,path,file,mustExist);
if(r===null || r===false)
r = window.javaAskForFilename(msg,path,file,mustExist);
if(r===null || r===false)
r = prompt(msg,path+file);
return r||'';
}
window.mozAskForFilename=function(msg,path,file,mustExist) {
if(!window.Components) return false;
try {
netscape.security.PrivilegeManager.enablePrivilege('UniversalXPConnect');
var nsIFilePicker = window.Components.interfaces.nsIFilePicker;
var picker = Components.classes['@mozilla.org/filepicker;1'].createInstance(nsIFilePicker);
picker.init(window, msg, mustExist?nsIFilePicker.modeOpen:nsIFilePicker.modeSave);
var thispath = Components.classes['@mozilla.org/file/local;1'].createInstance(Components.interfaces.nsILocalFile);
thispath.initWithPath(path);
picker.displayDirectory=thispath;
picker.defaultExtension='html';
picker.defaultString=file;
picker.appendFilters(nsIFilePicker.filterAll|nsIFilePicker.filterText|nsIFilePicker.filterHTML);
if (picker.show()!=nsIFilePicker.returnCancel)
var result=picker.file.persistentDescriptor;
}
catch(ex) { displayMessage(ex.toString()); }
return result;
}
window.ieAskForFilename=function(msg,path,file,mustExist) {
if(!config.browser.isIE) return false;
try {
var s = new ActiveXObject('UserAccounts.CommonDialog');
s.Filter='All files|*.*|Text files|*.txt|HTML files|*.htm;*.html|';
s.FilterIndex=3; // default to HTML files;
s.InitialDir=path;
s.FileName=file;
return s.showOpen()?s.FileName:'';
}
catch(ex) { displayMessage(ex.toString()); }
return result;
}
window.javaAskForFilename=function(msg,path,file,mustExist) {
if(!document.applets['TiddlySaver']) return false;
// TBD: implement java-based askFile(...) function
try { return document.applets['TiddlySaver'].askFile(msg,path,file,mustExist); }
catch(ex) { displayMessage(ex.toString()); }
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!676 #story:... paramifier
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/676 - OPEN
extends #story:... to scan the specified 'story' tiddler content for embedded links, rather than simply parsing the content as a space-separated bracketed list. This allows links from ''any'' tiddler to be used as a story, regardless of other wiki-syntax contained in that tiddler. If specified tiddler is a shadow, fallback to using parseParams() to extract the list of links.
***/
//{{{
config.paramifiers.story = {
onstart: function(v) {
var t=store.getTiddler(v); if (t) t.changed();
var list=t?t.links:store.getTiddlerText(v,'').parseParams('open',null,false);
story.displayTiddlers(null,list);
}
};
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!664 Loose links (case-folded/space-folded wiki words)
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/664 - OPEN
This tweak matches non-WikiWord variations of mixed-case and/or added/omitted spaces within double-bracketed text with titles of //existing// tiddlers, using a 'loose' (case-folded/space-folded) comparison. This allows text that occurs in normal prose to be more easily linked to tiddler titles by using double-brackets without the full 'pretty link' syntax. For example:
{{{
[[CoreTweaks]], [[coreTweaks]], [[core tweaks]],
[[CORE TWEAKS]], [[CoRe TwEaKs]], [[coreTWEAKS]]
}}}
>[[CoreTweaks]], [[coreTweaks]], [[core tweaks]],
>[[CORE TWEAKS]], [[CoRe TwEaKs]], [[coreTWEAKS]]
Configuration:
><<option chkLooseLinks>> Allow case-folded and/or space-folded text to link to existing tiddler titles
>"""<<option chkLooseLinks>>"""
***/
//{{{
if (!config.options.chkLooseLinks)
config.options.chkLooseLinks=false; // default to standard behavior
window.caseFold_createTiddlyLink = window.createTiddlyLink;
window.createTiddlyLink = function(place,title,includeText,className) {
var btn=window.caseFold_createTiddlyLink.apply(this,arguments); // create core link
if (!config.options.chkLooseLinks) return btn;
if (store.getTiddlerText(title)) return btn; // matching tiddler (or shadow) exists
var target=title.toLowerCase().replace(/\s/g,'');
var tids=store.getTiddlers('title');
for (var t=0; t<tids.length; t++) {
if (tids[t].title.toLowerCase().replace(/\s/g,'')==target) {
var i=getTiddlyLinkInfo(tids[t].title,className);
btn.setAttribute('tiddlyLink',tids[t].title);
btn.title=i.subTitle;
btn.className=i.classes;
break;
}
}
return btn;
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!657 wrap tabs onto multiple lines
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/657 - OPEN
This tweak inserts an extra space element following each tab, allowing them to wrap onto multiple lines if needed.
***/
//{{{
config.macros.tabs.handler = function(place,macroName,params)
{
var cookie = params[0];
var numTabs = (params.length-1)/3;
var wrapper = createTiddlyElement(null,'div',null,'tabsetWrapper ' + cookie);
var tabset = createTiddlyElement(wrapper,'div',null,'tabset');
tabset.setAttribute('cookie',cookie);
var validTab = false;
for(var t=0; t<numTabs; t++) {
var label = params[t*3+1];
var prompt = params[t*3+2];
var content = params[t*3+3];
var tab = createTiddlyButton(tabset,label,prompt,this.onClickTab,'tab tabUnselected');
createTiddlyElement(tab,'span',null,null,' ',{style:'font-size:0pt;line-height:0px'}); // ELS
tab.setAttribute('tab',label);
tab.setAttribute('content',content);
tab.title = prompt;
if(config.options[cookie] == label)
validTab = true;
}
if(!validTab)
config.options[cookie] = params[1];
place.appendChild(wrapper);
this.switchTab(tabset,config.options[cookie]);
};
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!637 TiddlyLink tooltip - custom formatting
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/637 - OPEN
This tweak modifies the tooltip format that appears when you mouseover a link to a tiddler. It adds an option to control the date format, as well as displaying the size of the tiddler (in bytes)
Tiddler link tooltip format:
{{stretch{<<option txtTiddlerLinkTootip>>}}}
^^where: %0=title, %1=username, %2=modification date, %3=size in bytes, %4=description slice^^
Tiddler link tooltip date format:
{{stretch{<<option txtTiddlerLinkTooltipDate>>}}}
***/
//{{{
config.messages.tiddlerLinkTooltip='%0 - %1, %2 (%3 bytes) - %4';
config.messages.tiddlerLinkTooltipDate='DDD, MMM DDth YYYY 0hh12:0mm AM';
config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTootip=
config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTootip||config.messages.tiddlerLinkTooltip;
config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTooltipDate=
config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTooltipDate||config.messages.tiddlerLinkTooltipDate;
Tiddler.prototype.getSubtitle = function() {
var modifier = this.modifier;
if(!modifier) modifier = config.messages.subtitleUnknown;
var modified = this.modified;
if(modified) modified = modified.formatString(config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTooltipDate);
else modified = config.messages.subtitleUnknown;
var descr=store.getTiddlerSlice(this.title,'Description')||'';
return config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTootip.format([this.title,modifier,modified,this.text.length,descr]);
};
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!628 hide 'no such macro' errors
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/628 - OPEN
When invoking a macro that is not defined, this tweak prevents the display of the 'error in macro... no such macro' message. This is useful when rendering tiddler content or templates that reference macros that are defined by //optional// plugins that have not been installed in the current document.
<<option chkHideMissingMacros>> hide 'no such macro' error messages
***/
//{{{
if (config.options.chkHideMissingMacros===undefined)
config.options.chkHideMissingMacros=false;
window.coreTweaks_missingMacro_invokeMacro = window.invokeMacro;
window.invokeMacro = function(place,macro,params,wikifier,tiddler) {
if (!config.macros[macro] || !config.macros[macro].handler)
if (config.options.chkHideMissingMacros) return;
window.coreTweaks_missingMacro_invokeMacro.apply(this,arguments);
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!609/610 toolbars - separators and transclusion
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/609 - OPEN (separators)
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/610 - OPEN (wikify tiddler/slice/section content)
These tweaks extend the """<<toolbar>>""" macro to permit use of '|' as separators, as well as recognizing references to tiddlernames, slices, or sections and rendering their content inline within the toolbar
''see [[ToolbarCommands]] for examples of how these features can be used''
***/
//{{{
merge(config.macros.toolbar,{
separator: '|'
});
config.macros.toolbar.handler = function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler)
{
for(var t=0; t<params.length; t++) {
var c = params[t];
switch(c) {
case '|': // ELS - SEPARATOR
case '!': // ELS - SEPARATOR (alternative for use in tiddler slices)
createTiddlyText(place,this.separator); // ELS
break; // ELS
case '>':
var btn = createTiddlyButton(place,this.moreLabel,this.morePrompt,config.macros.toolbar.onClickMore);
addClass(btn,'moreCommand');
var e = createTiddlyElement(place,'span',null,'moreCommand');
e.style.display = 'none';
place = e;
break;
default:
var theClass = '';
switch(c.substr(0,1)) {
case '+':
theClass = 'defaultCommand';
c = c.substr(1);
break;
case '-':
theClass = 'cancelCommand';
c = c.substr(1);
break;
}
if(c in config.commands)
this.createCommand(place,c,tiddler,theClass);
else { // ELS - WIKIFY TIDDLER/SLICE/SECTION
if (c.substr(0,1)=='~') c=c.substr(1); // ignore leading ~
var txt=store.getTiddlerText(c);
if (txt) {
txt=txt.replace(/^\n*/,'').replace(/\n*$/,''); // trim any leading/trailing newlines
txt=txt.replace(/^\{\{\{\n/,'').replace(/\n\}\}\}$/,''); // trim PRE format wrapper if any
wikify(txt,createTiddlyElement(place,'span'),null,tiddler);
}
} // ELS - end WIKIFY CONTENT
break;
}
}
};
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!608 toolbar - more/less toggle
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/608 - OPEN
This tweak extends the """<<toolbar>>""" macro to make the '>' (more) a //toggle// between more/less with the additional toolbar commands displayed on a separate line.
***/
//{{{
merge(config.macros.toolbar,{
moreLabel: 'more',
morePrompt: 'Show additional commands',
lessLabel: 'less',
lessPrompt: 'Hide additional commands'
});
config.macros.toolbar.onClickMore = function(ev)
{
var e = this.nextSibling;
var showing=e.style.display=='block';
e.style.display = showing?'none':'block';
this.innerHTML=showing?config.macros.toolbar.moreLabel:config.macros.toolbar.lessLabel;
this.title=showing?config.macros.toolbar.morePrompt:config.macros.toolbar.lessPrompt;
return false;
};
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!607 add HREF link on permaview command
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/607 - OPEN
This tweak automatically sets the HREF for the 'permaview' sidebar command link so you can use the 'right click' context menu for faster, easier bookmarking. Note that this does ''not'' automatically set the permaview in the browser's current location URL... it just sets the HREF on the command link. You still have to click the link to apply the permaview.
***/
//{{{
config.macros.permaview.handler = function(place)
{
var btn=createTiddlyButton(place,this.label,this.prompt,this.onClick);
addEvent(btn,'mouseover',this.setHREF);
addEvent(btn,'focus',this.setHREF);
};
config.macros.permaview.setHREF = function(event){
var links = [];
story.forEachTiddler(function(title,element) {
links.push(String.encodeTiddlyLink(title));
});
var newURL=document.location.href;
var hashPos=newURL.indexOf('#');
if (hashPos!=-1) newURL=newURL.substr(0,hashPos);
this.href=newURL+'#'+encodeURIComponent(links.join(' '));
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!529 IE fixup - case-sensitive element lookup of tiddler elements
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/529 - OPEN
This tweak hijacks the standard browser function, document.getElementById(), to work-around the case-INsensitivity error in Internet Explorer (all versions up to and including IE7) //''Note: This tweak is only applied when using IE, and only for lookups of rendered tiddler elements within the containing 'tiddlerDisplay' element.''//
***/
//{{{
if (config.browser.isIE) {
document.coreTweaks_coreGetElementById=document.getElementById;
document.getElementById=function(id) {
var e=document.coreTweaks_coreGetElementById(id);
if (!e || !e.parentNode || e.parentNode.id!='tiddlerDisplay') return e;
for (var i=0; i<e.parentNode.childNodes.length; i++)
if (id==e.parentNode.childNodes[i].id) return e.parentNode.childNodes[i];
return null;
};
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!471 'creator' field for new tiddlers
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/471 - OPEN
This tweak HIJACKS the core's saveTiddler() function to automatically add a 'creator' field to a tiddler when it is FIRST created. You can use """<<view creator>>""" (or """<<view creator wikified>>""" if you prefer) to show this value embedded directly within the tiddler content, or {{{<span macro="view creator"></span>}}} in the ViewTemplate and/or EditTemplate to display the creator value in each tiddler.
***/
//{{{
// hijack saveTiddler()
TiddlyWiki.prototype.CoreTweaks_creatorSaveTiddler=TiddlyWiki.prototype.saveTiddler;
TiddlyWiki.prototype.saveTiddler=function(title,newTitle,newBody,modifier,modified,tags,fields)
{
var existing=store.tiddlerExists(title);
var tiddler=this.CoreTweaks_creatorSaveTiddler.apply(this,arguments);
if (!existing) store.setValue(title,'creator',config.options.txtUserName);
return tiddler;
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!458 add permalink-like HREFs on internal TiddlyLinks
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/458 - CLOSED: WON'T FIX
This tweak assigns a permalink-like HREF to internal Tiddler links (which normally do not have any HREF defined). This permits the link's context menu (right-click) to include 'open link in another window/tab' command. Based on a request from Dustin Spicuzza.
***/
//{{{
window.coreTweaks_createTiddlyLink=window.createTiddlyLink;
window.createTiddlyLink=function(place,title,includeText,theClass,isStatic,linkedFromTiddler,noToggle)
{
// create the core button, then add the HREF (to internal links only)
var link=window.coreTweaks_createTiddlyLink.apply(this,arguments);
if (!isStatic)
link.href=document.location.href.split('#')[0]+'#'+encodeURIComponent(String.encodeTiddlyLink(title));
return link;
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!444 'tiddler' and 'place' - global variables for use in computed macro parameters
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/444 - OPEN
When invoking a macro, this tweak makes the current containing tiddler object and DOM rendering location available as global variables (window.tiddler and window.place, respectively). These globals can then be used within //computed macro parameters// to retrieve tiddler-relative and/or DOM-relative values or perform tiddler-specific side-effect functionality.
***/
//{{{
window.coreTweaks_invokeMacro = window.invokeMacro;
window.invokeMacro = function(place,macro,params,wikifier,tiddler) {
var here=story.findContainingTiddler(place);
window.tiddler=here?store.getTiddler(here.getAttribute('tiddler')):tiddler;
window.place=place;
window.coreTweaks_invokeMacro.apply(this,arguments);
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!067 Missing links - ignore non-wiki syntax source content
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/67 - OPEN
The missing links list includes items contained within quoted text (i.e., content that will not render as wiki-syntax, and so CANNOT create any tiddler links, even if the quoted text matches valid link syntax). This tweak removes content contained between certain delimiters before scanning tiddler source for possible links.
Delimiters include:
{{{
/%...%/
{{{...}}}
"""..."""
<nowiki>...</nowiki>
<html>...</html>
<script>...</script>
}}}
***/
//{{{
Tiddler.prototype.coreTweaks_changed = Tiddler.prototype.changed;
Tiddler.prototype.changed = function()
{
var savedtext=this.text;
// remove 'quoted' text before scanning tiddler source
this.text=this.text.replace(/\/%((?:.|\n)*?)%\//g,''); // /%...%/
this.text=this.text.replace(/\{{3}((?:.|\n)*?)\}{3}/g,''); // {{{...}}}
this.text=this.text.replace(/"{3}((?:.|\n)*?)"{3}/g,''); // """..."""
this.text=this.text.replace(/\<nowiki\>((?:.|\n)*?)\<\/nowiki\>/g,''); // <nowiki>...</nowiki>
this.text=this.text.replace(/\<html\>((?:.|\n)*?)\<\/html\>/g,''); // <html>...</html>
this.text=this.text.replace(/\<script((?:.|\n)*?)\<\/script\>/g,''); // <script>...</script>
this.coreTweaks_changed.apply(this,arguments);
// restore quoted text to tiddler source
this.text=savedtext;
};
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!(no ticket) """<<tag>>""" macro - sortby parameter
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/TBD - TBD
This tweak adds an optional 'sortby' parameter to the """<<tag tagname label tip sortby>>""" macro, as well as the """<<allTags excludeTag sortby>>""" macro used to generate the sidebar contents 'tags' list. Specify the field on which the contents of each tag popup is to be sorted, with a '+' or '-' prefix to indicate ascending/descending order, respectively.
Example: """<<tag systemConfig "plugins" "list plugins by date, most recent first" "-modified">>"""
Try it: <<tag systemConfig "plugins" "list plugins by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
Similarly, to change the sort order used by the popups from all tags shown in the sidebar contents, edit the [[TagTags]] shadow tiddler and enter: """<<allTags excludeLists -modified>>"""
***/
//{{{
// hijack tag handler() to add 'sortby' attribute to tag button
config.macros.tag.CoreTweaksSortTags_handler=config.macros.tag.handler;
config.macros.tag.handler = function(place,macroName,params)
{
this.CoreTweaksSortTags_handler.apply(this,arguments);
var btn=place.lastChild;
if (params[3]) btn.setAttribute('sortby',params[3]);
}
// tweak <<allTags>> macro to add 'sortby' attribute to each tag button
var fn=config.macros.allTags.handler;
var lines=fn.toString().split('\n');
lines.splice(lines.length-2,0,['if(params[1]) btn.setAttribute("sortby",params[1]);']);
fn=lines.join('\n');
eval('config.macros.allTags.handler='+fn);
// tweak tag event handler to:
// * use tag filtering (only if '[' is present in tag value)
// * use optional 'sortby' attribute
// * save 'sortby' value in 'open all' command (for displaying tiddlers in sorted order)
var fn=onClickTag;
fn=fn.toString().replace(
/store.getTaggedTiddlers\(tag\);/g,
'(tag.indexOf("[")==-1?store.getTaggedTiddlers(tag):store.filterTiddlers(tag));'
+'var sortby=this.getAttribute("sortby");'
+'if(sortby&&sortby.length) store.sortTiddlers(tagged,sortby);'
);
fn=fn.toString().replace(
/openAll.setAttribute\("tag",\s*tag\);/g,
'openAll.setAttribute("tag",tag); openAll.setAttribute("sortby",sortby);'
);
eval(fn);
// tweak 'open all' event handler to use 'sortby' attribute
var fn=onClickTagOpenAll;
fn=fn.toString().replace(
/story.displayTiddlers\(this,\s*tiddlers\);/g,
'var sortby=this.getAttribute("sortby");'
+'if(sortby&&sortby.length) store.sortTiddlers(tiddlers,sortby);'
+'story.displayTiddlers(this,tiddlers);'
);
eval(fn);
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!(no ticket) backslash-quoting for embedding newlines in 'line-mode' formats
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/TBD - TBD
This tweak pre-processes source content to convert 'double-backslash-newline' into {{{<br>}}} before wikify(), so that literal newlines can be embedded in line-mode wiki syntax (e.g., tables, bullets, etc.)
***/
//{{{
window.coreWikify = wikify;
window.wikify = function(source,output,highlightRegExp,tiddler)
{
if (source) arguments[0]=source.replace(/\\\\\n/mg,'<br>');
coreWikify.apply(this,arguments);
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}
// // <<foldHeadings>>
Talk ''"Nanoscience at Work: Creating Energy from Sunlight" by [[Paul Alivisatos|http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/pagrp/paulbio.html]]'', co-leader of Berkeley Lab's [[Helios Project|http://pbd.lbl.gov/energy/research.html#helios]]. Helios Project will use nanotechnology in the efficient capture of sunlight and its conversion to electricity to drive economical [[fuel|energy]] production processes. Alivisatos is an authority on artificial nanostructure synthesis and collaborated with [[Louis E. Brus|The 2008 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience]] in the invention of the [[quantum dot|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot]] technology.
<html><object width="620" height="500"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/Jhl07psn9QA&hl=es&fs=1&rel=0"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/Jhl07psn9QA&hl=es&fs=1&rel=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" width="620" height="500"></embed></object></html>
{{{
// Specify your account number here!
_uacct = "UA-4519803-1";
// CustomTracker as a namespace for tracking related functions
var CustomTracker = {
// store a reference to the original displayTiddler function
displayTiddler: story.displayTiddler
};
CustomTracker.track = function() {
if (readOnly) {
urchinTracker.apply(this, arguments);
}
};
CustomTracker.trackAndDisplayTiddler = function(srcElement, titles) {
// log with the tracker
CustomTracker.track('/' + titles);
// call the original displayTiddler function
CustomTracker.displayTiddler.apply(this,arguments);
};
// replace the default displayTiddler function with a tracking version
story.displayTiddler = CustomTracker.trackAndDisplayTiddler;
// Call once for the initial page load
CustomTracker.track();
}}}
/***
|Name|DatePlugin|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#DatePlugin|
|Version|2.3.1|
|Author|Eric Shulman - ELS Design Studios|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements <<br>>and [[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/]]|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Requires||
|Overrides||
|Description|formatted dates plus popup menu with 'journal' link, changes and (optional) reminders|
There are quite a few calendar generators, reminders, to-do lists, 'dated tiddlers' journals, blog-makers and GTD-like schedule managers that have been built around TW. While they all have different purposes, and vary in format, interaction, and style, in one way or another each of these plugins displays and/or uses date-based information to make finding, accessing and managing relevant tiddlers easier. This plugin provides a general approach to embedding dates and date-based links/menus within tiddler content.
This plugin display formatted dates, for the specified year, month, day using number values or mathematical expressions such as (Y+1) or (D+30). Optionally, you can create a link from the formatted output to a 'dated tiddler' for quick blogging or create a popup menu that includes the dated tiddler link plus links to changes made on that date as well as links to any pending reminders for the coming 31 days (if the RemindersPlugin is installed). This plugin also provides a public API for easily incorporating formatted date output (with or without the links/popups) into other plugins, such as calendar generators, etc.
!!!!!Usage
<<<
When installed, this plugin defines a macro: {{{<<date [mode] [date] [format] [linkformat]>>}}}. All of the macro parameters are optional and, in it's simplest form, {{{<<date>>}}}, it is equivalent to the ~TiddlyWiki core macro, {{{<<today>>}}}.
However, where {{{<<today>>}}} simply inserts the current date/time in a predefined format (or custom format, using {{{<<today [format]>>}}}), the {{{<<date>>}}} macro's parameters take it much further than that:
* [mode] is either ''display'', ''link'' or ''popup''. If omitted, it defaults to ''display''. This param let's you select between simply displaying a formatted date, or creating a link to a specific 'date titled' tiddler or a popup menu containing a dated tiddler link, plus links to changes and reminders.
* [date] lets you enter ANY date (not just today) as ''year, month, and day values or simple mathematical expressions'' using pre-defined variables, Y, M, and D for the current year, month and day, repectively. You can display the modification date of the current tiddler by using the keyword: ''tiddler'' in place of the year, month and day parameters. Use ''tiddler://name-of-tiddler//'' to display the modification date of a specific tiddler. You can also use keywords ''today'' or ''filedate'' to refer to these //dynamically changing// date/time values.
* [format] and [linkformat] uses standard ~TiddlyWiki date formatting syntax. The default is "YYYY.0MM.0DD"
>^^''DDD'' - day of week in full (eg, "Monday"), ''DD'' - day of month, ''0DD'' - adds leading zero^^
>^^''MMM'' - month in full (eg, "July"), ''MM'' - month number, ''0MM'' - adds leading zero^^
>^^''YYYY'' - full year, ''YY'' - two digit year, ''hh'' - hours, ''mm'' - minutes, ''ss'' - seconds^^
>^^//note: use of hh, mm or ss format codes is only supported with ''tiddler'', ''today'' or ''filedate'' values//^^
* [linkformat] - specify an alternative date format so that the title of a 'dated tiddler' link can have a format that differs from the date's displayed format
In addition to the macro syntax, DatePlugin also provides a public javascript API so that other plugins that work with dates (such as calendar generators, etc.) can quickly incorporate date formatted links or popups into their output:
''{{{showDate(place, date, mode, format, linkformat, autostyle, weekend)}}}''
Note that in addition to the parameters provided by the macro interface, the javascript API also supports two optional true/false parameters:
* [autostyle] - when true, the font/background styles of formatted dates are automatically adjusted to show the date's status: 'today' is boxed, 'changes' are bold, 'reminders' are underlined, while weekends and holidays (as well as changes and reminders) can each have a different background color to make them more visibly distinct from each other.
* [weekend] - true indicates a weekend, false indicates a weekday. When this parameter is omitted, the plugin uses internal defaults to automatically determine when a given date falls on a weekend.
<<<
!!!!!Examples
<<<
The current date: <<date>>
The current time: <<date today "0hh:0mm:0ss">>
Today's blog: <<date link today "DDD, MMM DDth, YYYY">>
Recent blogs/changes/reminders: <<date popup Y M D-1 "yesterday">> <<date popup today "today">> <<date popup Y M D+1 "tomorrow">>
The first day of next month will be a <<date Y M+1 1 "DDD">>
This tiddler (DatePlugin) was last updated on: <<date tiddler "DDD, MMM DDth, YYYY">>
The SiteUrl was last updated on: <<date tiddler:SiteUrl "DDD, MMM DDth, YYYY">>
This document was last saved on <<date filedate "DDD, MMM DDth, YYYY at 0hh:0mm:0ss">>
<<date 2006 07 24 "MMM DDth, YYYY">> will be a <<date 2006 07 24 "DDD">>
<<<
!!!!!Installation
<<<
import (or copy/paste) the following tiddlers into your document:
''DatePlugin'' (tagged with <<tag systemConfig>>)
<<<
!!!!!Revision History
<<<
''2007.06.20 [2.3.1]'' in onClickDatePopup(), use Popup.show() instead of deprecated ScrollToTiddlerPopup(). Fixes fatal error that prevents popups from being properly displayed
''2007.05.31 [2.3.0]'' list "created" tiddlers in date popup. Also, force re-cache of created/modified indices when displaying current date and store.isDirty(), so that popup is kept in sync with tiddler changes.
''2006.05.09 [2.2.1]'' added "todaybg" handling to set background color of current date. Also, honor excludeLists tag when getting lists of tiddlers. Based on suggestions by Mark Hulme.
''2006.05.05 [2.2.0]'' added "linkedbg" handling to set background color when a 'dated tiddler' exists. Based on a suggestion by Mark Hulme.
''2006.03.08 [2.1.2]'' add 'override leadtime' flag param in call to findTiddlersWithReminders(), and add "Enter a title" default text to new reminder handler. Thanks to Jeremy Sheeley for these additional tweaks.
''2006.03.06 [2.1.0]'' hasReminders() nows uses window.reminderCacheForCalendar[] when present. If calendar cache is not present, indexReminders() now uses findTiddlersWithReminders() with a 90-day look ahead to check for reminders. Also, switched default background colors for autostyled dates: reminders are now greenish ("c0ffee") and holidays are now reddish ("ffaace").
''2006.02.14 [2.0.5]'' when readOnly is set (by TW core), omit "new reminders..." popup menu item and, if a "dated tiddler" does not already exist, display the date as simple text instead of a link.
''2006.02.05 [2.0.4]'' added var to variables that were unintentionally global. Avoids FireFox 1.5.0.1 crash bug when referencing global variables
''2006.01.18 [2.0.3]'' In 1.2.x the tiddler editor's text area control was given an element ID=("tiddlerBody"+title), so that it was easy to locate this field and programmatically modify its content. With the addition of configuration templates in 2.x, the textarea no longer has an ID assigned. To find this control we now look through all the child nodes of the tiddler editor to locate a "textarea" control where attribute("edit") equals "text", and then append the new reminder to the contents of that control.
''2006.01.11 [2.0.2]'' correct 'weekend' override detection logic in showDate()
''2006.01.10 [2.0.1]'' allow custom-defined weekend days (default defined in config.macros.date.weekend[] array)
added flag param to showDate() API to override internal weekend[] array
''2005.12.27 [2.0.0]'' Update for TW2.0
Added parameter handling for 'linkformat'
''2005.12.21 [1.2.2]'' FF's date.getYear() function returns 105 (for the current year, 2005). When calculating a date value from Y M and D expressions, the plugin adds 1900 to the returned year value get the current year number. But IE's date.getYear() already returns 2005. As a result, plugin calculated date values on IE were incorrect (e.g., 3905 instead of 2005). Adding +1900 is now conditional so the values will be correct on both browsers.
''2005.11.07 [1.2.1]'' added support for "tiddler" dynamic date parameter
''2005.11.06 [1.2.0]'' added support for "tiddler:title" dynamic date parameter
''2005.11.03 [1.1.2]'' when a reminder doesn't have a specified title parameter, use the title of the tiddler that contains the reminder as "fallback" text in the popup menu. Based on a suggestion from BenjaminKudria.
''2005.11.03 [1.1.1]'' Temporarily bypass hasReminders() logic to avoid excessive overhead from generating the indexReminders() cache. While reminders can still appear in the popup menu, they just won't be indicated by auto-styling the date number that is displayed. This single change saves approx. 60% overhead (5 second delay reduced to under 2 seconds).
''2005.11.01 [1.1.0]'' corrected logic in hasModifieds() and hasReminders() so caching of indexed modifieds and reminders is done just once, as intended. This should hopefully speed up calendar generators and other plugins that render multiple dates...
''2005.10.31 [1.0.1]'' documentation and code cleanup
''2005.10.31 [1.0.0]'' initial public release
''2005.10.30 [0.9.0]'' pre-release
<<<
!!!!!Credits
<<<
This feature was developed by EricShulman from [[ELS Design Studios|http:/www.elsdesign.com]].
<<<
!!!!!Code
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.date = {major: 2, minor: 3, revision: 1, date: new Date(2007,6,20)};
//}}}
//{{{
config.macros.date = {
format: "YYYY.0MM.0DD", // default date display format
linkformat: "YYYY.0MM.0DD", // 'dated tiddler' link format
linkedbg: "#babb1e", // "babble"
todaybg: "#ffab1e", // "fable"
weekendbg: "#c0c0c0", // "cocoa"
holidaybg: "#ffaace", // "face"
createdbg: "#bbeeff", // "beef"
modifiedsbg: "#bbeeff", // "beef"
remindersbg: "#c0ffee", // "coffee"
holidays: [ "01/01", "07/04", "07/24", "11/24" ], // NewYearsDay, IndependenceDay(US), Eric's Birthday (hooray!), Thanksgiving(US)
weekend: [ 1,0,0,0,0,0,1 ] // [ day index values: sun=0, mon=1, tue=2, wed=3, thu=4, fri=5, sat=6 ]
};
//}}}
//{{{
config.macros.date.handler = function(place,macroName,params)
{
// do we want to see a link, a popup, or just a formatted date?
var mode="display";
if (params[0]=="display") { mode=params[0]; params.shift(); }
if (params[0]=="popup") { mode=params[0]; params.shift(); }
if (params[0]=="link") { mode=params[0]; params.shift(); }
// get the date
var now = new Date();
var date = now;
if (!params[0] || params[0]=="today")
{ params.shift(); }
else if (params[0]=="filedate")
{ date=new Date(document.lastModified); params.shift(); }
else if (params[0]=="tiddler")
{ date=store.getTiddler(story.findContainingTiddler(place).id.substr(7)).modified; params.shift(); }
else if (params[0].substr(0,8)=="tiddler:")
{ var t; if ((t=store.getTiddler(params[0].substr(8)))) date=t.modified; params.shift(); }
else {
var y = eval(params.shift().replace(/Y/ig,(now.getYear()<1900)?now.getYear()+1900:now.getYear()));
var m = eval(params.shift().replace(/M/ig,now.getMonth()+1));
var d = eval(params.shift().replace(/D/ig,now.getDate()+0));
date = new Date(y,m-1,d);
}
// date format with optional custom override
var format=this.format; if (params[0]) format=params.shift();
var linkformat=this.linkformat; if (params[0]) linkformat=params.shift();
showDate(place,date,mode,format,linkformat);
}
//}}}
//{{{
window.showDate=showDate;
function showDate(place,date,mode,format,linkformat,autostyle,weekend)
{
if (!mode) mode="display";
if (!format) format=config.macros.date.format;
if (!linkformat) linkformat=config.macros.date.linkformat;
if (!autostyle) autostyle=false;
// format the date output
var title = date.formatString(format);
var linkto = date.formatString(linkformat);
// just show the formatted output
if (mode=="display") { place.appendChild(document.createTextNode(title)); return; }
// link to a 'dated tiddler'
var link = createTiddlyLink(place, linkto, false);
link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(title));
link.title = linkto;
link.date = date;
link.format = format;
link.linkformat = linkformat;
// if using a popup menu, replace click handler for dated tiddler link
// with handler for popup and make link text non-italic (i.e., an 'existing link' look)
if (mode=="popup") {
link.onclick = onClickDatePopup;
link.style.fontStyle="normal";
}
// format the popup link to show what kind of info it contains (for use with calendar generators)
if (!autostyle) return;
if (hasModifieds(date)||hasCreateds(date))
{ link.style.fontStyle="normal"; link.style.fontWeight="bold"; }
if (hasReminders(date))
{ link.style.textDecoration="underline"; }
if(isToday(date))
{ link.style.border="1px solid black"; }
if( (weekend!=undefined?weekend:isWeekend(date)) && (config.macros.date.weekendbg!="") )
{ place.style.background = config.macros.date.weekendbg; }
if(isHoliday(date)&&(config.macros.date.holidaybg!=""))
{ place.style.background = config.macros.date.holidaybg; }
if (hasCreateds(date)&&(config.macros.date.createdbg!=""))
{ place.style.background = config.macros.date.createdbg; }
if (hasModifieds(date)&&(config.macros.date.modifiedsbg!=""))
{ place.style.background = config.macros.date.modifiedsbg; }
if (store.tiddlerExists(linkto)&&(config.macros.date.linkedbg!=""))
{ place.style.background = config.macros.date.linkedbg; }
if (hasReminders(date)&&(config.macros.date.remindersbg!=""))
{ place.style.background = config.macros.date.remindersbg; }
if(isToday(date)&&(config.macros.date.todaybg!=""))
{ place.style.background = config.macros.date.todaybg; }
}
//}}}
//{{{
function isToday(date) // returns true if date is today
{ var now=new Date(); return ((now-date>=0) && (now-date<86400000)); }
function isWeekend(date) // returns true if date is a weekend
{ return (config.macros.date.weekend[date.getDay()]); }
function isHoliday(date) // returns true if date is a holiday
{
var longHoliday = date.formatString("0MM/0DD/YYYY");
var shortHoliday = date.formatString("0MM/0DD");
for(var i = 0; i < config.macros.date.holidays.length; i++) {
var holiday=config.macros.date.holidays[i];
if (holiday==longHoliday||holiday==shortHoliday) return true;
}
return false;
}
//}}}
//{{{
// Event handler for clicking on a day popup
function onClickDatePopup(e)
{
if (!e) var e = window.event;
var theTarget = resolveTarget(e);
var popup = Popup.create(this);
if(popup) {
// always show dated tiddler link (or just date, if readOnly) at the top...
if (!readOnly || store.tiddlerExists(this.date.formatString(this.linkformat)))
createTiddlyLink(popup,this.date.formatString(this.linkformat),true);
else
createTiddlyText(popup,this.date.formatString(this.linkformat));
addCreatedsToPopup(popup,this.date,this.format);
addModifiedsToPopup(popup,this.date,this.format);
addRemindersToPopup(popup,this.date,this.linkformat);
}
Popup.show(popup,false);
e.cancelBubble = true;
if (e.stopPropagation) e.stopPropagation();
return(false);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function indexCreateds() // build list of tiddlers, hash indexed by creation date
{
var createds= { };
var tiddlers = store.getTiddlers("title","excludeLists");
for (var t = 0; t < tiddlers.length; t++) {
var date = tiddlers[t].created.formatString("YYYY0MM0DD")
if (!createds[date])
createds[date]=new Array();
createds[date].push(tiddlers[t].title);
}
return createds;
}
function hasCreateds(date) // returns true if date has created tiddlers
{
if (!config.macros.date.createds) config.macros.date.createds=indexCreateds();
return (config.macros.date.createds[date.formatString("YYYY0MM0DD")]!=undefined);
}
function addCreatedsToPopup(popup,when,format)
{
var force=(store.isDirty() && when.formatString("YYYY0MM0DD")==new Date().formatString("YYYY0MM0DD"));
if (force || !config.macros.date.createds) config.macros.date.createds=indexCreateds();
var indent=String.fromCharCode(160)+String.fromCharCode(160);
var createds = config.macros.date.createds[when.formatString("YYYY0MM0DD")];
if (createds) {
createds.sort();
var e=createTiddlyElement(popup,"div",null,null,"created:");
for(var t=0; t<createds.length; t++) {
var link=createTiddlyLink(popup,createds[t],false);
link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(indent+createds[t]));
createTiddlyElement(popup,"br",null,null,null);
}
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
function indexModifieds() // build list of tiddlers, hash indexed by modification date
{
var modifieds= { };
var tiddlers = store.getTiddlers("title","excludeLists");
for (var t = 0; t < tiddlers.length; t++) {
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[[WhatsNew]]
NanoEducational
[[contents]]
[[NanoSearch (beta)]]
In 2005, a group of pioneering projects, from various contexts and with different motivations, set off on separate voyages into this new territory. Their mission: to explore how we might ensure that future developments in nanotechnology are governed in the interests of the many, not the few. In short, to bring democracy to these new, unchartered territories. Democratic Technologies? follows the journeys of these projects, and the scientists, citizens and civil servants who joined them.
This is the report of the [[Nanotechnologies Engagement Group (NEG)|http://www.involve.org.uk/neg]], a body convened by Involve with the support of the Office of Science and Innovation’s Sciencewise scheme, and the Universities of Cambridge and Sheffield. Our role has been to observe and support the pioneers of nanotechnology public engagement and log their experiences for the benefit of future journeys into the interface between democracy and technology.
Source: [[Democratic Technologies?|http://83.223.102.125/involvenew/mt/archives/blog_37/Democratic%20Technologies.pdf]]
In 2006 researchers established that dogs could detect cancer by sniffing the exhaled breath of cancer patients. Now, using nanoscale arrays of detectors, two groups of investigators have shown that a compact mechanical device also can ''sniff out lung cancer in humans''. [[Hossam Haick, Ph.D.|http://lnbd.technion.ac.il/NanoChemistry/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&TMID=139&LNGID=1&FID=502&PID=0&IID=741]], and his colleagues at the Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, used a network of 10 sets of chemically modified carbon nanotubes to create a multicomponent sensor capable of discriminating between a healthy breath and one characteristic of lung cancer patients. Meanwhile, [[Silvano Dragonieri, M.D.|http://www.biomedexperts.com/Profile.bme/340882/Silvano_Dragonieri]], University of Bari, Italy, and his colleagues used a commercial nanoarray-based electronic “nose” to discriminate between the breath of patients with non-small cell lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Source: ''[[Nanosensor Arrays "Smell" Cancer|http://nano.cancer.gov/news_center/2009/april/nanotech_news_2009-04-27a.asp]]''. The results of Dr. Haick’s team’s work appear in the paper [[Detection of nonpolar molecules by means of carrier scattering in random networks of carbon nanotubes: Toward diagnosis of diseases via breath samples|http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1021/nl8030218]]. Dr. Dragnieri and his colleagues published their work in the paper [[An electronic nose in the discrimination of patients with non-small cell cancer and COPD|http://www.lungcancerjournal.info/article/S0169-5002(08)00419-4/abstract]]
"Blood tests and urinalysis are the golden standard to identify a decline in kidney filtration, wherein high levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen usually reflect renal dysfunction – however, these tests tend to be highly inaccurate and may remain within the normal range even while 65-75% of kidney function is lost." Hossam Haick tells Nanowerk. "Given the difficulties in separating healthy renal function from dysfunction, it is perhaps not too surprising that precise biochemical or clinical criteria for diagnosis of acute renal failure have been elusive. Therefore, there is an unmet need for a noninvasive method for detection of renal failure of various etiologies. Furthermore, the challenge remains to diagnose renal disorders with sufficient sensitivity and specificity to provide a large-scale screening technique, feasible for clinical practice, for people at increased risk of developing renal dysfunction." Haick, Zaid Abassi and coworkers from [[Technion|http://rbni.technion.ac.il/index.html]] used an experimental model of end stage ''renal disease'' (ESRD) in rats to identify by advanced, yet simple nanotechnology-based approach to discriminate between exhaled breath of healthy states and of ESRD states. Source: ''[[Nanotechnology breath analyzer for kidney failure |http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=10495.php]]''. This work is detailed in the paper [[Sniffing Chronic Renal Failure in Rat Model by an Array of Random Networks of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes|http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1021/nn9001775]]
An unlikely multidisciplinary scientific collaboration has discovered that an electronic nose developed for air quality monitoring on Space Shuttle Endeavour can also be used to detect odour differences in normal and cancerous brain cells. The results of the pilot study open up new possibilities for neurosurgeons in the fight against ''brain cancer''. The electronic nose, which is to be installed on the International Space Station in order to automatically monitor the station's air, can detect contaminants within a range of one to approximately 10,000 parts per million. In a series of experiments, the Brain Mapping Foundation used NASA's electronic nose to sniff brain cancer cells and cells in other organs. Their data demonstrates that the electronic nose can sense differences in odour from normal versus cancerous cells. These experiments will help pave the way for more sophisticated biochemical analysis and experimentation. [[Babak Kateb|http://www.ibmisps.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50]], Chairman and Scientific Director of the Brain Mapping Foundation, is the lead author of the paper set to be published in an [[IBMISPS-NeuroImage|http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622925/description#description]] special issue in July. Source: ''[[NASA's Electronic Nose May Provide Neurosurgeons With A New Weapon Against Brain Cancer|http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-04/e-nen042909.php]]''
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag detection "detection" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanomedicine "nanomedicine" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nano-oncology "nano-oncology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
[[Early Warning|http://www.earlywarninginc.com]] displayed its Biohazard Water Analyzer which offers the ''next generation in microbial testing''. Using a unique combination of advanced technologies, the Analyzer ''goes beyond lab culturing of indicator coliforms and directly measures individual species of pathogenic bacteria, protozoa and viruses in the same test.''
The Analyzer employs a revolutionary nanotechnology-based biosensor exclusively [[licensed from NASA|http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2008/08_45AR.html]]'s Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif., and an on-board concentrator that processes a 10-liter water sample. The sample-to-report time is between 2 and 3 hours, and it allows rapid prevention measures to be enacted. There is no need for time-intensive processes like transporting a water sample to the lab or Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The Analyzer can be used as a transportable testing device or as a sensor node in a fully automated field sensor network.
"Biohazard outbreaks from pathogens and infectious diseases are responsible for the bulk of the 18.4 million deaths worldwide from communicable diseases estimated by the World Health Organization," said [[Neil Gordon, Early Warning's CEO|http://www.earlywarninginc.com/management.php]]. "Outbreaks occur every day in the U.S. and throughout the world from E.coli bacteria, Giardia and Cryptosporidium protozoan parasites, Vibrio cholerae bacteria (cholera), Plasmodium parasites (malaria), Salmonella bacteria, Avian Influenza virus, HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis viruses, Norovirus (Norwalk virus), Mycobacterim tubercolosis bacteria, MRSA superbugs, and hundreds of other microorganisms that can take days, weeks or months to properly identify and find the source. The key to preventing major outbreaks is frequent and comprehensive testing for each suspected pathogen, as most occurrences of pathogens are not detected until after people get sick or die."
[[Early Warning's Biohazard Water Analyzer|http://www.earlywarninginc.com/technologies.php]] was designed to meet the needs of water security professionals. An ultrafiltration concentrator condenses pathogens for each test from a 10-liter water sample instead of using a conventional 100-milliliter grab sample. Not only will a bigger sample size provide a better composite of pathogens in the water, it also has a much greater chance of capturing highly infectious protozoa and viruses typically found in very low concentrations. Magnetic beads coated with antibodies are used to separate target pathogens from harmless heterotrophic bacteria that can interfere with detection.
The concentrate is divided into two parts with the first sample being lysed and prepared to feed single strand of RNA to the biosensors for detection. The biosensors contain probes of single strands of nucleic acid for each pathogen type to be detected. If an exact match exists, double helixes are formed and give off electrical signals when voltage is applied to indicate the presence specific pathogens. The second sample is fed nutrients and heat to allow viable cells to begin reproducing. This allows the Analyzer to also detect increased signals from the presence of viable cells. The test results are then transmitted to operators through wired or wireless communications systems.
"NASA initially developed the [[biosensor technology|http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/20860/]] to find a better way to detect specific bacteria and viruses in space missions without using a full scale laboratory and time-consuming amplification techniques," said [[Dr. Meyya Meyyappan|http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/research/2009/Meyya_Meyyappan.html]], chief scientist for exploration technology and former director of the [[Center for Nanotechnology|http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/]] at Ames. "I am very impressed with the fully automated detection system that Early Warning has built around NASA's carbon nanotube-based technology, by employing a concentrator, microfluidics and other technologies that delivery a complete solution ready to be used by industry. "Our continued work with Early Warning has transitioned into a new generation of low cost biosensors to form a front line of defense against the transmission of deadly pathogens to safeguard our citizens in the U.S. and others around the world," added Meyyappan.
The Biohazard Water Analyzer will be released in the second half of 2009. Pre-release Beta systems are currently undergoing field testing in various sites and water systems. Early Warning and NASA have also entered into a Space Act Agreement to develop sensor applications for food and human safety. Source: [[Early Warning's Biohazard Water Analyzer Employs NASA's Nanotechnology-based Biosensor|http://eworldwire.com/pressreleases/19504]]. Transportable testing device cuts sample-to-report time to less than a handful of hours
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag detection "detection" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag water "water" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag [[carbon nanotubes]] "carbon nanotubes" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
''Another set of experiments show the promise of nanoparticles and carbon nanostructures as efficient vehicles for cancer treatment''. Cisplatin was incorporated inside single-wall carbon nanohorns with holes opened by a nanoprecipitation method that involved dispersion of cisplatine and the nanostructures in a solvent followed by the solvent evaporation. The incorporated cisplatin quantity increased from the previously reported value of 15 to 46%, and the total released quantity of cisplatine also increased from 60 to 100% by changing the solvent from dimethylformamide to water. Concurrently, in vitro anticancer efficiency increased to 46 times greater than that of the free cisplatine.
In vivo, cisplatine vehiculized by the carbon nanohorn intratumorally injected to transplanted tumors
of mice suppressed the tumor growth more than the intact cisplatin. Adhesion of the nanostructure to the the cell surfaces in vitro and within the tumor tissues in vivo is probably the key in the observed effects.
[img[http://pubs.acs.org/isubscribe/journals/ancac3/asap/thumb/nn-2008-00395t_t0008.jpg]]
However, the carbon nanohorns show also cytotoxicity, what may on one side increase the toxicity of the conjugated drug but also result in undesired toxic side effects due to the inherent toxicity of carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and their derivates.
Source: [[Enhancement of In Vivo Anticancer Effects of Cisplatin by Incorporation Inside Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns|http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/ancac3/asap/abs/nn800395t.html]] by Kumiko Ajima, Tatsuya Murakami, Yoshikazu Mizoguchi, Kunihiro Tsuchida, Toshinari Ichihashi, Sumio Iijima, and Masako Yudasaka. See also [[Cisplatin and Carbon Nanotubes]]
"Europe is in the vanguard of the emerging field of nanosciences and nanotechnologies (N&N), a developing field of science with the potential for major positive impact economically, socially and environmentally. Nevertheless, knowledge gaps remain about the impact of these technologies on human health and the environment, as well as issues relating to ethics and the respect of fundamental rights. This is why the Commission is recommending to the Member States to adopt a Code of Conduct to govern research in this field. Based around 7 general principles covering issues such as sustainability, precaution, inclusiveness and accountability, the Code of Conduct invites Member States to take concrete action, involving universities, research institutes and companies, for the safe development and use of nanotechnologies."
Source: [[European Commission adopts Code of Conduct for Responsible Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies Research|ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/nanotechnology/docs/ip-08-193_en1.doc]]
See also [[EU nanotechnology R&D in the field of health and environmental impact of nanoparticles|ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/nanotechnology/docs/final-version.pdf]] (pdf download, 400 KB), released on January 28, 2008
[img[Nanometer scale organisation of molecular components on a copper surface|http://www.mpg.de/bilderBerichteDokumente/multimedial/bilderWissenschaft/2007/10/Tait0701/Web_Pressebild.jpeg]]
Scientists publish images resolving molecules which have organized themselves into patterns according to size. The automatic molecular assembly and selection steps exhibited by the molecules, which start as random mixtures, demonstrates a fundamental step in the evolution of life. The organization is activated by instructions which are built-in to the molecules. During assembly, molecules exhibit active selection: those in incorrect positions move to make room for others which fit properly. The molecular-level observation of such self-selection gives, ''for the first time, direct insight into fundamental steps of the biological evolution from inanimate molecules to living entities''. The resulting nanostructures also hold great promise as an efficient avenue to new catalysts, nanotechnologies, and surface applications.
Source: [[Max Planck Society - Press Release|http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/documentation/pressReleases/2007/pressRelease200710292/index.html]]
//"A friend of mine (Albert R. Hibbs) suggests a very interesting possibility for relatively small machines. He says that, although it is a very wild idea, it would be interesting in surgery if you could swallow the surgeon. You put the mechanical surgeon inside the blood vessel and it goes into the heart and "looks" around. (Of course the information has to be fed out.) It finds out which valve is the faulty one and takes a little knife and slices it out. Other small machines might be permanently incorporated in the body to assist some inadequately-functioning organ"//. From ''[[Plenty of Room at the Bottom|http://www.its.caltech.edu/~feynman/plenty.html]] by Richard P. Feynman'', the introducer of the concept of nanotechnology. December 1959
[[Fantastic Voyage|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Voyage]] is 1960s classic movie where a crew of scientists are miniaturized and injected into the bloodstream. Directed by Richard Fleischer, 20th Century Fox, 1966. Richard also directed "20,000 Leagues Under The Sea" for Walt Disney.
Theme: Scientist Jan Benes, who knows the secret to keeping soldiers shrunken for an indefinite period, escapes from behind the Iron Curtain with the help of CIA agent Grant. While being transferred, their motorcade is attacked. Benes strikes his head, causing a blood clot to form in his brain. Grant is ordered to accompany a group of scientists as they are miniaturized. The crew has one hour to get in Benes’s brain, remove the clot and get out.
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More about Fantastic Voyage science fiction film=
[[Screenplay by Harry Kleiner|http://www.scifiscripts.com/scripts/fantasticvoyager.txt]]
[[Filmtrack by Leonard Roseman|http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/fantastic_voyage.html]]
[[Proteus vessel by designed by Harper Goeff|http://www.lunadude.com/pet_proj/proteus/]]. Harper is also known for the design of Disney's Nautilus
Google Insights for Search aims to provide insights into broad search patterns:
[[Fantastic Voyage|http://www.google.com/insights/search/#q=fantastic%20voyage&cmpt=q]]
[[nanotechnology|http://www.google.com/insights/search/#cat=&q=nanotechnology&geo=&date=&clp=&cmpt=q]]
Television commercial for 20th Century Fox:
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See [[World first in medical robotics]] and the video documental on their work, [[Sous-marin à résonance magnétique|http://wiki.polymtl.ca/nano/index.php/Decouverte_2007-12]]
[<img['Phoenix probe lands on Mars'|http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/images/news/ne_198.jpg]] Nanosurf, the University of Neuchatel, and the University of Basel were part of a [[Swiss consortium|http://www-samlab.unine.ch/activities/famars.htm]] challenged to equip the [[Phoenix’ Mars Probe|http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/]] with ''the first atomic force microscope in space''. This atomic force microscope was designed to be part of the [[Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and a Conductivity Analyzer (MECA)|http://instrumentsystems.jpl.nasa.gov/insitu/meca/index.cfm]] unit built by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It will be a key component of the Phoenix probe’s rich ensemble of on-board scientific instruments.
[[Nanosurf’s atomic force microscope|http://www.nanosurf.com/content/event/download/100597_mars_scanner.jpg]] design was selected because of its outstanding lightweight of just 320 Gram (0.7 lb.), its low voltage requirements, and its varied robust features. The Mars-bound AFM is designed to achieve a resolution of 10 nanometers in an image range of 10 micrometers. For redundancy, it is equipped with 8 addressable sensors and cantilevers on a single chip. The AFM can be operated in static or dynamic mode, enabling it to image loose Martian soil particles without disturbing them. ''Phoenix will first locate water ice contained within Martian soil and send a sample to the AFM. The AFM will then image the sample and its micro computer system, backed-up by the Lander computer, will send results back to earth''. The special tasks addressed by the Swiss consortium were diverse: to secure the AFM against shock waves during rocket launch and touchdown on Mars (expected end of May 2008), the prevention of atmospheric electrical discharges through AFM’s limited voltage, cold resistance, and shielding against all kinds of radiation on the Martian surface.
Source: [[Nanosurf AFM on its way to Mars|http://www.nanosurf.com/module/search/search_index/index.cfm?action=dsp_content&content_action=act_sel_active&curr_navi=s_03&curr_content=s_03&curr_page=1&searchstring1=Phoenix&CFID=13217753&CFTOKEN=49886528]]
For the first time, scientists have directly imaged carbon nanotubes entering and migrating within human cells, determining as a result that whether the nanotubes cause cell death depends on the dose and exposure time.
Source: [[First Direct Images of Carbon Nanotubes Entering Cells|http://physorg.com/news114348754.html]]
[<img[Carbon nanotubes (dark areas) within a cell nucleus|http://www.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/Figure_lmg_435.jpg]]
Arizona State University’s [[Flexible Display Center (FDC)|http://flexdisplay.asu.edu/]] announced a breakthrough in flexible display technology by demonstrating the ''world’s first ‘touchscreen’ active matrix display on a flexible, glass-free substrate''. Achieved through a collaborative effort between the FDC and its partners [[E Ink Corporation|http://www.eink.com]] and ~DuPont Teijin Films, this revolutionary display is ''the first demonstration of a flexible electronic display that enables real-time user input''.
The breakthrough comes as a result of combining the Flexible Display Center’s low-temperature thin film transistor technology, ~DuPont Teijin Films’ high-performance Teonex® polyethylene napthalate (PEN) films and [[E Ink’s ~VizplexTM|http://www.eink.com/products/matrix/imaging_film.html]] –ink laminate to form active matrix electrophoretic (electronic paper) displays. The touchscreen capability is enabled by integrating a low-power display controller that was co-developed by E Ink and Epson and demonstrated as part of E Ink’s developer’s kit.
The flexible touchscreen display supports real-time user input by stylus pen using inductive Wacom touchscreen technology, and consumes power only when the electronic paper is activated. Once sketched on the display, information can be stored or sent wirelessly before erasing.
“Touchscreen technology has become an important user interface in many portable electronic devices,” said Dr. Michael ~McCreary, VP of Research and Advanced Development at E Ink. “The ability to incorporate touchscreen capability into flexible E Ink Vizplex displays will enable a host of new applications that require shatter-proof displays.”
Source: [[ASU’s Flexible Display Center Creates First Touchscreen Flexible Display|http://flexdisplay.asu.edu/files/News_Items/20090224_FDC_FlexibleTouchscreen-EInk-FINAL%20-Website-Revised2_20090225.pdf]]
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Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag milestone "milestone" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoelectronics "nanoelectronics" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag video "video" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
"We show that a combination of various types of nanorobots will prove to be more important as we attend to enhance targeting in the smallest blood vessels found in the human microvasculature. As such, various interdependent concepts for the implementation of these different types of ''medical bio-nanorobots'' including nanorobots propelled in the microvasculature by flagellated bacteria to target deep regions in the human body are presented. Through experimental results and theoretical formulations, we also showed the advantages of integrating biological components and more specifically [[Magnetotactic Bacteria (MTB)|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetotactic_bacteria]] for the development of hybrid (made of synthetic and biological components) nanorobots adapted to operate in the human microvasculature. We also show a method capable to track using MRI as imaging modality, steerable microbeads and MTB that could be integrated in the implementation of future sophisticated bionanorobots operating inside the complex vascular network. As such, we show that these nanorobots including the ones propelled by a single flagellated bacterium could be guided or controlled directly towards specific locations deep inside the human body. We also show experimentally that flagellated bacterial nanorobots could be propelled and steered in vivo through the interstitial region of a tumor for enhanced therapeutic results."
Source: [[Flagellated Bacterial Nanorobots for Medical Interventions in the Human Body|http://www.ieee-biorob.org/assets/pdf/BioRob2008_min_size.pdf]] by [[Sylvain Martel|http://www.polymtl.ca/recherche/en/chercheur/sylvainMartel.php]], [[Ouajdi Felfoul, and Mahmood Mohammadi|http://wiki.polymtl.ca/nano/index.php/People]], École Polytechnique de Montréal. The researchers' latest work, was presented at the [[IEEE 2008 Biorobotics Conference|http://www.ieee-biorob.org/]], in the Symposium "Microrobotic Systems For Biomedical Applications". See also [[World first in medical robotics]] and the video documental on their work, [[Sous-marin à résonance magnétique|http://wiki.polymtl.ca/nano/index.php/Decouverte_2007-12]]
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''Syntax:''
|>|{{{<<}}}''forEachTiddler'' [''in'' //tiddlyWikiPath//] [''where'' //whereCondition//] [''sortBy'' //sortExpression// [''ascending'' //or// ''descending'']] [''script'' //scriptText//] [//action// [//actionParameters//]]{{{>>}}}|
|//tiddlyWikiPath//|The filepath to the TiddlyWiki the macro should work on. When missing the current TiddlyWiki is used.|
|//whereCondition//|(quoted) JavaScript boolean expression. May refer to the build-in variables {{{tiddler}}} and {{{context}}}.|
|//sortExpression//|(quoted) JavaScript expression returning "comparable" objects (using '{{{<}}}','{{{>}}}','{{{==}}}'. May refer to the build-in variables {{{tiddler}}} and {{{context}}}.|
|//scriptText//|(quoted) JavaScript text. Typically defines JavaScript functions that are called by the various JavaScript expressions (whereClause, sortClause, action arguments,...)|
|//action//|The action that should be performed on every selected tiddler, in the given order. By default the actions [[addToList|AddToListAction]] and [[write|WriteAction]] are supported. When no action is specified [[addToList|AddToListAction]] is used.|
|//actionParameters//|(action specific) parameters the action may refer while processing the tiddlers (see action descriptions for details). <<tiddler [[JavaScript in actionParameters]]>>|
|>|~~Syntax formatting: Keywords in ''bold'', optional parts in [...]. 'or' means that exactly one of the two alternatives must exist.~~|
See details see [[ForEachTiddlerMacro]] and [[ForEachTiddlerExamples]].
!Revision history
* v1.0.8 (2007-04-12)
** Adapted to latest TiddlyWiki 2.2 Beta importTiddlyWiki API (introduced with changeset 2004). TiddlyWiki 2.2 Beta builds prior to changeset 2004 are no longer supported (but TiddlyWiki 2.1 and earlier, of cause)
* v1.0.7 (2007-03-28)
** Also support "pre" formatted TiddlyWikis (introduced with TW 2.2) (when using "in" clause to work on external tiddlers)
* v1.0.6 (2006-09-16)
** Context provides "viewerTiddler", i.e. the tiddler used to view the macro. Most times this is equal to the "inTiddler", but when using the "tiddler" macro both may be different.
** Support "begin", "end" and "none" expressions in "write" action
* v1.0.5 (2006-02-05)
** Pass tiddler containing the macro with wikify, context object also holds reference to tiddler containing the macro ("inTiddler"). Thanks to SimonBaird.
** Support Firefox 1.5.0.1
** Internal
*** Make "JSLint" conform
*** "Only install once"
* v1.0.4 (2006-01-06)
** Support TiddlyWiki 2.0
* v1.0.3 (2005-12-22)
** Features:
*** Write output to a file supports multi-byte environments (Thanks to Bram Chen)
*** Provide API to access the forEachTiddler functionality directly through JavaScript (see getTiddlers and performMacro)
** Enhancements:
*** Improved error messages on InternetExplorer.
* v1.0.2 (2005-12-10)
** Features:
*** context object also holds reference to store (TiddlyWiki)
** Fixed Bugs:
*** ForEachTiddler 1.0.1 has broken support on win32 Opera 8.51 (Thanks to BrunoSabin for reporting)
* v1.0.1 (2005-12-08)
** Features:
*** Access tiddlers stored in separated TiddlyWikis through the "in" option. I.e. you are no longer limited to only work on the "current TiddlyWiki".
*** Write output to an external file using the "toFile" option of the "write" action. With this option you may write your customized tiddler exports.
*** Use the "script" section to define "helper" JavaScript functions etc. to be used in the various JavaScript expressions (whereClause, sortClause, action arguments,...).
*** Access and store context information for the current forEachTiddler invocation (through the build-in "context" object) .
*** Improved script evaluation (for where/sort clause and write scripts).
* v1.0.0 (2005-11-20)
** initial version
!Code
***/
//{{{
//============================================================================
//============================================================================
// ForEachTiddlerPlugin
//============================================================================
//============================================================================
// Only install once
if (!version.extensions.ForEachTiddlerPlugin) {
if (!window.abego) window.abego = {};
version.extensions.ForEachTiddlerPlugin = {
major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 8,
date: new Date(2007,3,12),
source: "http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#ForEachTiddlerPlugin",
licence: "[[BSD open source license (abego Software)|http://www.abego-software.de/legal/apl-v10.html]]",
copyright: "Copyright (c) abego Software GmbH, 2005-2007 (www.abego-software.de)"
};
// For backward compatibility with TW 1.2.x
//
if (!TiddlyWiki.prototype.forEachTiddler) {
TiddlyWiki.prototype.forEachTiddler = function(callback) {
for(var t in this.tiddlers) {
callback.call(this,t,this.tiddlers[t]);
}
};
}
//============================================================================
// forEachTiddler Macro
//============================================================================
version.extensions.forEachTiddler = {
major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 8, date: new Date(2007,3,12), provider: "http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de"};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Configurations and constants
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
config.macros.forEachTiddler = {
// Standard Properties
label: "forEachTiddler",
prompt: "Perform actions on a (sorted) selection of tiddlers",
// actions
actions: {
addToList: {},
write: {}
}
};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// The forEachTiddler Macro Handler
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
config.macros.forEachTiddler.getContainingTiddler = function(e) {
while(e && !hasClass(e,"tiddler"))
e = e.parentNode;
var title = e ? e.getAttribute("tiddler") : null;
return title ? store.getTiddler(title) : null;
};
config.macros.forEachTiddler.handler = function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) {
// config.macros.forEachTiddler.traceMacroCall(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler);
if (!tiddler) tiddler = config.macros.forEachTiddler.getContainingTiddler(place);
// --- Parsing ------------------------------------------
var i = 0; // index running over the params
// Parse the "in" clause
var tiddlyWikiPath = undefined;
if ((i < params.length) && params[i] == "in") {
i++;
if (i >= params.length) {
this.handleError(place, "TiddlyWiki path expected behind 'in'.");
return;
}
tiddlyWikiPath = this.paramEncode((i < params.length) ? params[i] : "");
i++;
}
// Parse the where clause
var whereClause ="true";
if ((i < params.length) && params[i] == "where") {
i++;
whereClause = this.paramEncode((i < params.length) ? params[i] : "");
i++;
}
// Parse the sort stuff
var sortClause = null;
var sortAscending = true;
if ((i < params.length) && params[i] == "sortBy") {
i++;
if (i >= params.length) {
this.handleError(place, "sortClause missing behind 'sortBy'.");
return;
}
sortClause = this.paramEncode(params[i]);
i++;
if ((i < params.length) && (params[i] == "ascending" || params[i] == "descending")) {
sortAscending = params[i] == "ascending";
i++;
}
}
// Parse the script
var scriptText = null;
if ((i < params.length) && params[i] == "script") {
i++;
scriptText = this.paramEncode((i < params.length) ? params[i] : "");
i++;
}
// Parse the action.
// When we are already at the end use the default action
var actionName = "addToList";
if (i < params.length) {
if (!config.macros.forEachTiddler.actions[params[i]]) {
this.handleError(place, "Unknown action '"+params[i]+"'.");
return;
} else {
actionName = params[i];
i++;
}
}
// Get the action parameter
// (the parsing is done inside the individual action implementation.)
var actionParameter = params.slice(i);
// --- Processing ------------------------------------------
try {
this.performMacro({
place: place,
inTiddler: tiddler,
whereClause: whereClause,
sortClause: sortClause,
sortAscending: sortAscending,
actionName: actionName,
actionParameter: actionParameter,
scriptText: scriptText,
tiddlyWikiPath: tiddlyWikiPath});
} catch (e) {
this.handleError(place, e);
}
};
// Returns an object with properties "tiddlers" and "context".
// tiddlers holds the (sorted) tiddlers selected by the parameter,
// context the context of the execution of the macro.
//
// The action is not yet performed.
//
// @parameter see performMacro
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.getTiddlersAndContext = function(parameter) {
var context = config.macros.forEachTiddler.createContext(parameter.place, parameter.whereClause, parameter.sortClause, parameter.sortAscending, parameter.actionName, parameter.actionParameter, parameter.scriptText, parameter.tiddlyWikiPath, parameter.inTiddler);
var tiddlyWiki = parameter.tiddlyWikiPath ? this.loadTiddlyWiki(parameter.tiddlyWikiPath) : store;
context["tiddlyWiki"] = tiddlyWiki;
// Get the tiddlers, as defined by the whereClause
var tiddlers = this.findTiddlers(parameter.whereClause, context, tiddlyWiki);
context["tiddlers"] = tiddlers;
// Sort the tiddlers, when sorting is required.
if (parameter.sortClause) {
this.sortTiddlers(tiddlers, parameter.sortClause, parameter.sortAscending, context);
}
return {tiddlers: tiddlers, context: context};
};
// Returns the (sorted) tiddlers selected by the parameter.
//
// The action is not yet performed.
//
// @parameter see performMacro
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.getTiddlers = function(parameter) {
return this.getTiddlersAndContext(parameter).tiddlers;
};
// Performs the macros with the given parameter.
//
// @param parameter holds the parameter of the macro as separate properties.
// The following properties are supported:
//
// place
// whereClause
// sortClause
// sortAscending
// actionName
// actionParameter
// scriptText
// tiddlyWikiPath
//
// All properties are optional.
// For most actions the place property must be defined.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.performMacro = function(parameter) {
var tiddlersAndContext = this.getTiddlersAndContext(parameter);
// Perform the action
var actionName = parameter.actionName ? parameter.actionName : "addToList";
var action = config.macros.forEachTiddler.actions[actionName];
if (!action) {
this.handleError(parameter.place, "Unknown action '"+actionName+"'.");
return;
}
var actionHandler = action.handler;
actionHandler(parameter.place, tiddlersAndContext.tiddlers, parameter.actionParameter, tiddlersAndContext.context);
};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// The actions
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Internal.
//
// --- The addToList Action -----------------------------------------------
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.actions.addToList.handler = function(place, tiddlers, parameter, context) {
// Parse the parameter
var p = 0;
// Check for extra parameters
if (parameter.length > p) {
config.macros.forEachTiddler.createExtraParameterErrorElement(place, "addToList", parameter, p);
return;
}
// Perform the action.
var list = document.createElement("ul");
place.appendChild(list);
for (var i = 0; i < tiddlers.length; i++) {
var tiddler = tiddlers[i];
var listItem = document.createElement("li");
list.appendChild(listItem);
createTiddlyLink(listItem, tiddler.title, true);
}
};
abego.parseNamedParameter = function(name, parameter, i) {
var beginExpression = null;
if ((i < parameter.length) && parameter[i] == name) {
i++;
if (i >= parameter.length) {
throw "Missing text behind '%0'".format([name]);
}
return config.macros.forEachTiddler.paramEncode(parameter[i]);
}
return null;
}
// Internal.
//
// --- The write Action ---------------------------------------------------
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.actions.write.handler = function(place, tiddlers, parameter, context) {
// Parse the parameter
var p = 0;
if (p >= parameter.length) {
this.handleError(place, "Missing expression behind 'write'.");
return;
}
var textExpression = config.macros.forEachTiddler.paramEncode(parameter[p]);
p++;
// Parse the "begin" option
var beginExpression = abego.parseNamedParameter("begin", parameter, p);
if (beginExpression !== null)
p += 2;
var endExpression = abego.parseNamedParameter("end", parameter, p);
if (endExpression !== null)
p += 2;
var noneExpression = abego.parseNamedParameter("none", parameter, p);
if (noneExpression !== null)
p += 2;
// Parse the "toFile" option
var filename = null;
var lineSeparator = undefined;
if ((p < parameter.length) && parameter[p] == "toFile") {
p++;
if (p >= parameter.length) {
this.handleError(place, "Filename expected behind 'toFile' of 'write' action.");
return;
}
filename = config.macros.forEachTiddler.getLocalPath(config.macros.forEachTiddler.paramEncode(parameter[p]));
p++;
if ((p < parameter.length) && parameter[p] == "withLineSeparator") {
p++;
if (p >= parameter.length) {
this.handleError(place, "Line separator text expected behind 'withLineSeparator' of 'write' action.");
return;
}
lineSeparator = config.macros.forEachTiddler.paramEncode(parameter[p]);
p++;
}
}
// Check for extra parameters
if (parameter.length > p) {
config.macros.forEachTiddler.createExtraParameterErrorElement(place, "write", parameter, p);
return;
}
// Perform the action.
var func = config.macros.forEachTiddler.getEvalTiddlerFunction(textExpression, context);
var count = tiddlers.length;
var text = "";
if (count > 0 && beginExpression)
text += config.macros.forEachTiddler.getEvalTiddlerFunction(beginExpression, context)(undefined, context, count, undefined);
for (var i = 0; i < count; i++) {
var tiddler = tiddlers[i];
text += func(tiddler, context, count, i);
}
if (count > 0 && endExpression)
text += config.macros.forEachTiddler.getEvalTiddlerFunction(endExpression, context)(undefined, context, count, undefined);
if (count == 0 && noneExpression)
text += config.macros.forEachTiddler.getEvalTiddlerFunction(noneExpression, context)(undefined, context, count, undefined);
if (filename) {
if (lineSeparator !== undefined) {
lineSeparator = lineSeparator.replace(/\\n/mg, "\n").replace(/\\r/mg, "\r");
text = text.replace(/\n/mg,lineSeparator);
}
saveFile(filename, convertUnicodeToUTF8(text));
} else {
var wrapper = createTiddlyElement(place, "span");
wikify(text, wrapper, null/* highlightRegExp */, context.inTiddler);
}
};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Helpers
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Internal.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.createContext = function(placeParam, whereClauseParam, sortClauseParam, sortAscendingParam, actionNameParam, actionParameterParam, scriptText, tiddlyWikiPathParam, inTiddlerParam) {
return {
place : placeParam,
whereClause : whereClauseParam,
sortClause : sortClauseParam,
sortAscending : sortAscendingParam,
script : scriptText,
actionName : actionNameParam,
actionParameter : actionParameterParam,
tiddlyWikiPath : tiddlyWikiPathParam,
inTiddler : inTiddlerParam, // the tiddler containing the <<forEachTiddler ...>> macro call.
viewerTiddler : config.macros.forEachTiddler.getContainingTiddler(placeParam) // the tiddler showing the forEachTiddler result
};
};
// Internal.
//
// Returns a TiddlyWiki with the tiddlers loaded from the TiddlyWiki of
// the given path.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.loadTiddlyWiki = function(path, idPrefix) {
if (!idPrefix) {
idPrefix = "store";
}
var lenPrefix = idPrefix.length;
// Read the content of the given file
var content = loadFile(this.getLocalPath(path));
if(content === null) {
throw "TiddlyWiki '"+path+"' not found.";
}
var tiddlyWiki = new TiddlyWiki();
// Starting with TW 2.2 there is a helper function to import the tiddlers
if (tiddlyWiki.importTiddlyWiki) {
if (!tiddlyWiki.importTiddlyWiki(content))
throw "File '"+path+"' is not a TiddlyWiki.";
tiddlyWiki.dirty = false;
return tiddlyWiki;
}
// The legacy code, for TW < 2.2
// Locate the storeArea div's
var posOpeningDiv = content.indexOf(startSaveArea);
var posClosingDiv = content.lastIndexOf(endSaveArea);
if((posOpeningDiv == -1) || (posClosingDiv == -1)) {
throw "File '"+path+"' is not a TiddlyWiki.";
}
var storageText = content.substr(posOpeningDiv + startSaveArea.length, posClosingDiv);
// Create a "div" element that contains the storage text
var myStorageDiv = document.createElement("div");
myStorageDiv.innerHTML = storageText;
myStorageDiv.normalize();
// Create all tiddlers in a new TiddlyWiki
// (following code is modified copy of TiddlyWiki.prototype.loadFromDiv)
var store = myStorageDiv.childNodes;
for(var t = 0; t < store.length; t++) {
var e = store[t];
var title = null;
if(e.getAttribute)
title = e.getAttribute("tiddler");
if(!title && e.id && e.id.substr(0,lenPrefix) == idPrefix)
title = e.id.substr(lenPrefix);
if(title && title !== "") {
var tiddler = tiddlyWiki.createTiddler(title);
tiddler.loadFromDiv(e,title);
}
}
tiddlyWiki.dirty = false;
return tiddlyWiki;
};
// Internal.
//
// Returns a function that has a function body returning the given javaScriptExpression.
// The function has the parameters:
//
// (tiddler, context, count, index)
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.getEvalTiddlerFunction = function (javaScriptExpression, context) {
var script = context["script"];
var functionText = "var theFunction = function(tiddler, context, count, index) { return "+javaScriptExpression+"}";
var fullText = (script ? script+";" : "")+functionText+";theFunction;";
return eval(fullText);
};
// Internal.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.findTiddlers = function(whereClause, context, tiddlyWiki) {
var result = [];
var func = config.macros.forEachTiddler.getEvalTiddlerFunction(whereClause, context);
tiddlyWiki.forEachTiddler(function(title,tiddler) {
if (func(tiddler, context, undefined, undefined)) {
result.push(tiddler);
}
});
return result;
};
// Internal.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.createExtraParameterErrorElement = function(place, actionName, parameter, firstUnusedIndex) {
var message = "Extra parameter behind '"+actionName+"':";
for (var i = firstUnusedIndex; i < parameter.length; i++) {
message += " "+parameter[i];
}
this.handleError(place, message);
};
// Internal.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.sortAscending = function(tiddlerA, tiddlerB) {
var result =
(tiddlerA.forEachTiddlerSortValue == tiddlerB.forEachTiddlerSortValue)
? 0
: (tiddlerA.forEachTiddlerSortValue < tiddlerB.forEachTiddlerSortValue)
? -1
: +1;
return result;
};
// Internal.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.sortDescending = function(tiddlerA, tiddlerB) {
var result =
(tiddlerA.forEachTiddlerSortValue == tiddlerB.forEachTiddlerSortValue)
? 0
: (tiddlerA.forEachTiddlerSortValue < tiddlerB.forEachTiddlerSortValue)
? +1
: -1;
return result;
};
// Internal.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.sortTiddlers = function(tiddlers, sortClause, ascending, context) {
// To avoid evaluating the sortClause whenever two items are compared
// we pre-calculate the sortValue for every item in the array and store it in a
// temporary property ("forEachTiddlerSortValue") of the tiddlers.
var func = config.macros.forEachTiddler.getEvalTiddlerFunction(sortClause, context);
var count = tiddlers.length;
var i;
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
var tiddler = tiddlers[i];
tiddler.forEachTiddlerSortValue = func(tiddler,context, undefined, undefined);
}
// Do the sorting
tiddlers.sort(ascending ? this.sortAscending : this.sortDescending);
// Delete the temporary property that holds the sortValue.
for (i = 0; i < tiddlers.length; i++) {
delete tiddlers[i].forEachTiddlerSortValue;
}
};
// Internal.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.trace = function(message) {
displayMessage(message);
};
// Internal.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.traceMacroCall = function(place,macroName,params) {
var message ="<<"+macroName;
for (var i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
message += " "+params[i];
}
message += ">>";
displayMessage(message);
};
// Internal.
//
// Creates an element that holds an error message
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.createErrorElement = function(place, exception) {
var message = (exception.description) ? exception.description : exception.toString();
return createTiddlyElement(place,"span",null,"forEachTiddlerError","<<forEachTiddler ...>>: "+message);
};
// Internal.
//
// @param place [may be null]
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.handleError = function(place, exception) {
if (place) {
this.createErrorElement(place, exception);
} else {
throw exception;
}
};
// Internal.
//
// Encodes the given string.
//
// Replaces
// "$))" to ">>"
// "$)" to ">"
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.paramEncode = function(s) {
var reGTGT = new RegExp("\\$\\)\\)","mg");
var reGT = new RegExp("\\$\\)","mg");
return s.replace(reGTGT, ">>").replace(reGT, ">");
};
// Internal.
//
// Returns the given original path (that is a file path, starting with "file:")
// as a path to a local file, in the systems native file format.
//
// Location information in the originalPath (i.e. the "#" and stuff following)
// is stripped.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.getLocalPath = function(originalPath) {
// Remove any location part of the URL
var hashPos = originalPath.indexOf("#");
if(hashPos != -1)
originalPath = originalPath.substr(0,hashPos);
// Convert to a native file format assuming
// "file:///x:/path/path/path..." - pc local file --> "x:\path\path\path..."
// "file://///server/share/path/path/path..." - FireFox pc network file --> "\\server\share\path\path\path..."
// "file:///path/path/path..." - mac/unix local file --> "/path/path/path..."
// "file://server/share/path/path/path..." - pc network file --> "\\server\share\path\path\path..."
var localPath;
if(originalPath.charAt(9) == ":") // pc local file
localPath = unescape(originalPath.substr(8)).replace(new RegExp("/","g"),"\\");
else if(originalPath.indexOf("file://///") === 0) // FireFox pc network file
localPath = "\\\\" + unescape(originalPath.substr(10)).replace(new RegExp("/","g"),"\\");
else if(originalPath.indexOf("file:///") === 0) // mac/unix local file
localPath = unescape(originalPath.substr(7));
else if(originalPath.indexOf("file:/") === 0) // mac/unix local file
localPath = unescape(originalPath.substr(5));
else // pc network file
localPath = "\\\\" + unescape(originalPath.substr(7)).replace(new RegExp("/","g"),"\\");
return localPath;
};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Stylesheet Extensions (may be overridden by local StyleSheet)
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
setStylesheet(
".forEachTiddlerError{color: #ffffff;background-color: #880000;}",
"forEachTiddler");
//============================================================================
// End of forEachTiddler Macro
//============================================================================
//============================================================================
// String.startsWith Function
//============================================================================
//
// Returns true if the string starts with the given prefix, false otherwise.
//
version.extensions["String.startsWith"] = {major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 0, date: new Date(2005,11,20), provider: "http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de"};
//
String.prototype.startsWith = function(prefix) {
var n = prefix.length;
return (this.length >= n) && (this.slice(0, n) == prefix);
};
//============================================================================
// String.endsWith Function
//============================================================================
//
// Returns true if the string ends with the given suffix, false otherwise.
//
version.extensions["String.endsWith"] = {major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 0, date: new Date(2005,11,20), provider: "http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de"};
//
String.prototype.endsWith = function(suffix) {
var n = suffix.length;
return (this.length >= n) && (this.right(n) == suffix);
};
//============================================================================
// String.contains Function
//============================================================================
//
// Returns true when the string contains the given substring, false otherwise.
//
version.extensions["String.contains"] = {major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 0, date: new Date(2005,11,20), provider: "http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de"};
//
String.prototype.contains = function(substring) {
return this.indexOf(substring) >= 0;
};
//============================================================================
// Array.indexOf Function
//============================================================================
//
// Returns the index of the first occurance of the given item in the array or
// -1 when no such item exists.
//
// @param item [may be null]
//
version.extensions["Array.indexOf"] = {major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 0, date: new Date(2005,11,20), provider: "http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de"};
//
Array.prototype.indexOf = function(item) {
for (var i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
if (this[i] == item) {
return i;
}
}
return -1;
};
//============================================================================
// Array.contains Function
//============================================================================
//
// Returns true when the array contains the given item, otherwise false.
//
// @param item [may be null]
//
version.extensions["Array.contains"] = {major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 0, date: new Date(2005,11,20), provider: "http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de"};
//
Array.prototype.contains = function(item) {
return (this.indexOf(item) >= 0);
};
//============================================================================
// Array.containsAny Function
//============================================================================
//
// Returns true when the array contains at least one of the elements
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In an industry typically dominated by corporations and capitalistic ventures, the Nanotechnology Research Foundation (NRF) has emerged as ''the first volunteer-based nonprofit organization specifically focused on supporting the acceleration of nanotechnology awareness, education, recognition, funding, research and innovation''.
Serving as a catalyst for nanotechnologies, the foundation will be funded by a diverse group of stakeholders from the private sector, foundations, government agencies, high net worth individuals and those individuals that want ''to support an effort that can dramatically improve American output from energy to medical diagnosis and treatment''. Between China and India alone, graduating engineers are out pacing America by more than 10 to 1 and there are billions of dollars spent on government funded research programs coming from other countries including the European Union and Japan. "Not only does this have an economic impact on America, but we might lose the intellectual race as well," said Michael Terlaak, the Executive Director and Founder of the NRF. "If we lose that, our last stronghold as a global leader, we will be dependent on other counties to create the new technological breakthroughs that will give us the next generation of innovative products and medical advancements. True, America still leads in innovation, the same way we once did in manufacturing, electronics and automobiles years ago. Without taking bold steps today, we are in jeopardy of letting our global leadership gradually erode like it has in other industries."
The Nanotechnology Research Foundation mission is to attract capital and talent from across the country to stimulate creativity and advance the adoption of nanotechnologies with sustainable industry practices for economic, environmental and social benefits. The NRF’s [[The Nano Plan|http://nanotechnologyresearchfoundation.org/nanoplan.html]] will ''focus on education programs and scholarships to help attract students into the field of nano-engineering and other scientific studies using nanotechnology'' to create the next generation of products and solutions. The Nano Plan includes broad education initiatives and public service programs to create awareness about the opportunities using nano-scale science.
Source: [[Foundation Seeks to Advance Education and Research in Nanotechnology|http://www.nanotechnologyresearchfoundation.org/news.html]]
<<tag [[public opinion]] "public opinion" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag dissemination "dissemination" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
“Our understanding of the //biologic effects (including toxicity) of nanomaterials// is incomplete. In vivo animal studies remain the gold standard; however, widespread testing remains impractical, and the development of in vitro assays that correlate with in vivo activity has proven challenging. In this work Authors make a suggestive proposition, they assessed nanoparticle effects in a multidimensional manner, using multiple cell types and multiple assays that reflect different aspects of cellular physiology. Hierarchical clustering of these data identified nanomaterials with similar patterns of biologic activity across a broad sampling of cellular contexts, as opposed to extrapolating from results of a single in vitro assay. Authors showed that this approach yielded robust and detailed //structure–activity relationships//. Consequently, nanoparticles with similar activity profiles in vitro exert similar effects on monocytes in vivo. These data suggest ''a strategy of multidimensional characterization of nanomaterials in vitro that can inform the design of novel nanomaterials and guide studies of in vivo activity''.”
Source: [[Perturbational profiling of nanomaterial biologic activity|http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/105/21/7387.pdf]]
“Recent advances and progress in nanobiotechnology have demonstrated many nanoparticles (~NPs) as potential and novel drug delivery vehicles, therapeutic agents, and contrast agents and luminescent biological labels for bioimaging. //The emergence of new biomedical applications based on nanoparticles signifies the need to understand, compare, and manage their cytotoxicity//. In this study, ''we demonstrated the use of high-content screening screening (HCS) technology as a universal tool to probe the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles''. HCS is a recent advance in the integration and automation of quantitative fluorescence microscopy and image analysis, and it has already started to generate impact in pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. The cytotoxicity profiles generated from the multiplexed cytotoxicity assay can be regarded as the “fingerprints” of the corresponding nanomaterials. The multiparametric nature of these profiles will allow cytotoxicity analyses to be conducted at much higher throughput and accuracy in the future. The application of HCS technology in the study of nanomaterials is not limited to colloidal ~NPs and cytotoxicity studies”
Source: [[High-Content Screening as a Universal Tool for Fingerprinting of Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles|http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/ancac3/2008/2/i05/abs/nn7004393.html]]
High temperature controlled oxidation rends solid iron nanoparticles into hollow maghemite ones
Since the burst of NC colloidal synthesis at the end of the XX century powered by advances in semiconductor nanoparticles (quantum dots) scientist are finding ways to present more and more complex particles, in composition, structure and shape.
Recently monodisperse iron particles have been transformed into monodisperse magnetic iron oxide shells of less than 10 nm in diameter by forcing the iron to meet the oxygen on the surface of the particle instead of allowing the oxygen penetrate into the iron core. The intermediary species consist on a iron core surrounded by a void crossed by bridges with an outer iron oxide layer.
Such particles rises the question in how the magnetic distribution of spins will be in the absence of a metallic core and opens the possibility for double functionalization (in and out) together with the advantages of magnetic nanoparticles, which can be manipulated and detected with external magnetic fields.
From ''Vacancy Coalescence during Oxidation of Iron Nanoparticles''
Andreu Cabot, Victor F. Puntes, Elena Shevchenko, Yadong Yin, Lluís Balcells, Matthew A. Marcus, Steven M. Hughes, and A. Paul Alivisatos
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, (34), pp 10358–10360.
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Gold Nanoparticles were strongly supported as a drug-payload delivery system during [[2008 NSTI meeting|http://www.nsti.org/Nanotech2008/]] celebrated in Boston this June.
Dr. Piotr Grodzinski is Director of Nanotechnology for Cancer programs at [[Nanotechnology Alliance of National Cancer Institute|http://nano.cancer.gov]] (NCI) in Bethesda, Maryland. The NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health, is engaged in efforts to harness the power of nanotechnology to radically change the way we diagnose, treat and prevent cancer.
In his keynote lecture “Clinical translation of Nanotechnology for Cancer: The NCI Alliance’s Perspective”, he reviewed the most relevant NCI current initiatives and Gold Nanoparticles applications were introduced as a major area of focus:
For example, Dr. Grodzinski introduced [[CytImmune|http://www.cytimmune.com]]’s lead drug candidate. Aurimune consists of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (a known tumor-killing agent) bound to the surface of Gold Nanoparticles (Phase I).
Also, Dr. Grodzinski presented ~AuroLase Cancer Therapy, a novel cancer treatment that combines the unique physical and optical properties of Gold Nanoparticles with a near infrared laser source to thermally destroy cancer cells without significant damage to surrounding tissue. This technology is developed by [[Nanospectra Bioscience|http://www.nanospectra.com]] and FDA just approved to commence a human trial in patients with head and neck cancer.
A growing body of research has demonstrated that gold nanorods can serve as extremely bright imaging agents. Now, by linking gold nanorods to an antibody that binds to tumor cells, researchers have found that gold nanorods will align themselves in an ordered fashion on the surface of cancer cells, further intensifying the optical signal the nanorods produce and providing a unique optical signature for tumor cells.
The work by Mostafa ~El-Sayed and colleagues is detailed in the paper, //Cancer cells assemble and align gold nanorods conjugated to antibodies to produce highly enhanced, sharp, and polarized surface Raman spectra: a potential cancer diagnostic marker// [[View abstract|http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17474783&ordinalpos=6&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum]]
The work by Paras Prasad and colleagues is detailed in the paper, //Gold nanorods coated with multilayer polyelectrolyte as contrast agents for multimodal imaging// [[View abstract|http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jpccck/2007/111/i34/abs/jp0733419.html]]
Source: [[Nano News - Gold Nanorods Image Tumors|http://nano.cancer.gov/news_center/2007/sept/nanotech_news_2007-09-26b.asp]]
Interaction of noise with nonlinear electrochemical kinetics involving the etching of porous silicon is studied experimentally. It is realized that by monotonically increasing the level of internal noise, one can tune the regularity of the spatial distribution of pores in silicon nanostructures. This regularity of the noise provoked quantified structures. The experimental results indicate the emergence of intrinsic coherence resonance. Consequently, there exists an optimal value of internal noise for which the spatial distribution of nanopores attain maximal regularity. This regularity of the pores can be useful for enhancing the optical response of porous silicon based devices. Source: [[Noise mediated regularity of porous silicon nanostructures|http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/94/133103/1]] by J. ~Escorcia-Garcia, V. Agarwal, and P. Parmananda
Mechanical vibrations at a molecular level have implications in the structure of mater at the molecular/nanometric dimension. If at short length scales, the involved forces are weak (and intensively cooperative) low power waves may have a high impact on the structure of the material. The resonant frequencies may vary broadly and the interesting nodes also. The mechanical vibrations can be produced by light using a wave length that excites some molecular state and the oscillation of the electromagnetic field is transduced into mechanical vibration as in the case of water and microwaves. And such vibrations which may create order may also destroy hybrids structures which respond differently to the vibration, as metallic nanoparticles attached to proteins as has been observed in gold ~NPs attached to beta-amyloid deposits. Source: [[Nanoparticle-Mediated Local and Remote Manipulation of Protein Aggregation|http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl0516862]] by Marcelo J. Kogan, Neus G. Bastus, Roger Amigo, Dolors ~Grillo-Bosch, Eyleen Araya, Antonio Turiel, Amilcar Labarta, Ernest Giralt, and Victor F. Puntes
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanomaterial "nanomaterial" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
The Rice University-based International Council on Nanotechnology (ICON) introduced the ''~GoodNanoGuide, an online, community-driven wiki for information about the safe handling of nanomaterials.'' The beta version of the ~GoodNanoGuide can be found at http://www.GoodNanoGuide.org.
Fostered by ICON, the ~GoodNanoGuide is a highly collaborative, interactive ''resource by and for the occupational safety and nanotechnology communities, law and industry.'' The ~GoodNanoGuide is a practical tool for people who handle nanomaterials as well as an online repository of safety protocols. It has been developed by experts from the worlds of nanotechnology, occupational safety and business and is governed by an implementation committee from North America and Europe. All ~GoodNanoGuide content is freely available via the Internet. Visitors may add
their comments by becoming "Community Members," and experts may contribute and edit protocols by becoming "Expert Providers."
[[More than two years in development|Nano Good Practices Wiki]], the ~GoodNanoGuide was inspired by a challenge set forth at the International Conference on Nanotechnology, Occupational and Environmental, Health and Safety: Research and Practice, in Cincinnati in December 2006. That same year, an [[ICON survey|first survey of nanotechnology practices]] of occupational practices for handling nanomaterials revealed a great need for improved communication about best practices. "Progress in addressing the occupational health implications of engineered nanomaterials requires the open sharing of information and the development and dissemination of good guidance," said Charles L. Geraci, chief of the Document
Development Branch in the Education and Information Division of the [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)|http://www.cdc.gov/NIOSH/]], and coordinator of NIOSH's nanotechnology cross-sector program under the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA). "We are pleased to see international forums of the sort offered by the ~ICON-sponsored ~GoodNanoGuide and the opportunity they provide in particular for helping to disseminate NIOSH's research and recommendations, and to make users aware of our resources."
''The international nature of the ~GoodNanoGuide is important to its success'', said Steve Hankin, director of operations for [[SAFENANO|http://www.safenano.org/]], the United Kingdom's premier independent resource on nanotechnology hazard and risk. "SAFENANO is delighted to be involved with establishing and sustaining the ~GoodNanoGuide," Hankin said. "The initiative complements related nanotechnology risk activities in the U.K., Europe and North America. SAFENANO sees the ~GoodNanoGuide as an exciting means of capturing, appraising and cascading good practice -- on an international basis -- to contribute to the knowledge base of nanotechnology safety."
Financial support for the development of the ~GoodNanoGuide beta site was provided by [[International Council on Nanotechnology (ICON)|http://icon.rice.edu/]], [[nanoAlberta|http://aet.alberta.ca/technology/industry/nano.aspx]], [[British Columbia Nanotechnology Alliance- Nanotech BC|http://www.nanotechbc.ca/]], Industry Canada, Institut de recherche ~Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail and [[NanoQuebec|http://www.nanoquebec.ca/]]. Source: [[GoodNanoGuide shares best practices|http://cohesion.rice.edu/centersandinst/icon/emplibrary/2009-06-01_GNG%20press%20release.pdf]]. International Council on Nanotechnology launches open-source wiki
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag [[safety practices]] "safety practices" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanotoxicology "nanotoxicology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag concerns "concerns" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
//"Grey goo is a hypothetical end-of-the-world scenario involving molecular nanotechnology in which out-of-control self-replicating robots consume all matter on Earth while building more of themselves—a scenario known as ecophagy ("eating the environment"). The term grey goo is usually used in a science fiction or popular-press context. In the worst postulated scenarios (requiring large, space-capable machines), matter beyond Earth would also be turned into goo (with ''goo meaning a large mass of replicating nanomachines'')."// From the Wikipedia definition of [[Grey Goo|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goo]]
From ''[[Nanotechnology pioneer slays “grey goo” myths|http://www.iop.org/EJ/news/-topic=763/journal/0957-4484]]'': "[[Eric Drexler|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Drexler]], known as the father of nanotechnology, publishes a paper that admits that self-replicating machines are not vital for large-scale molecular manufacture, and that nanotechnology-based fabrication can be thoroughly non-biological and inherently safe. Talk of runaway self-replicating machines, or “grey goo”, which he first cautioned against in his book [[Engines of Creation|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_Creation]] in 1986, ''has spurred fears that have long hampered rational public debate about nanotechnology'' (...) The paper, [[Safe Exponential Manufacturing|http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0957-4484/15/8/001/]] by Chris Phoenix, Director of Research of the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, (CRN) and Dr. K. Eric Drexler, also warns that scaremongering over ''remote scenarios such as “grey goo” is taking attention away from serious safety concerns, such as a deliberate abuse of the technology''. (...) In 1986, Drexler described a powerful manufacturing system. This “assembler” would use robots the size of bacteria to join individual molecules into products. Assemblers would be highly productive, because small things can move quickly. The products would be precise and strong because molecules are small and uniform, and form strong bonds. For all these reasons, this idea was attractive. However, Drexler also described a danger scenario. A robotic molecular manufacturing system could be directed to build a copy of itself. If someone built a tiny, self-contained manufacturing system that had all the directions for building a copy of itself, and had all the equipment needed to use biomass as raw materials, and could move around, then the system could self-replicate and spread. If it had no built-in limits, then this complex system could, in theory, lead to a worst-case scenario of runaway replicators, popularly called grey goo.’ Science fiction writers focused on this idea, and ‘grey goo’ became closely associated with nanotechnology, spreading a serious misconception about molecular manufacturing systems and diverting attention from more pressing concerns. This new paper shows why that focus is wrong."
Coming Soon to a Theater Near You: ''[[Singularity is near, A True Story about the Future|http://singularity.com/themovie/]]'', based on [[Ray Kurzweil|http://www.kurzweilai.net/]]’s book, will be a full-length motion picture slated for theatrical release in early 2009. The movie intertwines a fast-paced A-line documentary with a B-line narrative story. The A-line documentary will feature Ray Kurzweil interacting with a panoply of thinkers (like [[Bill McKibben|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_McKibben]], K. Eric Drexler or [[John Storrs Hall|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Storrs_Hall]]) on the impact of exponentially expanding technologies on the nature of human life in the next half century . The intertwined B-line is the story of Ramona, a computer avatar, who goes into the future where she becomes more and more humanlike and independent - a Pinocchio story. She detects a "gray goo" attack, an attack of self-replicating nanobots. The Department of Homeland Security is oblivious to this, and won't listen to her, so she gets her other avatar friends to work on this. But she breaks some homeland security protocols in the process. She's arrested -- and there's a discussion about how you can arrest a virtual person. She hires (civil rights attorney) Alan Dershowitz to defend her, and also to establish her rights as a legal person. She feels she's human enough to have human rights. There's a whole courtroom scene, and finally the judge says, "OK, I'll grant your legal rights if you can pass the Turing Test," in which she must appear indistinguishable from an actual human in a text conversation.
[[Ray Kurzweil speaks on Singularity|http://www.wired.com/entertainment/hollywood/news/2007/11/kurzweil_qa]]. Ray Kurzweil interview by Wired News:
Wired News: So you're trying to make people understand how the exponential advances in technology will abruptly and unexpectedly solve many of the world's problems?
Kurzweil: Think how different the world was 10 years ago -- 10 years ago, most people didn't use search engines. That sounds like ancient history now. Generally, people think linearly. I think it's critical that people understand that linear thinking no longer applies. If we capture one part out of 10,000 of sunlight that falls on the earth, we can solve our energy problems. And nanotech will give us the capacity to store (that solar energy).
WN: It's certainly true that linear thinking runs through everything we do.
Kurzweil: For thousands of years, it actually served our needs to think linearly. If you think about our genes and our brains, they obviously evolved into their modern forms before advanced technology. If you saw something in the trees coming towards you, and you made a linear projection about where it would be in 15 seconds, and where you needed to not be, that actually worked very well. But these days we have different kinds of problems, and we need a different kind of thinking.
[<img[Award for Technical and Scientific Research|http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/01/fotos/normal/foto747_1.jpg]] Five scientists, worldwide leaders in the creation of new materials for the benefit of mankind: the physicist, Sumio Iijima; the engineers, Shuji Nakamura and Robert Langer; and the chemists, George M. Whitesides and Tobin Marks, have been bestowed with the 2008 Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research, as made public today in Oviedo by the Jury responsible for conferring said Award.
Groundbreakers in the field of Nanotechnology worldwide, these scientists have created new, revolutionary materials and transcendental techniques for fighting diseases, such as those related to the brain and cancer, and for producing artificial tissues and organs. Their work also stands out for its contribution to the protection of the environment and energy saving via the use of new sources of clean energy that may be produced at a low cost.
All these technological innovations and scientific discoveries are of special importance in the fight against poverty, such as the inexpensive purification of drinking water in the planet´s more underprivileged areas. The possibility of using reduced-cost, low-energy consumption sources of light in this fight is likewise worthy of mention.
Source: [[Five Scientists, Worldwide Leaders In The Creation Of New Materials For The Benefit Of Mankind, Prince Of Asturias Award For Technical And Scientific Research|http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/01/noticia747.html]]
A new analysis of by-products discharged to the environment during production of carbon nanotubes (~CNTs) — expected to become the basis of multibillion-dollar industries in the 21st Century — has identified cancer-causing compounds, air pollutants, and other substances of concern, researchers reported at the 234th national meeting of the American Chemical Society.
Study co-author Desirée L. Plata and colleagues described their work as “totally new,” noting that past analyses of the environmental impact of the emerging nanomaterials industry have been based on the toxicity of ingredients used in the recipes, rather than the actual pollutants formed during CNT manufacture. While expressing concern about the possible health and environmental effects of nanotechnology by-products, Plata said the new data may be crucial as the nanotechnology industry seeks to avoid the kind of unanticipated health and environmental problems that have accompanied emergence of other new technology.
Source: [[Helping the carbon nanotube industry avoid mega-mistakes of the past|http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-08/acs-htc081007.php]]
[[Gold nanoparticles are everywhere|http://www.utilisegold.com/uses_applications/nanotechnology/overview/]]. They are used in [[cancer treatments|Gold Nanoparticles: A potential platform for target-specific therapies in Cancer ]], automobile sensors, cell phones, blood sugar monitors and hydrogen gas production. However, ''until recently, scientists couldn’t create the nanoparticles without producing synthetic chemicals that had negative impacts on the environment''. A new method, created by a University of Missouri research team, not only eliminates any negative environmental impact, but also has resulted in national and international recognition for the lead scientist. The research was published recently in the journal Small.
''“I have always believed that nature is smarter and stronger than humankind,”'' said [[Kattesh Katti|http://web.missouri.edu/~kattik/katti/katti.htm]], professor of radiology and physics in MU’s School of Medicine and College of Arts and Science, senior research scientist at the MU Research Reactor, and director of the MU Cancer Nanotechnology Platform. “This new procedure to create nanoparticles is wonderfully simple, yet it will help create very complex components. ''There is so much to learn from energy generation, chemical and photochemical reactions of plants.”''
Katti, who was recently recognized by rt Image magazine as one of [[the 25 most influential people in radiology|http://rt-image.com/Most_Influential_in_Radiology_Recognizing_the_movers_and_shakers_in_the_imaging_/content=8504J05E48B69694405698744488A0441]], and his research team have formed Greennano Company, a company that is in the beginning stages of producing environmentally friendly gold nanoparticles. The company will focus on the development, commercialization and worldwide supply of gold nanoparticles for medical and technological applications. Katti believes that because of this new process to produce the nanoparticles, researchers are developing other ways to use them.
The MU research team, which was led by Katti, Raghuraman Kannan and Kavita Katti, ''found that by submersing gold salts in water and then adding soybeans, gold nanoparticles were generated''. The water pulls a phytochemical out of the soybean that is effective in reducing the gold to nanoparticles. A second phytochemical from the soybean, also pulled out by the water, interacts with the nanoparticles to stabilize them and keep them from fusing with the particles nearby. ''This process creates nanoparticles that are uniform in size in a 100-percent green process. No toxic waste is generated.''
“I’m very proud to be one among the list of ‘25 Most Influential Scientists’ in the world, especially in the company of all time greats and former awardees including: Elias Zerhouni, director of National Institutes of Health (2003); Henry N. Wagner Jr., recognized as the Father of Nuclear Medicine (2004); Henry D. Royal, Peter S. Conti, past presidents of the Society of Nuclear Medicine; and Barry B. Goldberg, pioneer of ultrasound (2007),” Katti said.
Katti’s research has been funded by the National Cancer Institute in the National Institutes of Health.
Source: [[Missouri University Scientists Go Green with Gold, Forms Company to Distribute Environmentally Friendly Nanoparticles|http://munews.missouri.edu/news-releases/2008/0926-mu-scientists-go-green.php]]
''Self-calcifying, self-replicating nanoparticles have been isolated from calcified human tissues. However, it is unclear if these nanoparticles participate in disease processes.'' Therefore, this study was designed to preliminarily test the hypothesis that human-derived nanoparticles are causal to arterial disease processes.
This study offers the ''first evidence that there may be a causal relationship between human-derived nanoparticles and response to injury'' including calcification in arteries with damaged endothelium.
Source: [[Human-derived nanoparticles and vascular response to injury in rabbit carotid arteries: Proof of principle|http://dovepress.com/articles.php?content_id=2231]]. See also [[Evidence of Nanoparticles Found in Plaque-Filled Arteries|http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-technology/Evidence-of-Nanoparticles-Found-in-Plaque-Filled-Arteries-847-1/]]
Most research on the toxicology of nanomaterials has focused on the effects of NanoParticles that enter the body accidentally. There has been much less research on the toxicology of NanoParticles that are used for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery or imaging, in which the NanoParticles are deliberately placed in the body. Moreover, there are no harmonized standards for assessing the toxicity of NanoParticles to the immune system (immunotoxicity). Here we review recent research on immunotoxicity, along with data on a range of nanotechnology-based drugs that are at different stages in the approval process. Research shows that NanoParticles can stimulate and/or suppress the immune responses, and that their compatibility with the immune system is largely determined by their surface chemistry. Modifying these factors can significantly reduce the immunotoxicity of NanoParticles and make them useful platforms for drug delivery.
Source: [[Immunological properties of engineered Nanomaterials|http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=2312.php]]
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One of the driving forces in nanotechnology has been Hard Drive Industry. Thus, in 1999 IBM presented and patented the idea of using one 10 nm magnetic NP per bit, what in a dense self-assembled monolayer would lead to the extreme recoding density of 100 Terabit/in2. However, interaction among NP and random anisotropy chilled that dream.
Recently, in January 2007, Fujitsu announced one Terabit/in2 technology, a breakthrough for future HDD capacity expansion. At that time, one-dimensionally aligned alumina nanohole patterns with 25nm pitch were produced to support one Terabit/in2 bit recording density.
Now for the first time, Fujitsu has successfully created ideally “ordered” alumina nanohole patterns for isolated bit-by-bit recording on a large disk area by establishing an innovative fabrication process, and confirmed the basic read/write capability in each individual nanohole of the patterned media using a flying head on a rotating disk.
Using Perpendicular Magnetic Recording (PMR) processes, the patterned alumina nanohole media was fabricated using nano-imprint lithography, anodic oxidation, and cobalt electrodeposition at a density of 100nm pitch nanoholes that was suitable to currently available head technology.
Source: [[Ideally Ordered Nanohole Patterned Media Enables Capacity Potential to 1.2TB for 2.5'' HDD|http://www.physorg.com/news105896139.html]]
Envision ALR, an emerging technology investment & operating company announced that it is commercialising a new form of nanotechnology based infectious disease detection system with the capability to distinguish between different flu strains within seconds. The technology has already been shown to be effective in lab tests and the company is now accelerating the commercialisation program.“With current disease identification technologies requiring blood samples to be shipped to a laboratory for testing, distinguishing between pandemic strains and common ones can take up to twenty-four hours. Our technology has the potential to reduce this to under a minute, requires either a pin prick of blood or a salvia sample and will deliver the result of the diagnoses on the spot.” The technology is based on printed electronics, making use of the unique properties of a number of nanoparticle based inks and is rapid, accurate, and the hand held device is easily portable for use in doctors surgeries, hospitals or airports. The system works for both bacterial and viral pathogens. Source: [[Envision ALR Announces Rapid Screening For Swine Flu And Other Pathogens Using Novel Nanotechnology Based Plastic Electronics|http://envisionalr.co.uk/Envision_ALR/News.html]]
~CombiMatrix's ~Influenza-Detection System provides very-high-resolution genotype information on any given flu strain, as well as information on novel strains of flu produced by rapid mutation or recombination between multiple strains. The current ''[[Swine Flu|http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/en/index.html]]'' is a novel strain of influenza A, subtype ~H1N1. Other strains of influenza A include pathogenic Bird Flu (~H5N1); the 1918 influenza pandemic (~H1N1), which killed an estimated 50 million people; the 1968 Hong Kong Flu (~H3N2), which caused a pandemic; and the 1976 Swine Flu (~H1N1). ~CombiMatrix's Influenza Microarray can detect and distinguish each of these strains, as well as all other circulating subtypes and strains of Influenza A. Most importantly, as demonstrated by news, the array can be updated almost instantaneously. Source: [[CombiMatrix Updates its Influenza-Detection Microarray to Include Swine Flu|http://investor.combimatrix.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=380376]]
Liquidia Technologies presented data at the ''[[National Foundation of Infectious Disease|http://www.nfid.org/]]'' (NFID) which supports new insight into a technology that could provide more safe and effective vaccines for a wide variety of diseases. Results of the study show that the desired immune response elicited by a vaccine can be enhanced up to 10-fold when the vaccine protein is linked to nano-particles of a particular size and shape. Particles mimicking the size and shape of pathogens may improve the safety and efficacy of vaccines. The discovery may lead to a new generation of vaccines that could provide faster immunity to disease and potentially minimize the need for multiple vaccinations or “booster shots.” Source: [[Novel technology may pave way for next generation vaccines|http://www.liquidia.com/press/NFID_Vaccine_Release__v_05_final.pdf]]
~NanoViricides announced that it is developing ~FluCide, its flagship anti-influenza drug candidate, to work against all influenza types and subtypes. ~FluCide has been shown to be effective against both common influenza subtype ~H1N1, as well as two different variants of bird flu subtype ~H5N1. The Company has previously announced excellent results in both animal studies and cell culture studies against widely different influenza subtypes and strains. If these results are confirmed in further animal and human studies, then ~FluCide would likely be considered the best ever drug effective against all influenzas. The Company is communicating its capabilities to various agencies involved in the current epidemic response. The current swine flu ''[[outbreak|http://www.veratect.com/media/042609_release.pdf]]'' is significant in that the ~H1N1 virus causing it is novel. The pig is known to be a transitional species for influenza viruses. That means re-assortment (i.e. mixing) of genes from bird flu, human flu, and swine flu viruses can take place in pigs. This can lead to more lethal, drug resistant novel strains to emerge from different existing ones. Source: [[NanoViricides Developing FluCide to Work Against All Influenza Types and Subtypes|hhttp://www.nanoviricides.com/]]
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanomedicine "nanomedicine" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag detection "detection" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoimmunology "nanoimmunology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
A new medical gauze that makes use of aluminosilicate nanoparticles to help blood clot more quickly used by US Army in Middle East wars.
"~Z-Medica Corporation, a medical products company focused on innovative hemostatic nano-technologies, today introduced ~QuikClot® Combat Gauze™ -- the latest of its product breakthroughs for stopping acute, traumatic bleeding. It is tailored to the needs of combat and tactical medical personnel. Marketed under the well-known ~QuikClot® brand, the new Combat Gauze™ combines surgical gauze with a proprietary inorganic material that stops arterial and venous bleeding in seconds. The material, pliable and familiar to medical personnel, can be fitted to any size or shape wound – including penetrating wounds. It is easily removed once clotting has taken place. The United States Department of Defense has awarded ~Z-Medica a $3.2 million grant for large-scale testing of the product on penetrating wounds. These multi-center clinical trials will take place during 2008."
Source: [[Z-Medica introduces QuikClot® Combat Gauze™ – New hemostatic product & delivery system for treating acute bleeding|http://www.z-medica.com/newsroom/zmedica_press_releases_details.asp?pressID=79]]
The recent explosion in the development of nanomaterials with enhanced performance characteristics for use in commercial and medical applications has increased the likelihood of people coming into direct contact with these materials.
There are currently more than 800 [[products on the market|http://www.nanotechproject.org/consumerproducts]] — including clothes, skin lotions and cleaning products — claiming to have at least one nanocomponent, and therapeutic nanocarriers have been designed for targeted drug delivery inside the human body. Human exposure to nanomaterials, which are smaller than one one-thousandth the diameter of a human hair, raises some important questions, including whether these "nano-bio" interactions could have adverse health effects.
Now, researchers at UCLA and the [[California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI)|http://www.cnsi.ucla.edu/]], along with colleagues in academia and industry, have taken a proactive role in examining the current understanding of the nano-bio interface to identify the potential risks of engineered nanomaterials and to explore design methods that will lead to safer and more effective nanoparticles for use in a variety of treatments and products.
In a research review, the team provides ''a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on the physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials that allow them to undergo interactions with biological molecules and bioprocesses''. "What we have established here is a blueprint that will serve to educate the first generation of nanobiologists," said [[Dr. Andre Nel|http://www.cnsi.ucla.edu/institution/personnel?personnel_id=8739]], leader of the team and chief of the division of nanomedicine at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the California ~NanoSystems Institute. "Instead of waiting for knowledge to unfold randomly, we can already begin to view the events at nano-bio interface as a discoverable scientific platform that can be used for setting up a deliberate inorganic-organic roadmap to new, better and safer products," Nel said. "What we can identify by understanding the rules that shape the nano-bio interface will have a massive impact on the ability to develop safe nanomaterials in the future."
Source: From [[Research explores interactions between nanomaterials, biological systems|http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/exploring-the-world-of-nanomaterial-94257.aspx]]. Review article calls for measures to enable safe design of nanomaterials By Jennifer Marcus. This work is detailed in the paper [[Understanding biophysicochemical interactions at the nano–bio interface|http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v8/n7/abs/nmat2442.html]] by Andre E. Nel, Lutz Mädler, Darrell Velegol, Tian Xia, Eric M. V. Hoek, Ponisseril Somasundaran, Fred Klaessig, Vince Castranova & Mike Thompson
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanobiotechnology "nanobiotechnology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanomaterial "nanomaterial" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanomedicine "nanomedicine" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag concerns "concerns" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
Representative Mike Honda (D-San Jose) introduced HR 3235, the Nanotechnology Advancement and New Opportunities (NANO) Act. The legislation is to "promote the development and responsible stewardship of nanotechnology in the United States."Representative Honda drew on the report, [["Thinking Big About Thinking Small"|http://www.honda.house.gov/issues/links/brtfn_report_final.pdf]] when drafting the legislation for Congressional consideration. If it receives House approval, the Senate would then have to approve the language for it to become law.
Source: [[H.R.3235 Nanotechnology Advancement and New Opportunities Act (Introduced in House)|http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?c110:1:./temp/~c110S9rP7F:e0:]]
This introduction to nanoscience by [[Kavli Foundation|The 2008 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience]] gives us a brief overview of the field and illuminates some of the interesting questions being currently researched.
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<<tag video "video" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag educational "educational" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
After more than twenty years of basic and applied research, nanotechnologies are gaining in commercial use. Nanoscale materials now are in electronic, cosmetics, automotive and medical products. But it has been difficult to find out how many "nano" consumer products are on the market and which merchandise could be called "nano."
While not comprehensive, this inventory gives the public the best available look at the 500+ manufacturer-identified nanotechnology-based consumer products currently on the market.
Source: [[Project On Emerging Nanotechnologies: Inventory of Nanotechnology Consumer Products|http://www.nanotechproject.org/index.php?id=44&action=intro]]
The potential of carbon nanotubes to diagnose and treat brain tumors is being explored through a partnership between NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., and [[City of Hope|http://www.cityofhope.org]], a leading cancer research and treatment center in Duarte, Calif.
Nanotechnology may help revolutionize medicine in the future with its promise to play a role in selective cancer therapy. City of Hope researchers hope to boost the brain's own immune response against tumors by delivering cancer-fighting agents via nanotubes.
If nanotube technology can be effectively applied to brain tumors, it might also be used to treat stroke, trauma, neurodegenerative disorders and other disease processes in the brain, said Dr. Behnam Badie, City of Hope's director of neurosurgery and of its brain tumor program.
The Nano and Micro Systems Group at JPL, which has been researching nanotubes since about 2000, creates these tiny, cylindrical multi-walled carbon tubes for City of Hope. (see [[nasa nanotechnology comes to market]])
City of Hope researchers, who began their quest in 2006, found good results: The nanotubes, which they used on mice, were non-toxic in brain cells, did not change cell reproduction and were capable of carrying DNA and siRNA, two types of molecules that encode genetic information.
JPL's Nano and Micro Systems Group grows the nanotubes on silicon strips a few square millimeters in area. The growth process forms them into hollow tubes as if by rolling sheets of graphite-like carbon.
Carbon nanotubes are extremely strong, flexible, heat-resistant, and have very sharp tips. Consequently, JPL uses nanotubes as field-emission cathodes -- vehicles that help produce electrons -- for various space applications such as x-ray and mass spectroscopy instruments, vacuum microelectronics and high-frequency communications (see [[nano-detector very promising for remote cosmic realms]]).
Source: [[JPL Nanotubes Help Advance Brain Tumor Research|http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2008-006]]
Journal of Visualized Experiments (~JoVE), Biological Experiments and Protocols on Video, is an online research journal employing visualization to increase reproducibility and transparency in biological sciences.
Journal of Visualized Experiments (~JoVE) is a peer reviewed, [[PubMed and MEDLINE|http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/543826/]] indexed journal devoted to the publication of biological research in a video format. The Journal of Visualized Experiments (~JoVE) was established as a new tool in life science publication and communication, with participation of scientists from leading research institutions. [[JoVE|http://jove-blog.blogspot.com/]] takes advantage of video technology to capture and transmit the multiple facets and intricacies of life science research. Visualization greatly facilitates the understanding and efficient reproduction of both basic and complex experimental techniques, thereby addressing two of the biggest challenges faced by today’s life science research community: i) low transparency and poor reproducibility of biological experiments and ii) time and labor-intensive nature of learning new experimental techniques.
The complexity and breadth of life science research has increased exponentially in recent years. Research progress and the translation of findings from the bench to clinical therapies relies on the rapid transfer of knowledge both within the research community and the general public. Written word and static picture-based traditional print journals are no longer sufficient to accurately transmit the intricacies of modern research.
As every researcher in the life sciences knows, it can take weeks or even months to learn, perfect, and apply new experimental techniques. It is especially difficult to reproduce newly published studies describing the advanced state-of-the-art techniques. Thus, much time in the laboratory is spent learning techniques and procedures. This is a never ending process for experimental scientists as methodologies in this fast-growing field evolve and change with each coming year (e.g. genomics and proteomics, most dramatically). The time and resource-consuming process of learning and staying current with techniques and procedures is a rate-limiting step in the advancement of scientific research and drug discovery.
~JoVE opens a new frontier in scientific publication by promoting efficiency and performance of life science research. Visualization of the temporal component, or the change over time integral to many life science experiments, can now be done. ~JoVE allows you to publish experiments in all their dimensions, overcoming the inherent limitations of traditional, static print journals, thereby adding an entirely new parameter to the communication of experimental data and research results.
~JoVE: Be a Part of a New Movement in Science Publishing. We invite you to actively participate in and contribute to ~JoVE, a scientific journal and novel tool for the advancement of life science research, by submitting video-articles that visualize your experiments.
Source: About [[Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE)|http://www.jove.com/]]. More information in the [[Submission Guidelines|http://www.jove.com/index/AboutSubmit.stp?]]. Over 300 articles have been published in ~JoVE since it was created in October 2006 by two post-doctoral researchers at the Massachusetts General Hospital, [[Moshe Pritsker|http://network.nature.com/people/mfenner/blog/2009/01/24/interview-with-moshe-pritsker]] (Ph.D.) and [[Klaus Korak|http://macklis.mgh.harvard.edu/people/korak.html]] (M.D.), and a programmer Nikita Bernstein.
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag dissemination "dissemination" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag video "video" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
[<img[Journal of Nano Education|http://www.ingentaconnect.com/journal-logos/asp/jne.gif]]The first issue of the peer-reviewed international Journal of Nano Education (March 2009) now is available, published by the American Scientific Publishers. Articles appearing in the first issue will be freely available until December 31, 2009. "What makes JNE unique among the many other established journals that focus on teaching and learning in the various scientific, technological, engineering and medical disciplines? A primary area of differentiation is based on the fact that research in nanoscale science, technology, engineering and medicine inherently is an interdisciplinary endeavor (...) In particular, an overarching goal of JNE is to become a recognized leader in the development of a coherent, integrated knowledge base in ''nanoscale science, technology, engineering and medical education'' (...) As Roco (2003) has persuasively argued, “one of the ‘grand challenges’ for nanotechnology is education, which is looming as a bottleneck for the development of the field, and particularly for its implementation”." From [["Welcome to the Journal of Nano Education"|http://openurl.ingenta.com/content?genre=article&issn=1936-7449&volume=1&issue=1&spage=1&epage=5]] by ~Editor-in-Chief, [[Aldrin E. Sweeney|http://education.ucf.edu/faculty_detail.cfm?ProfID=71]]
"As the Education and Outreach Coordinator for [[the U.S. National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (NNIN)|http://www.nnin.org/]], I am often asked ''why there is a need for “nano-education.”'' Questions arise asking if nanoscale science and engineering is truly a separate field of study; are we creating another layer in our educational system, or can nanotechnology be infused into our current science, technology, engineering, and mathematics educational system? These questions become particularly important when put in the context of [[the U.S. K–12 educational system|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_(education)]], which already has content standards that must be addressed at each grade level (...) Nanotechnology is really not a new and separate field, but involves the basic building blocks of our world -atoms and molecules. Nanoscale science and engineering are rooted in the core concepts of science. What is new is that we are now increasing our understanding concerning the interaction of atoms and molecules and have the tools to manipulate them to create new materials and devices. Teachers do not need to add anything new to what they are teaching, but rather they can introduce nanotechnology into concepts they are already teaching (...) With this new-found knowledge comes an ''imperative to change the way we teach science''. Nanoscale science and engineering crosses all disciplines and is truly an interdisciplinary field. This requires that we teach K–12 science not as compartmentalized subjects, but as concepts that have connection with each other. We must teach our students to be able to make connections between the sciences, which in turn requires that we teach our teacher candidates to make these same connections. Teachers also need exposure to inquiry methods, critical thinking, and problem solving and how to incorporate these into their teaching strategies. These are skills that will be needed by the nano workforce and must be part of our K–12 science curriculum (...) Nanoscale science and engineering can serve as a catalyst to excite students about science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and, in turn, direct them to education and careers in STEM. However, to do this will ''require that we continue to enhance our efforts to communicate the importance of nanoscale science and engineering to all members of our society''." From [["Why Nano Education?"|http://openurl.ingenta.com/content?genre=article&issn=1936-7449&volume=1&issue=1&spage=6&epage=7]] by [[Nancy Healy|http://www.nisenet.org/users/nancy_healy]]
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag educational "educational" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag dissemination "dissemination" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag [[public opinion]] "public opinion" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
[<img[Sunlight prompts a newly developed molecular nanomotor to unclasp in this artist’s illustration. In its clasped, or closed, form, the nanomotor measures 2 to 5 nanometers — 2 to 5 billionths of a meter. In its unclasped form, it extends as long as 10 to 12 nanometers. Yan Chen/University of Florida|http://news.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/sunnanomotor-143x92.jpg]] A team of chemists is the latest to report ''a new mechanism to transform light straight into motion''. In a paper, the University of Florida team reports building a new type of “molecular nanomotor” driven only by photons, or particles of light. While it is not [[the first photon-driven nanomotor|http://www.rug.nl/kennisdebat/onderwerpen/nano/nano_onderzoek/Nanomotor?lang=en]], the almost infinitesimal device is ''the first built entirely with [[a single molecule of DNA|http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl015713%2B]]'' — giving it a simplicity that increases its potential for development, manufacture and real-world applications in areas ranging from medicine to manufacturing, the scientists say.
In coming years, the nanomotor could become a component of microscopic devices that repair individual cells or fight viruses or bacteria. Although in the conceptual stage, those devices, like much larger ones, will require a power source to function. Because it is made of DNA, the nanomotor is biocompatible. Unlike traditional energy systems, the nanomotor also produces no waste when it converts light energy into motion.
“The major difficulty lies ahead,” said [[Weihong Tan|http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~tan/group/]], a UF professor of chemistry and physiology, author of the paper and the leader of the research group reporting the findings. “That is how to collect the molecular level force into a coherent accumulated force that can do real work when the motor absorbs sunlight.” Tan added that the group has already begun working on the problem. “Some prototype DNA nanostructures incorporating single photo-switchable motors are in the making which will synchronize molecular motions to accumulate forces,” he said.
To make the nanomotor, the researchers combined a DNA molecule they created in the lab with azobenzene, a chemical compound that responds to light. A high-energy photon prompts one response; lower energy another. To demonstrate the movement, the researchers attached a fluorophore, or light-emitter, to one end of the nanomotor and a quencher, which can quench the emitting light, to the other end. Their instruments recorded emitted light intensity that corresponded to the motor movement.
“Radiation does cause things to move from the spinning of radiometer wheels to the turning of sunflowers and other plants toward the sun,” said Richard Zare, distinguished professor and chairman of chemistry at Stanford University. “What Professor Tan and co-workers have done is to create a clever light-actuated nanomotor involving a single DNA molecule. I believe it is the first of its type.” Source: [[New, light-driven nanomotor is simpler, more promising, scientists say|http://news.ufl.edu/2009/06/04/sun-nanomotor/]] by Aaron Hoover, University of Florida News. This work is detailed in the paper [[Single-DNA Molecule Nanomotor Regulated by Photons|http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl9011694]] by Huaizhi Kang, Haipeng Liu, Joseph A. Phillips, Zehui Cao, Youngmi Kim, Yan Chen, Zunyi Yang, Jianwei Li and Weihong Tan. More information: [[Photon-fueled single-molecule DNA nanomotor|http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=11086.php]] by Michael Berger, Nanowerk
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanomachinery "nanomachinery" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanodevice "nanodevice" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanobiotechnology "nanobiotechnology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanophotonics "nanophotonics" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
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''Directories''
<html><a href="http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Technology/Nanotechnology/" title="the largest, most comprehensive human-edited directory of the web">dmoz open directory project</a></html>
''Educational''
<html><a href="http://www.mcrel.org/nanoleap/index.asp" title="instructional materials that teach high school students about nanoscale science">A NanoLeap into New science</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.exo.net/~jillj/" title="Jill Johnsen Exploratorium Nano Activites">Materials Science and the Nanoworld</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nclt.us/" title="National Center for Learning and Teaching in Nanoscale Science and Engineering">NCLT</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanoed.org/" title="A repository for the collection and dissemination of information for the NSEE community">NanoEd Resource Portal</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanooze.org/" title="Magazine that has been created to get kids excited about science and especially nanotechnology">Nanooze</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanosense.org/" title="The basic sense behind nanoscience">NanoSense</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanonet.go.jp/english/kids/" title="Nanotechnology Researchers Network Center of Japan">Nanotech Kids</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nisenet.org/" title="Nanoscale informal science education">NISE Network</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nnin.org/nnin_edu.html" title="National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network Education Portal">NNIN Education Portal</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanoforum.org/educationtree/index.php" title="Nanoforum has produced a Nanotechnology Education Tree">The Nano Education Tree</a></html>
''International resources''
<html><a href="http://cordis.europa.eu/nanotechnology/" title="Nanotechnology Homepage of the European Commission">Cordis</a></html>
<html><a href="http://icon.rice.edu/" title="A partnership for nanotechnology stewardship and sustainability">International Council on Nanotechnology</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanoctr.cn/english/" title="National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China">NCNST</a></html>
<html><a href="http://nanomission.gov.in/" title="To make India a global nano hub">Nano Mission</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanoforum.org/" title="European Nanotechnology Gateway">Nanoforum</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanospain.org/" title="Spanish Nanotechnology Network">Nanospain</a></html>
<html><a href="http://nanonet.mext.go.jp/?lang=en" title="Japanese Nanotechnology innovation Program">NanotechJapan</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nano.gov/" title="The U.S.A. National Nanotechnology Initiative">NNI</a></html>
<html><a href="http://en.rusnano.com/" title="Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies">Rusnano</a></html>
''News services''
<html><a href="http://community.acs.org/nanotation/" title="Assembling the community of nanoscience">ACS Nanotation</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.azonano.com/" title="The A to Z of Nanotechnology">AZoNano.com</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanowerk.com/" title="Nanotechnology and nanosciences portal">Nanowerk</a></html>
<html><a href="http://nanotechnews.wordpress.com/" title="Nano Science and Technology Institute">NanoTechNews</a></html>
<html><a href="http://nanotechweb.org/cws/home" title="A community website from IOP Publishing">nanotechweb.org</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.smalltimes.com/" title="Nanotech news with a business angle">Small Times</a></html>
''Research Publications''
<html><a href="http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/index.html" title="American Chemical Society">Nano Letters</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/nr/index.asp" title="Collaborative venture between british RSC Publishing and chinese NCNST">Nanoscale</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/0957-4484" title="Institute of Physics">Nanotechnology</a></html>
}}}
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Yesterday a friend told me, worried about a News appeared on the journals: //"You should be careful"//. [[The News said that Nanotechnology had been toughly beaten, Nanothings produce cancer|http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-05/poen-cnt051908.php]]. A [[study appeared in Nature Nanotechnology|http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nnano.2008.111.html]] saying that Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) larger than 20 microns induced cancer (in mice). 20 microns! 20.000 nanometers. This is the case of the 10 feet tall dwarf. Nanotechnology, in a general manner (at a very high proportion) deals with length scales between 1 and 100 nm. 20 microns is almost evident for the naked human eye! Besides, this is known for long: rigid and non biodegradable matter, of micrometric size, in the lung, induces cancer. The immune cells responsible for the cleaning service (fixed macrophages in the lung walls in this case) are unable of phagocytate the strange body (the trash can does not fit in the trash truck or the trash in the trash can).
Thus, the immune system, what he tries as an alternative, is to dissolve or disintegrate the strange body by (bio)chemical attack. If the material does not dissolves, this process leads to a permanent chronic inflammation that has a high probability to induce cancer. This mechanism is properly described and understood. It is the case of asbestosis, silicosis and a number of granulomatosis. It is disappointing that a publisher as Nature issues such a study as a break through when it is (to some point and at the journal standards and impact) banal.
Simultaneously appear on the News another [[study about the deleterious effects of the interaction between highly hydrophobic C60 and cell membranes|http://www.ucalgary.ca/news/may2008/buckyballs]]. Cell membranes have an hydrophobic core. Detergents are known to be toxics because of that. In general, hydrophobic substances and materials are known to be toxic and opsonisation helps the body to deal with it.
It is -from my personal point of view- somehow exaggerated and worrying that based in such studies the whole nanotechnology field is questioned. ''It is sad because it distract us from the true challenging questions''. //Does the nanoform of a substance bear an increased toxicity and risk? What about long term and repeated exposure? How human-environment interactions should be regarded?// Because if it is the 20 microns carbon-based particulate matter what is really toxic, maybe we should stop driving and any type of thermodegradation of organic matter. Even more, serious challenges in health and environmental sciences may be addressed with the help of nanotechnology.
//''There is a serious issue in ontology in all that, very different things are called the same (as 'nanoparticles') and many different properties are simply labelled nanotechnology''//. The diversity of properties and behaviours (and essence) of matter at the nanoscale is at least as broad as matter itself, if not more. Therefore, to decide on the forest just by looking at one tree is wrong.
Besides all that, I will strongly recommend people to stay away from large ~CNTs and C60 (and very careful with the rest, by now).
Finally, in the Nature Nano paper, it is clearly said that 10 microns and smaller ~CNTs did not caused any appreciable effect in that particular experimental conditions. ''Maybe the problem is not about the Science but how it is communicated. [[An honest ontology|A severe need]].''
[[about nanowiki]]
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Over the past decade, intense renewed effort has been made to understand the plasmonics of metallic NanoParticles. The ability to tune the plasmon resonances over a wide wavelength range via the choice of nanoparticle size, shape, and composition, extreme local-field enhancements, and intense far-field scattering are all strong motivations for applications in high-resolution and single-molecule microscopy and spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, biosensing, hyperthermia and extreme optical communication below the diffraction limit. Explicit control of the plasmon response has been achieved by the use of different particle shapes, such as nanoshells, nanorings, and nanorods. Recently, the analogy between nanorods, acting as a NanoAntenna with response in the optical regime, and traditional microwave and radio wave antennas has been brought out, explored, and exploited.
Source: [[Mapping the Plasmon Resonances of Metallic Nanoantennas|http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/nalefd/asap/abs/nl073042v.html]]
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A group of researchers led by [[Adrian Bachtold|http://www.cin2.eu/adrianbachtold.html]] of the ~CIN2 laboratory in Spain has developed ''an ultrasensitive mass sensor, which can measure tiny amounts of mass with atomic precision, and with an unprecedented resolution to date''.
The [[CIN2 (Research Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)|http://www.cin2.eu/]], is a joint centre belonging to the Spanish National Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) and the [[Nanotechnology Catalonian Institute (ICN)|http://www.nanocat.org/]].
''The device is based on a carbon nanotube of 1 nanometer diameter which is clamped at both ends to two electrodes. It works as an electromechanical resonator characterized by a mechanical resonance frequency as if it was a string on a guitar. When atoms are directed towards the nanotube, they hit and stick to its surface. This increases the nanotube mass, thereby reducing its resonance frequency: this slowing of the vibration is used to quantify the mass of the atoms''.
At room temperature, the nanotube resonator has a resolution of 25 zeptograms (zg) but cooling the nanotube down to 5 Kelvin (268.15 degrees C below zero) the resolution improves to 1.4 zeptograms. A zeptogram equals 10 -21 grams or, which is the same, a thousandth part of one millionth of one millionth of one millionth of a gram.
A sensor of this resolution would allow the detection of tiny amounts of mass such as the mass of proteins or other molecules with atomic resolution. Also, it could be used to monitor nuclear reactions in individual atoms, or biological molecules in chemical reactions.
The researchers tested the device by measuring the mass of evaporated chromium atoms, and the performance, as explained in an article published in the journal Nanoletters (//''Ultra Sensitive Mass Sensing with a Nanotube Electromechanical Resonator''//), is exceptional. The other members of the team are [[Benjamin Lassagne and Daniel Garcia|http://www.nanocat.org/dataeng/personal.php]], both of ~CIN2, and Albert Aguasca, from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya.
A remaining challenge
One of the challenges of nanotechnology and nanomechanics is having a mass spectrometer working at subatomic level. The maximum resolution had been achieved with some silicon resonators (with a resolution of about 7 to zeptograms temperature of 4.2 Kelvin). Now, the work of Bachtold and co-workers has substantially increased that resolution through the use of carbon nanotubes.
The mass of a nanotube is very low, barely a few atograms (which is a millionth of one millionth of a microgram, or 10 -18 g), so that any tiny amount of added mass will be detected. In addition, the nanotubes are mechanically ultrarigid, which makes them excellent candidates to be used as mechanical resonators.
Now, the team of [[Bachtold|http://www.nanocat.org/dataeng/recerca/qnepriv/images/CVBachtold.pdf]] is improving the measurement set up and hopes to achieve in the near future the resolution of 0.001 zg, the mass of one nucleus. The researchers will then place proteins on the nanotube and monitor the change of the mass during chemical reactions (when a hydrogen atom is released from the protein, for instance).
Nanotechnology has been advancing rapidly in the few last years. Even so, there remain many challenges ahead, and one of them is a mass spectrometer to allow work at that level, with small biological molecules or atoms.
''The development of the ~CIN2 team has coincided in time with others of similar characteristics, both from the U.S.A. One, at the Technical University of California (Caltech) and the other at the University of California (Berkeley)'' [K. Jensen, K. Kim, and [[A. Zettl|Single nanotube makes world's smallest radio]]. //[[An atomic-resolution nanomechanical mass sensor|http://www.physics.berkeley.edu/research/zettl/pdf/345.NatNaotech-Jensen.pdf]]//. Nature Nanotech 3 (2008)]. Both groups have developed mass sensors based on carbon nanotubes, with minor differences between the methods used. The fact was recently highlighted in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.
Source: [[Measuring Tiny Amounts of Mass with Atomic Precision|http://www.alphagalileo.org/index.cfm?_rss=1&fuseaction=readrelease&releaseid=533398]]
Nanoparticles and bacteria can be used, independently, to deliver genes and proteins into mammalian cells for monitoring or altering gene expression and protein production. Here, we show the simultaneous use of nanoparticles and bacteria to deliver ~DNA-based model drug molecules in vivo and in vitro. In our approach, cargo (in this case, a fluorescent or a bioluminescent gene) is loaded onto the nanoparticles, which are carried on the bacteria surface. When incubated with cells, the cargo-carrying bacteria ('microbots') were internalized by the cells, and the genes released from the nanoparticles were expressed in the cells. Mice injected with microbots also successfully expressed the genes as seen by the luminescence in different organs. This new approach may be used to deliver different types of cargo into live animals and a variety of cells in culture without the need for complicated genetic manipulations.
Source: [[Bacteria-mediated delivery of nanoparticles and cargo into cells : Abstract : Nature Nanotechnology|http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v2/n7/abs/nnano.2007.149.html;jsessionid=FDF5FBBFBEF3877B07EB6610432602F7]]
related: [[Microbotics - nanoparticles hitching a ride on bacteria|http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=2366.php]]
''ICON seeks input from occupational experts, nano workers on planned Wiki''
In 2006, the International Council on Nanotechnology ("ICON") completed a [[survey|first survey of nanotechnology practices]] of current workplace practices in the nanotechnology industry confirming that organizations involved in this industry //“believe there are special risks related to the nanomaterials they work with.”// The survey further found that these organizations are //“actively seeking additional information on how to best handle nanomaterials.”// With this goal in mind, ICON is developing an Internet-based, wiki-software platform (nicknamed the “~GoodWiki”) specially designed ''to enhance the ability of experts in the field to exchange information about good occupational practices for the safe handling of nanomaterials''. ICON needs input from a wide variety of people to make sure the ~GoodWiki works as intended and provides content that is both useful and timely. Please take a moment then to respond to the following [[questionnaire|https://www.surveymonkey.com/s.aspx?sm=fNfePVsukX8rvhvYNhMgrQ_3d_3d]]
The ~GoodWiki is an Internet-based collaboration platform specially designed to enhance the ability of experts to exchange ideas on how best to handle nanomaterials in an occupational setting. It is meant to be a modern, interactive forum that fills the need for up-to-date information about current good practices for the handling of nanomaterials in an occupational setting, including the highlighting of new practices as they develop. That said, while the ~GoodWiki respects the dialogue now being held worldwide regarding the effect nanotechnologies may have on human health, the environment, and society in general, the ~GoodWiki is not meant to address or resolve such issues. Instead, it assumes that someone, somewhere in the world is likely to be working on nanomaterials as this debate continues, and thus endeavors to provide information to that person about current good practices to make sure appropriate safeguards are in place as that person works on nanomaterials in an occupational setting. Finally, the ~GoodWiki is open for everyone to review. However, to ensure the dependability of the good practices reported, the ~GoodWiki is a protected site in which contributions are limited to those individuals that have become ~GoodWiki members.
Source: [[Nano Good Practices Wiki|http://icon.rice.edu/projects.cfm?doc_id=12207]]
^^Via Inge, [[Victor Puntes|Victor Puntes]]^^
The International Council on Nanotechnology ([[ICON|http://icon.rice.edu/]]) is an international, multi-stakeholder organization whose mission is to develop and communicate information regarding potential environmental and health risks of nanotechnology, thereby fostering risk reduction while maximizing societal benefit.
<<tag [[safety practices]]>><<tag nanotoxicology>><<tag concerns>>
Reports using nanotechnology to deliver antineoplastic agents are constantly appearing showing the potential of improving primary effects and decrease secondary ones. Recently, researches at the MIT Targeted delivery of [[cisplatin|Enhancement of In Vivo Anticancer Effects of Cisplatin]] to prostate cancer cells by aptamer functionalized Pt(IV) prodrug-PLGA–PEG nanoparticles
Source: [[Targeted Nanoparticles Boost Platinum-Based Anticancer Therapy|http://nano.cancer.gov/news_center/2008/nov/nanotech_news_2008-11-20b.asp]]. This work is detailed in the paper [[Targeted delivery of cisplatin to prostate cancer cells by aptamer functionalized Pt(IV) prodrug-PLGA–PEG nanoparticles|http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1073/pnas.0809154105]] by Shanta Dhar, Frank X. Gu, Robert Langer, Omid C. Farokhzad, and Stephen J. Lippard
<<tag nanomedicine "nanomedicine" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nano-oncology "nano-oncology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoparticles "nanoparticles" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag [[drug delivery]] "drug delivery" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag [[Victor Puntes]] "Victor Puntes" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
Some of the products labelled Nano pretend to have some component designed at the nanometric scale. Some of them have actual nanoparticles other agglomerates other just the name, as the ipod nano or the recent commercialization of the ~TataNano, announced as the cheapest car in the world, built from glued recycled plastic. Nano sounds nice. In fact, technology gets introduced into social networks and therefore the associated applications are a mix of social and technological forces. If society embraces and finds uses of a technology then it survives, if it does not, then no matter how good the technology is, it will die. Nowadays, a major environmental, medical or safety problem -real or not- with a product or application that is labelled "nanotechnology" whether it actually is NanoTechnology or not - could dampen public confidence and investment in nanotechnology, and could even lead to unwise regulation. This remember when at the end of the 18th century, when Oersted and Amper set the bases for the canalization of electrons which allowed to light up the cities with electricity in a matter of only 30 years. At that time people was convinced that electricity will wake up the dead and consequently Mary Shelly wrote her wonderful Frankenstein in 1818. So you may hear these days that someone promise immortality (or total annihilation) through nanotechnology, and so on, but as with the electricity, it is still science fiction that a lighting give live to a corps.
[[Nano: The Next dimension|http://www.athenaweb.org/films-library/summary/nano:-the-next-dimension-1000038.html]] by Pierre Oscar Levy. Produced by European Commission Directorate General Research. 2002. When we look at our planet on this new scale, a scale of a billionth of a metre, a nanometre, it suddenly takes on enormous proportions. This is the revolution brought about by the nanosciences and nanotechnologies.
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''__[[Carbon nanotube electronics]]__'': The Stanford Nanoelectronics Group presents an student-created education short on nanotechnology and carbon nanotubes. Funded by NSF [video]
''__[[Visions of the future]]__'': Dr Michio Kaku explores the cutting edge science of today, tomorrow, and beyond. He argues that humankind is at a turning point in history. BBC [video]
''__[[Video Journey Into Nanotechnology]]__'': Nanotechnology introduces unique approaches to diagnosis and treatment of cancer that could not even be imagined with conventional technology. The NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer [video]
''__[[Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Between present science fiction and future technology|http://rsef.uc3m.es/images/documentos/Nanociencia.pdf]]__'' (Spanish): 2009, the European Year of Creativity and Innovation; speaking of nanoscience and nanotechnology is to talk about innovation. [[FECYT|http://www.fecyt.es/]]
''__[[Nano: The Next dimension]]__'': When we look at our planet on this new scale, a scale of a billionth of a metre, a nanometre, it suddenly takes on enormous proportions. [video]
''__[[Journal of Nano Education]]__'': Knowledge base in nanoscale science, technology, engineering and medical education. American Scientific Publishers
''__[[Introduction to Nanoscience]]__'': Overview of the field and illuminates some of the interesting questions being currently researched. Kavli Foundation. [video]
''__[[AccessNano|AccessNano: "children were asking to be taught about nanotechnology"]]__'': Accessible and innovative science and technology into secondary school classrooms. Australian Office of Nanotechnology
''__[[A new way to communicate nanoscience]]__'': 'To see what the scientists are doing at the moment'. Video diaries available to view over the Internet, with a forum facilitating discussion between the scientists and the public. nano2hybrids project. [video]
''__[[The Kitty Hawk of nanotechnology]]__'': A tour of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope lab that was the first ever to position individual atoms. [video]
''__[[NanoMission: Learning Nanotechnology through Games]]__'': To inspire youngsters about the world of nanotechnology, potentially opening their eyes to choosing it as a career. ~PlayGen
''__[[Nanotechnology can be child's play|nanotechnology can be child's play]]__'': How young people can observe, test and investigate nanotechnology at home or in a classroom without any expensive equipment. [video]
''__[[Unique models help teach nanoscience to the blind|unique models help teach nanoscience to the blind]]__'': The fact is, we're all blind at the nanoscale.
}}}
The Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions Library has recently launched the NanoEthicsBank, a resource for researchers, scholars, students, and the general public who are interested in the social and ethical implications of nanotechnology.
http://hum.iit.edu/NanoEthicsBank/intro/intro.html
Source: [[CSEP Library Launches NanoEthicsBank « Paul V. Galvin Library|http://galvinlibrary.wordpress.com/2007/05/14/nanoethicsbank-launched/]]
<<tag [[public opinion]]>>
~NanoFeeds sources: //[[ACS Nanotation|http://www.acsnanotation.org/]], [[International Council on Nanotechnology|http://icon.rice.edu/]], [[Nanoforum.org|http://www.nanoforum.org/]], [[Nanowerk Nanotechnology Spotlight|http://www.nanowerk.com/]]//
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<<tabs txtFavourite
"NanoFeeds" "feeds on nanotechnology" NanoFeeds
"Culture" "feeds on nanotechnology" NanoFeedsCulture
"Educational" "feeds on educational nanotechnology" NanoFeedsEducational
"Biz" "feeds on nanotechnology bussiness" NanoFeedsBiz
"About NanoFeeds" "feeds tailored to nanotechnology tracking" [[About NanoFeeds]]
>>
~NanoFeedsBiz sources: //[[AZoNano.com|http://www.azonano.com/]], [[NanoTechNews|http://nanotechnews.wordpress.com/]], [[nanotechweb.org|http://nanotechweb.org/]], [[Small Times Wire News|http://www.smalltimes.com/]]//
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~NanoFeedsCulture sources: //[[Metamodern|http://metamodern.com/]], [[nanoarchitecture.net|http://nanoarchitecture.net/]], [[Nanodot|http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/]], [[Responsible Nanotechnology|http://crnano.typepad.com/]]//
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~NanoFeedsEducational sources: //[[nano2hybrids|http://www.nano2hybrids.net/]], [[NISE Network|http://www.nisenet.org/]]//
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"Whilst most young people are familiar with nanotechnology as a fantastic futuristic technology involving miniature robots, very few have a realistic understanding of nanotechnology, realise its impact on the world around them, or are genuinely stimulated about its possibilities. Coupled with declining numbers of physics, chemistry and engineering students, this is a major cause for concern.
Our aim is to inspire youngsters about the world of nanotechnology, potentially opening their eyes to choosing it as a career. Aimed at the gaming generations, ~NanoMission is an engaging learning experience which educates players about basic concepts in nanoscience through real world practical applications from microelectronics to drug delivery."
Source: [[NanoMission|http://nanomission.org]]
In NanoTechnology, a sub-classification of ultrafine particle with lengths in two or three dimensions greater than 0.001 micrometer (1 NanoMeter) and smaller than about 0.1 micrometer (100 nanometers). [[More|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticle]]
[img[http://www.google.com/coop/intl/en/images/custom_search_sm.gif]]
~NanoWiki, with Google Custom Search Engine, created a search engine tailored to nanotechnology search
<<tabs txtFavourite
"NanoSearch Scholar" "search papers on nanotechnology" ScholarSearch
"NanoSearch News" "search news on nanotechnology" NewsSearch
"NanoSearch Videos" "search videos on nanotechnology" VideosSearch
"About Nanosearch" "search engine tailored to nanotechnology search" NanoSearch
>>
Nanotechnology and nanoscience is about controlling and understanding matter on the sub-micrometer and atomic scale. A <html><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology">NanoTechnology</a></html> definition in the Wikipedia and in the <html><a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Opensource_Handbook_of_Nanoscience_and_Nanotechnology"> Nanotechnology wikibook</a></html>
Researchers at Idaho National Laboratory, along with partners at Microcontinuum Inc. and Patrick Pinhero of the University of Missouri, are developing a novel way to collect energy from the sun with a technology that could potentially cost pennies a yard, be imprinted on flexible materials and still draw energy after the sun has set.
The new approach, which garnered two 2007 Nano50 awards, uses a special manufacturing process to stamp ''tiny square spirals of conducting metal onto a sheet of plastic''. Each interlocking spiral "NanoAntenna" is as wide as 1/25 the diameter of a human hair.
Because of their size, the nanoantennas absorb energy in the infrared part of the spectrum, just outside the range of what is visible to the eye. The sun radiates a lot of infrared energy, some of which is soaked up by the earth and later released as radiation for hours after sunset. ''Nanoantennas can take in energy from both sunlight and the earth's heat, with higher efficiency than conventional solar cells''.
"I think these antennas really have the potential to replace traditional solar panels," says physicist Steven Novack, who spoke about the technology in November at the National Nano Engineering Conference in Boston.
Source: [[Harvesting the sun's energy with antennas|http://www.inl.gov/featurestories/2007-12-17.shtml]]
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"[[John M. Johansen|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Johansen]], now 85 years old, has been one of the preeminent architects in the United States for more than half a century. After studying under Walter Gropius (who became his father-in-law) at Harvard, he embarked on an extraordinary career marked by experimental domestic and public design. Since retiring from practice, Johansen has devoted himself to producing futuristic architecture that looks to the newest technologies science has to offer -- from nanotechnology to magnetic levitation to material science -- for its inspiration.
Nanoarchitecture presents eleven of Johansen's most inspired visions. A floating conference center, an apartment building that sprouts from the earth and grows on its own, and a levitating auditorium all demonstrate Johansen's capricious yet thought-provoking ideas. Taken together, they offer an antidote to much of today's form-driven practice.
The projects in Nanoarchitecture are presented through a series of idiosyncratic models, drawings, and computer animations suggesting what it would be like to inhabit these fantastic spaces. Nanoarchitecture is designed by the award-winning practice COMA."[Johansen] points toward the creation of a new vernacular, a new fabric of space and time in which modern experience can increase, expand, and deepen." - -Lebbeus Woods
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag architecture "architecture" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag video "video" "news list by date, most recent first">>
''A public debate on the merits of nanobiotechnology is urgently needed if people's fears about the emerging science are to be allayed'', ~EU-funded researchers recommend in a new report.
Nanobiotechnology has the power to drastically transform society, yet all too often the dialogue regarding this science has been dominated by fear, created by novels such as [[Prey, by Michael Crichton|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prey_(novel)]], and news headlines about a [['grey goo nightmare'|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goo]].
Now a new report, written as part of the ~EU-funded [[NanoBio-RAISE project|http://nanobio-raise.org/]], concludes that the public needs to be engaged in order to calm such fears. The report was presented at the recent [[EuroBIO2008|http://www.eurobio2008.com/]] conference in Paris, France.
The ~NanoBio-RAISE project was funded by the EU under the Science and Society Activity area of the Sixth Framework Programme (~FP6) to the tune of EUR 553,845.
''The project combines science communication with ethics research in nanobiotechnology and aims to anticipate any societal and ethical issues that may arise''.
Over the course of a series of workshops, bioethicists from the US and Europe gathered information and investigated the impact of nanobiotechnology in the areas of food and medicine as well as the emerging field of human enhancement. A final workshop looked into methods of engaging the [[public|public opinion]] in an informed debate over specific issues.
With regard to the issue of human enhancement, the report discovered a divergent attitude between the US and the EU. In Europe, human enhancement focuses on regenerative medicine and neurodegenerative disease, while in the US, the interest is primarily military, focussing on creating 'bionic soldiers'. Debate in the US also revolves around the nature of the human condition and how we can enhance, rather than just repair, our physical and mental states.
''Current fears regarding nanobiotechnology seemed to be dominated by the issue of nanofood technology, commonly associated with genetically modified (GM) foods. Also dominating the discussion are certain ideas rooted in science fiction such as replicator vending machines. Nanomedicine is viewed in a much better light, with certain advancements being heralded as great achievements. These include improved diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of patients, particularly in areas such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease''.
On the basis of these findings, ~NanoBio-RAISE coordinator Dr David Bennett and his colleagues have called for a proactive response to reassure the public over the potential of nanobiotechnology.
'There is a consistent demand for more open discussion and public involvement in policy making relating to science and technology overall than has been afforded up to now. Nanobiotechnology is the latest and, in our opinion, one of the most pressing areas in which this demand must be met. We believe that the EU has a major role to play in working with the research community, industry and other stakeholders to initiate innovative and effective programmes and activities across the community,' he said.
Source: [[Nanobiotechnology: Involving the public|http://cordis.europa.eu/fetch?CALLER=EN_NEWS&ACTION=D&SESSION=&RCN=29983]]
A new energy storage device that easily could be mistaken for a simple sheet of black paper.
The nanoengineered battery is lightweight, ultra thin, completely flexible, and geared toward meeting the trickiest design and energy requirements of tomorrow’s gadgets, implantable medical equipment, and transportation vehicles.
Along with its ability to function in temperatures up to 300 degrees Fahrenheit and down to 100 below zero, the device is completely integrated and can be printed like paper. The device is also unique in that it can function as both a high-energy battery and a high-power supercapacitor, which are generally separate components in most electrical systems. Another key feature is the capability to use human blood or sweat to help power the battery.
Details of the project are outlined in the paper ''“Flexible Energy Storage Devices Based on Nanocomposite Paper”'' published Aug. 13, 2007 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Source: [[Beyond batteries: Storing power in a sheet of paper|http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-08/rpi-bbs080907.php]]
//"A thumb drive using our memory could store a terabyte of information," says Michael Kozicki, director of ASU's Center for Applied Nanoionics, which developed the [[technology|http://www.wired.com/gadgets/miscellaneous/news/2007/10/ion_memory]]. "All the current limitations in portable electronic storage could go away. You could record video of every event in your life and store it."//
ASU’s Center for Applied Nanoionics (~CANi) has a new take on old memory, one that promises to boost the performance, capacity and battery life of consumer electronics from digital cameras to laptops. Best of all, it is cheap, made from common materials and compatible with just about anything currently on the market.
“In using readily available materials, we’ve provided a way for this memory to be made at essentially zero extra cost, because the materials you need are already used in the chips – all you have to do is mix them in a slightly different way,” says Michael Kozicki, director of ~CANi.
“We’ve developed a new type of old memory, but really it is the perfect memory for what’s going to be required in future generations,” Kozicki says. “It’s very low-energy. You can scale it down to the nanoscale. You can pack a lot of it into a small space.”
~CANi was also able to overcome the limitations of conventional electronics by using nanoionics, a technique for moving tiny bits of matter around on a chip. Instead of moving electrons among charged particles, called ions, as in traditional electronics, nanoionics moves the ions themselves.
“We’ve actually been able to move something the size of a virus between electrodes to switch them from a high resistance to a low resistance, which is great for memory,” Kozicki says.
Most memory today stores information as charge; in the binary language of computers, this means that an abundance of charge at a particular site on a chip translated as a “one,” and a lack of charge is translated as a “zero.” The problem with such memory is that the smaller its physical size, the less charge it can reliably store.
Resistance-based memory, on the other hand, does not suffer from this problem and can even store multiple bits on one site. Moreover, once the resistance is set, it does not change, even when the power is switched off.
The real advancement of CANi’s newest memory is that researchers discovered a way to use materials already common in chip manufacturing. Although “doping” – mixing silicon with small amounts of conductive materials such as boron, arsenic or phosphorus – has been common practice for years, copper in silicon dioxide was largely unheard of. In fact, it was strictly avoided.
“People have actually gone to great lengths to keep the silicon oxide and the copper apart,” Kozicki says. “But in our case, we are very interested in mixing the copper with the oxide – basically, so that it would become mobile and move around in the material.”
“Because it can move in there, we can make a sort of nanoscale switch,” he adds. “This very, very small switch can be used in memory applications, storing information via a range of resistance values.”
“What it means is we could replace all of the memory in all sorts of applications – from laptops to iPods to cell phones to whatever – with this one type of memory,” Kozicki says. “Because it is so low energy, we can pack a lot of memory and not drain battery power; and it’s not volatile – you can switch everything off and retain information. What makes this significant is that we are using materials that are already in use in the semiconductor industry to create a component that’s never been thought of before.”
Source: [[ASU researchers give memory a boost|http://asunews.asu.edu/20071023_nanotech]]
''The need for broader democratic control over the development and global regulation of new technologies is an even bigger priority for the 21st century than it was in the 20th.''
Nanotechnologies, which enable atomic scale construction, rearrangement and design of materials, have inspired Governments in the industrialised world to channel billions into national research programmes, usually without creating the regulatory institutions to monitor the health, social or environmental impacts.
//The Nanojury was meant as a contribution towards presenting a non-specialist perspective on these dilemmas, as well as being an opportunity for [[citizens|public opinion]] to have a voice on an issue that they had chosen.//
Source: [[Nanojury|http://www.nanojury.org.uk/intro.html]] (2005). See [[NanoJury gives its verdict|http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/tech/23208]] and [[Report on UK NanoJury|http://nanohype.blogspot.com/2005/09/report-on-uk-nanojury.html]]
^^via [[Victor Puntes|Victor Puntes]]^^
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What is nanometric if I can not see it? How biologists, physicist and chemists agree? Which are (will be) the standards in nanotechnology?
Nanostrand Announces Nanostandards and Nanometrology Workshops
Do you wish to help identify the new measurement tools, technologies and standards required to support nanotechnology development and exploitation? If so you can participate in two expert workshops organised by Nanostrand, the European nanometrology and standards foresighting project .
Source: [[Nanostrand|http://www.nanostrand.net/]]
Nanostrand is supported by the European Commission Sixth Framework Programme Contract: ~NMP4-CT2006-033167
Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University researchers are the first to create a nanoparticle capable of detecting and imaging trace amounts of hydrogen peroxide in animals. The nanoparticles, thought to be completely nontoxic, could some day be used as a simple, all-purpose diagnostic tool to detect the earliest stages of any disease that involves chronic inflammation — everything from cancer and Alzheimer’s to heart disease and arthritis.
[<img[first to image hydrogen peroxide in animals|http://www.gatech.edu/upload/pr/tuj16061.jpg]] The nanoparticle polymer is made of peroxalate esters. A fluorescent dye (pentacene) is then encapsulated into the polymer. When the nano particles bump into hydrogen peroxide, they excite the dye, which then emits photons (or light) that can be detected
Source: [[Nanoparticle Could Help Detect Many Diseases Early|http://www.gatech.edu/news-room/release.php?id=1462]]
''By encapsulating HIV drug molecules into tiny polymer particles that slow-release drug when they are injected, researchers are working on the next step in simplifying HIV therapy: injectable HAART you could take once a month.''
The company, and the drug, that has travelled furthest along this route are Tibotec/Johnson and Johnson and their as-yet-unlicensed ~NNRTI drug rilpivirine (~TMC278). Dr Gerben van t’Klooster presented the findings at the [[Fifteenth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections|http://www.retroconference.org/2008/index.asp]] in Boston.
However another group based at Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska, has succeded in creating slow-release nanoparticles containing the drugs lopinavir, ritonavir and efavirenz.
A couple of other posters detailed ways of using nanoparticles. In another experiment from Creighton University, scientists succeeded in loading indinavir into nanoparticles then getting bone-marrow-derived macrophages (~BMMs), another kind of immune cell, to absorb them.
Finally, a team from the University of North Carolina attached a normally inactive ~CCR5 inhibitor to gold nanoparticles, and thereby restored its anti-HIV activity.
References
Van t’Klooster G et al. [[Long-acting TMC278, a parenteral-depot formulation delivering therapeutic NNRTI concentrations in preclinical and clinical settings|http://www.retroconference.org/2008/Abstracts/31749.htm]]. Fifteenth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston. Abstract 134. 2008.
Destache C et al. [[Ritonavir-, lopinavir-, and efavirenz-containing nanoparticles: in vitro release of ART|http://www.retroconference.org/2008/Abstracts/30725.htm]]. Fifteenth conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston. Abstract 743. 2008.
Dou HY et al [[Anti-retroviral nanoformulations for HIV-1-associated cognitive impairments|http://www.retroconference.org/2008/Abstracts/31834.htm]]. Fifteenth conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston. Abstract 745. 2008.
Bowman MC. [[HIV-1 inhibition with multi-valent gold nanoparticles. Fifteenth conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections|http://www.retroconference.org/2008/Abstracts/32153.htm]], Boston. Abstract 744. 2008.
Source: [[CROI: Nanoparticle technology creates a once-a-month HIV drug|http://www.aidsmap.com/en/news/B17DF24F-F256-42FF-A9A7-DD6AE0610653.asp]]
A nontoxic nanoparticle is proving to be an all-around effective delivery system for both therapeutic drugs and the fluorescent dyes that can track their delivery.
An interdisciplinary group of materials scientists, chemists, bioengineers, physicists, and pharmacologists show that ''calcium phosphate particles ranging in size from 20 to 50 nanometers will successfully enter cells and dissolve harmlessly, releasing their cargo of drugs or dye''.
Although the primary use envisioned for these particles is for targeted cancer therapy, researchers are interested in their ability to deliver various drugs that have been shown to inhibit cell growth associated with vascular disease. Several drugs have been shown in cultures to be promising for reducing hardening of the arteries and narrowing of blood vessels after balloon angioplasty. The problem has been in delivering any of these drugs to a target.
Source: [[Nontoxic nanoparticle can deliver and track drugs|http://live.psu.edu/story/36065]]. The paper is published in Nano Letters: [["Encapsulation of Organic Molecules in Calcium Phosphate Nanocomposite Particles for Intracellular Imaging and Drug Delivery|http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl8019888?prevSearch=calcium+phosphate&searchHistoryKey="]] by Thomas T. Morgan, Hari S. Muddana, Erhan İ. Altınoǧlu, Sarah M. Rouse, Amra Tabaković, Tristan Tabouillot, Timothy J. Russin, Sriram S. Shanmugavelandy, Peter J. Butler, Peter C. Eklund, Jong K. Yun, Mark Kester and James H. Adair from Pennsylvania State University
"Nanoparticles provide opportunities for designing and tuning properties that are not possible with other types of therapeutics, and as more clinical data become available, the nanoparticle approach should improve further as the optimal properties are elucidated. ''Nanoparticle-based therapeutics'' are evolving, and newer, more sophisticated multifunctional nanoparticles are reaching the clinic. Results from these trials are already fuelling enthusiasm for this type of therapeutic modality.
Nanoparticles — particles in the size range 1–100 nm — are emerging as a class of therapeutics for cancer. Early clinical results suggest that nanoparticle therapeutics can show ''enhanced efficacy, while simultaneously reducing side effects, owing to properties such as more targeted localization in tumours and active cellular uptake''. Here, we highlight the features of nanoparticle therapeutics that distinguish them from previous anticancer therapies, and describe how these features provide the potential for therapeutic effects that are not achievable with other modalities. While large numbers of preclinical studies have been published, the emphasis here is placed on preclinical and clinical studies that are likely to affect clinical investigations and their implications for advancing the treatment of patients with cancer".
Source: [[Nanoparticle therapeutics: an emerging treatment modality for cancer|http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v7/n9/abs/nrd2614.html]] by Mark E. Davis, Zhuo (Georgia) Chen and Dong M. Shin. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, September 2008
Imagine being able to rapidly identify tiny biological molecules such as DNA and toxins using less than a drop of salt water in a system that can fit on a microchip. A single nanometer-scale pore in a thin membrane can be used to accurately detect and sort different-sized polymer chains (a model for biomolecules) that pass through or block the channel.
Source: [[NIST Tech Beat - May 10, 2007|http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/techbeat/tb2007_0510.htm#nanopore]]
<<tag nanomedicine>>
[<img[How light bounces off of human tissue allow to detect subtle changes potentially caused by cancer. Credit: Nicolle Rager Fuller, National Science Foundation|http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/media/images/pancreatic_cancer5_f.jpg]] A team of researchers in Chicago has developed a way to examine cell biopsies and detect never-before-seen signs of early-stage pancreatic cancer. Though the new technique has not yet proven effective in double-blind clinical trials, it may one day help diagnose cancers of the pancreas and, potentially, other organs at their earliest and most treatable stages, before they spread.
A team from Northwestern University and ~NorthShore University ~HealthSystem describes the first application of their new technique, which they call partial wave microscopic spectroscopy. This technique allows them to examine cell samples taken from people who have undergone screening for pancreatic cancer to detect signs of the disease.
Pancreatic cancer is typically diagnosed by hospital pathologists who look for telltale changes to the morphology of pancreatic cells when they examine cell biopsies under the microscope. The problem is that in the early stages of cancer, many early-stage cancer cells appear normal. By the time the cancerous cells undergo observable changes, it may be too late in the disease progression for effective treatment.
In fact, only 7 percent of people with pancreatic cancer are diagnosed in the earliest stages of the disease, when the cancer is still confined to its primary site. More than half of all people with the disease are not diagnosed until it has already metastasized.
"In the beginning, cells look normal," says [[Vadim Backman|http://biophotonics.bme.northwestern.edu/]], a professor of biomedical engineering at Northwestern University who developed partial wave microscopic spectroscopy with his former graduate students Yang Liu and Hariharan Subramanian and postdoctoral fellow Prabhakar Pradhan. ''The new technique measures nanoscopic changes to the interior architecture of cells -- changes that may signal signs of cancer even in cells that look normal under the microscope''.
To test their technique, Backman and Subramanian collaborated with gastroenterologists Hemant K. Roy and Randall Brand, who had collected tissue samples from people undergoing biopsies to detect pancreatic cancer.
''[[The new technique|http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20080278713]] works by detecting fluctuations in the cells' refractive index (an optical property that measures how cells bend light passing through them). No other technique has ever measured this quantitatively'', says Backman. These fluctuations are influenced by nanoscopic changes to the cells' interior architecture that often occur much earlier than the changes pathologists can detect under their microscopes. The more architectural disorder there is inside the cell, the more the refractive index fluctuates. The Chicago researchers showed that by quantifying these fluctuations, partial wave spectroscopy could identify cancer cells even in cases where they had not been detected by pathologists.
''Partial wave microscopic spectroscopy may be a boon to medicine'', if it proves effective in clinical trials at detecting cancers early -- especially for people with pancreatic cancer, which is one of the most deadly forms of cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, more than 37,000 men and women in the United States were diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2008, and statistically 95 percent of them will succumb to the disease within five years.
Source: [[Nanoscopic changes to pancreatic cells reveal cancer|http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-02/osoa-nct021209.php]]. This work is detailed in the paper [[Partial-wave microscopic spectroscopy detects subwavelength refractive index fluctuations: an application to cancer diagnosis|http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-34-4-518]] by Hariharan Subramanian, [[Prabhakar Pradhan|http://www.ece.northwestern.edu/~pradhan/]], Yang Liu, Ilker R. Capoglu, Jeremy D. Rogers, Hemant K. Roy, Randall E. Brand, and [[Vadim Backman|http://www.bme.northwestern.edu/faculty_staff/core/backman.html]]
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanophotonics "nanophotonics" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag detection "detection" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanomedicine "nanomedicine" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nano-oncology "nano-oncology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag microscope "microscope" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
The market for nanotechnology-based products is expected to reach $3.1 trillion by 2015, up from $147 billion in 2007, according to a recent report by technology advisory firm Lux Research.
Nanotechnology realized the greatest growth in the report's materials and manufacturing sector during 2007, with the technology being used in $97 billion worth of products including coatings and composites used in automobiles and buildings. Electronics followed at $35 billion where nanotech is being used to develop displays and batteries. The healthcare industry generated $15 billion of revenue, driven primarily by pharmaceutical applications.
The United States leads the way with $59 billion worth of nanotech-based products produced in 2007. Europe followed at $47 billion; Asia/Pacific accounts for $31 billion, and the rest of the world accounted for $9.4 billion. However, //Europe is expected to edge the United States in nanotech revenue// with $1.09 trillion worth of products generated by 2015, compared with $1.08 trillion in the U.S. over the same period. Asia will remain in third place at $717 billion.
Nanotechnology research and development hit $13.5 billion in 2007, up 14% from 2006. //Global corporate R&D spending grew 23% to reach $6.6 billion, passing government spending for the first time//.
The Lux report, "Nanomaterials State of the Market Q3 2008: Stealth Success, Broad Impact," contends that ''the growth of nanotechnology is turning a once-overhyped industry into reality''.
//"Nanotech isn't a new market or industry - it's an enabling technology that improves many types of products,"// says Jurron Bradley, senior analyst at Lux Research. "For example, you find it in coatings boosting the efficiency of automobile engines, in nano-enabled finishes protecting electronic devices, and nanoparticulate reformulations that make cholesterol-reducing drugs more effective. //These innovations aren't always visible to consumers, but they improve products and boost margins. That's why nanomaterials' use is only going to keep growing.//
Source: [[Nanotechnology Boom Expected by 2015|http://www.industryweek.com/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=16884]] by Jonathan Katz, Industry Week
In a dramatic demonstration of what nanotechnology might achieve in regenerative medicine, paralyzed lab mice with spinal cord injuries have regained the ability to use their hind legs six weeks after a simple injection of a purpose-designed nanomaterial.
A video of Stupp discussing his groundbreaking research with collaborator John Kessler, M.D., Davee Professor of Stem Cell Biology and chair of the Davee Department of Neurology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine is available at http://www.nanotechproject.org/114.
"By injecting molecules that were designed to self-assemble into nanostructures in the spinal tissue, we have been able to rescue and regrow rapidly damaged neurons," Stupp said. The nanofibers -- thousands of times thinner than a human hair -- are the key to not only preventing the formation of harmful scar tissue which inhibits spinal cord healing, but to stimulating the body into regenerating lost or damaged cells."
Stupp and his coworkers designed molecules with the capacity to self-assemble into nanofibers once injected into the body with a syringe. When the nanofibers form they can be immobilized in an area of tissue where it is necessary to activate some biological process, for example saving damaged cells or regenerating needed differentiated cells from stem cells.
This same work also has implications for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, both diseases in which key brain cells stop working properly.
Stupp also reported on the ongoing research with collaborators in Mexico and Canada, showing the impressive visual of mice recovering from the symptoms of Parkinson's disease after being exposed to the bioactive nanostructures developed in Stupp's laboratory at Northwestern University. He also reported on work with Jon Lomasney, associate professor of pathology at Northwestern, demonstrating the use of nanostructures and proteins to achieve recovery of heart function after an infarct.
Source: [[Nanotechnology May Be Used to Regenerate Tissues, Organs, NewsCenter, Northwestern University|http://www.northwestern.edu/newscenter/stories/2007/05/stupp.html]]
<<tag nanomedicine>><<tag self-assembly>>
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[[Nanotechnology Takes Off Educator Guide|http://www.kqed.org/quest/files/download/14/106a_nanotechnologytakesoff.pdf]]
Source: [[Nanotechnology Takes Off|http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/189]] KQED QUEST Television Story
Using nanotechnology, scientists from UCLA and Northwestern University have developed a localized and controlled drug delivery method that is invisible to the immune system, a discovery that could provide newer and more effective treatments for cancer and other diseases. The study provides an example of the enormous potential and clinical significance that nanomaterials may represent in such fields as oncology, endocrinology and cardiology.
The researchers used nanoscale polymer films, about four nanometers per layer, to build a sort of matrix or platform to hold and slowly release an anti-inflammatory drug.
The nanomaterial technology serves as a non-invasive and biocompatible platform for the delivery of a broad range of therapeutics. The technology also may prove to be an effective approach for delivering multiple drugs, controlling the sequence of multi-drug delivery strategies and enhancing the life spans of commonly implanted devices such as cardiac stents, pacemakers and continuous glucose monitors. “For chemotherapy, this system could enhance treatment efficacy while preventing uncontrolled delivery and the resultant patient side effects.”
Source: [[Scientists use nanotechnology to localize and control drug delivery|http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/scientists-use-nanotechnology-43634.aspx]]
Subra Suresh, in a recent interview, nicely quoted ''the potentialities of nanotechnology to perform in the life sciences area''. At a (bio)molecular level which is, by its own, nanometric.
The [[malaria|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria]] parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, turn rigid the red blood cells and these looses their abilty to enter the smallest human capillaries. This is the effect of one protein, discovered by a team lead not by a biologist neither a ~MSc but an engineer: [[Subra Suresh|http://sureshgroup.mit.edu/suresh.htm]], dean of the Engineering Schoold at the Massachussets Intitute of Technology.
“Traditonally, in biology, they study the biomolecules. Here we introduce the engineering. ''Biologists have known for 20 years the effect of malaria in the red blood cells. Now, thanks to the nanotechnology, we have tools to measure the mechanical properties of the cell with high precission, and that is the new thing. Our contribution is to show the mechanical behaviour of the cell.''”
Source: [['Hacemos ingeniería celular a nanoescala'|http://www.elpais.com/articulo/futuro/Hacemos/ingenieria/celular/nanoescala/elpepusocfut/20080618elpepifut_4/Tes]]. El País, june 18, 2008
When the public considers competing arguments about a new technology’s potential risks and benefits, people will tend to agree with the expert whose values are closest to their own, no matter what position the expert takes. The same will hold true for nanotechnology, a key study has found. The study results appear in a report issued by the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (PEN).
“Because most people lack the time and expertise necessary to make sense of scientific information on complex and novel risks, they naturally rely on experts whom they trust to determine what information to believe. Individuals are inclined to trust those who share their cultural outlooks,” according to the study’s lead author Yale Law School professor Dan Kahan.
The new results are consistent with those from an earlier study — part of an ongoing series being sponsored by the National Science Foundation, PEN and the Oscar M. Ruebahausen Fund at Yale Law School — in which the same researchers found that individuals’ values influence how they respond to information about nanotechnology risks.
The findings reinforce the fact that the task of engaging the U.S. public about nanotechnology will not be simple or easy, PEN Director David Rejeski says.
“This study identifies some of the hurdles policy experts face in developing a comprehensive strategy for providing citizens with information about nanotechnology,” Rejeski says. “It highlights the urgency of talking with the public about nanotechnology now — at this relatively early stage in its commercialization. It also emphasizes the importance of getting information to people that they can trust and from sources they can rely on.”
In the third and final study in this series of experiments, expected to be completed in spring 2008, the Cultural Cognition Project will explore the persuasiveness of different messages coupled with a variety of trusted messengers on various audience groups.
Source: [[Nanotechnology’s Future Depends On Who The Public Trusts|http://www.nanotechproject.org/news/archive/yale21/]]
Besides, despite the continuing stimulation for interdisciplinary collaboration, biological applications of nanotechnologically designed objects still suffer from gaps between the different disciplines. Chemists, physicists, and engineers create new advanced materials of
sophisticated functionality on a daily basis, but their understanding of biology is usually limited. This leads to studies where uptake of nanoparticles by cells is investigated but facts, such as that the incorporated particles are stuck in endosomal/lysosomal structures instead of being free in the cytoplasm, are ignored. In biological contexts, the uptake of nanoparticles by cells is typically investigated with relatively undefined nanoparticles with large polydispersity,
limited colloidal stability, unknown surface chemistry, etc. And finally, the social burden of toxicity makes it difficult to extract conclusions, and the results, even the more technical ones, often biased towards toxicity or not toxicity depending on the context of the reporters, e.g., presenting a new medical device versus evaluating a material toxicity.
An example of such is the observation of toxicity of CNT which is then proposed to get rid of bacteria. Fighting against bacteria is critical in some conditions, besides, bacteria are at the base of the food chain and the life substrate itself. In fact, nanosilver was banned by the FDA
because of its bactericide character.
[[Carbon nanotubes show germ-fighting promise|http://www.nanotoday.com/pdfs_nanotoday_05_2007/news.pdf]]
[[EPA uses nanotech regulation ploy to target colloidal silver while ignoring all other nanotech particles|http://www.newstarget.com/021231.html]]
Engineers at the University of California, Riverside are part of a team that has found semiconducting nanotubes produced by living bacteria – a discovery that could help in the creation of a new generation of nanoelectronic devices.
The research team believes this is the first time nanotubes have been shown to be produced by biological rather than chemical means. It opens the door to the possibility of cheaper and more environmentally friendly manufacture of electronic materials.
[<img[Shewanella bacteria (shown in blue) forming nanotubes|http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/rel/6135_rel.jpg]]
The team found the bacterium Shewanella facilitates the formation of arsenic-sulfide nanotubes that have unique physical and chemical properties not produced by chemical agents. The photoactive arsenic-sulfide nanotubes produced by the bacteria behave as metals with electrical and photoconductive properties. The researchers report that these properties may also provide novel functionality for the next generation of semiconductors in nano- and opto-electronic devices. In a process that is not yet fully understood, the Shewanella bacterium secretes polysacarides that seem to produce the template for the arsenic sulfide nanotubes,
Source: [[Nanotube-producing Bacteria Show Manufacturing Promise|http://www.newsroom.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/display.cgi?id=1730]]
The first concrete result of the work ISO launched in 2005 to develop standards to support the innovative field of nanotechnologies comes with the publication of [[ISO/TS 27687:2008|http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=44278]], which provides terms and definitions related to particles in the field of nanotechnologies. It is intended to facilitate communications between organizations and individuals in industry and those who interact with them.
''ISO/TS 27687:2008, Nanotechnologies – Terminology and definitions for nano-objects – Nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate'', //is the first part of a projected series on terminology and definitions documents covering the different aspects of nanotechnologies//.
ISO/TS 27687:2008 is concerned with the terminology and definitions for objects at the nano-scale, which come in several shapes. The three basic shapes referred to in this document are:
* nanoparticle
* nanofibre
* nanoplate.
[[Nanotechnologies|http://www.iso.org/iso/hot_topics_nanotechnology]] are expected to be a key economic driver for the 21st century. They promise significant benefits, including enhancements in medical diagnosis and treatment; more efficient energy sources; lighter, stronger and cheaper materials, faster and more powerful electronic products, and cleaner, cheaper water. At the same time, particular attention is being paid to the effects of specific nanomaterials, particularly nanoparticles, on human health and the environment and ISO's work in the field includes the development of standards on these aspects.
Dr. Peter Hatto, Chair of ISO technical committee [[ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies|http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_technical_committee?commid=381983]], comments: “International standardization will play a critical role in ensuring that the full potential of nanotechnology is realized and that nanotechnology is safely integrated into society. Standards will help create a smooth transition from the laboratory to the marketplace, promote progress along the nanotechnology value chain and facilitate global trade. ISO/TS 27687:2008 helps to provide clarity in the description and naming of these fundamental building blocks for this important area of technology”.
ISO/TS 27687, Nanotechnologies – Terminology and definitions for nano-objects – Nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate, was developed by ISO technical committee ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies.
Source: [[New ISO/TS 27687 will help defining nanotechnologies|http://www.iso.org/iso/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1161]]
[<img[The initials for Stanford University are written in electron waves on a piece of copper and projected into a tiny hologram|http://home.slac.stanford.edu/pressreleases/images/SU-graphic.jpg]] Physicists have set a new world record for the smallest writing, with features of letters as small as 0.3 nanometers, or roughly one third of a billionth of a meter. The accomplishment demonstrates that information can be stored more densely than previously thought. The research was conducted at the Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences (SIMES), a joint institute of Stanford University and the U.S. Department of Energy's [[SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory|http://www.slac.stanford.edu/]]. The researchers encoded the letters "S" and "U" (as in Stanford University) within the interference patterns formed by quantum electron waves on the surface of a sliver of copper. The wave patterns even project a tiny hologram of the data, which can be viewed with a powerful microscope.
''"How densely can you encode information on a computer chip?"'' said Hari Manoharan the assistant professor of physics who directed the work of physics graduate student Chris Moon and other researchers. //"The assumption has been that basically the ultimate limit is when one atom represents one bit, and then there's no more room—in other words it's impossible to scale down below the level of atoms. But in this experiment we’ve stored some 35 bits per electron to encode each letter. So one bit per atom is no longer the limit for information density."//
''The quest for small writing has played a role in the development of nanotechnology for 50 years'', beginning decades before "nano" became a household word. During a now-legendary talk in 1959, the remarkable physicist Richard Feynman argued that there were no physical barriers preventing machines and circuitry from being shrunk drastically. He called his talk, [["There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom"|http://www.its.caltech.edu/~feynman/plenty.html]]. Feynman offered a $1,000 prize for anyone who could find a way to rewrite a page from an ordinary book in text 25,000 times smaller than the usual size (a scale at which the entire contents of the Encyclopedia Britannica would fit on the head of a pin). He held onto his money until 1985, when he mailed a check to Stanford grad student Tom Newman, who, working with Electrical Engineering Professor Fabian Pease, used electron beam lithography to engrave the opening page of Dickens' //A Tale of Two Cities// in such small print that it could be read only with an electron microscope. That record held until 1990, when [[IBM researchers famously spelled out the letters of their company name by arranging 35 individual xenon atoms|Atom Transporter]]. Now the researchers describe how they’ve created letters one fortieth the size of the original prize winning effort and less than one quarter of the size of the IBM initials.
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Source: [[Sub-atomic-scale Writing Using a Quantum Hologram Sets New Size Record|http://home.slac.stanford.edu/pressreleases/2009/20090128.htm]]. This work is detailed in the paper [[Quantum holographic encoding in a two-dimensional electron gas|http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nnano.2008.415.html]] by [[Christopher R. Moon|http://www.stanford.edu/~cmoon/]], Laila S. Mattos, Brian K. Foster, Gabriel Zeltzer and [[Hari C. Manoharan|http://www.manoharan.org/]]
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag milestone "milestone" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag microscope "microscope" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoelectronics "nanoelectronics" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanophotonics "nanophotonics" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag video "video" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
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Our research group has pioneered the use of microemulsions in cultural heritage conservation as solubilizing agents to be used as an alternative to pure organic solvents for the selective extraction of naturally or artificially aged polymeric coatings. Nanotechnologies have produced some meaningful advantages within this field reducing between 80% and 95% of the amount of the used organic solvents with a consequent reduction of the environmental impact. Frescoes are porous structures, and conventional solvents can be efficient in removing polymeric material at the surface but are almost completely inefficient in cleaning the porous structure. Nanocompartmentalized systems are the best available cleaning system to avoid the penetration and the diffusion of the removed polymeric materials into the porous structure of the work of art.
Source: [[Oil-in-Water Nanocontainers as Low Environmental Impact Cleaning Tools for Works of Art: Two Case Studies|http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/sample.cgi/langd5/asap/html/la700487s.html]] by Emiliano Carretti, Rodorico Giorgi, Debora Berti, and Piero Baglioni
<<tag art>>
Federal government and U.S. industry scientists are forging ahead with plans to establish an international online forum for collaboration that aims to accelerate development of products with ultra-small dimensions while minimizing potential environmental, health, and safety risks. The collaboration will focus on the creation of critically needed nanotechnology standards for biomedical and health applications, including Standard Reference Materials and test methods.
Combining efforts of materials scientists and measurement laboratories with those of biological and medical researchers, the new Internet-linked "community of interest" will exploit Web 2.0-style social networking technologies for creating and sharing information, as well as deliberating over technical details.
The concept for the Web-based collaboration was strongly endorsed during a recent international two-day workshop on [[Enabling Standards for Nanomaterial Characterization|http://www.ceramics.nist.gov/nanomaterial_workshop.htm]], hosted and co-sponsored by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). At the workshop, participants had reported mixed results in recent interlaboratory comparisons of physical and biological measurements on reference nanomaterials and other pretested samples. Pointing to the inconsistent results in these pilot "round robins," many participants called for a sustained collaboration to develop high-quality, validated and uniformly applied standards that ensure reliable measurement and test results. "This consensus among the scientific community about what has to be done is really reassuring. I firmly believe we are on the right road now," said Kenneth Dawson, chair of the [[International Alliance for NanoEHS Harmonization|Scientists form alliance to develop nanotoxicology protocols]].
Estimated to be $147 billion in 2007, the global market for nanotechnology-enabled products could top $3 trillion by 2015, according to the market research firm Lux Research. The large projected market, an increasingly diverse range of anticipated nanotechnology applications, and the wide variety of science and engineering fields working toward these applications have led to a growing need for different types of nanotechnology standards.
"Engagement of the world’s environmental, health and safety scientific expertise in standards development could well become a [[‘tragedy of the commons’|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons]] in that we know standards will benefit the entire community, but there are a growing number of organizations tapping into this scientific expertise," said Clayton Teague, director of the National Nanotechnology Coordination Office, which administers the federal National Nanotechnology Initiative. "This finite expertise might become so overly taxed that real progress will be hindered. A community-driven initiative makes sense. Collaborative Web sites look very promising as a means to enable sustained cooperation across nations and scientific disciplines."
The new online community of interest will concentrate on facilitating and streamlining the many back-and-forth technical deliberations that take place during the drafting of a standard—before it’s submitted for formal approval by an standards developing organization (SDO). Now undergoing further development at NCI, ''the nanotechnology standards wiki will enable instantaneous dissemination (as well as archiving) of drafts, discussions, votes and supporting materials. Wiki-related tools will help in organizing discussions, and ~SDOs will be able to tap this resource to expedite drafting and validating protocols before they enter the formal standards approval process''.
"The lack of standardized methods has been a rate-limiting step in the translation of [[nanoparticle-based cancer therapies|nano-oncology]]," said Piotr Grodzinski, director of NCI's Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer. "I commend this initiative for taking on streamlining nanomaterial characterization and its standardization."
''Increased transparency in the standards development process also will facilitate cooperation in interlaboratory testing to determine the reproducibility and repeatability of methods''. For NIST, input from the online community of interest will help to set priorities for developing reference materials used to calibrate instruments that make nanoscale measurements and validate testing protocols.
NCI and its partners expect a fully operational and vetted version of the site to be publicly available by early 2009.
Source: [[NCI and NIST Propose Online Community To Speed Up Development of Nanotech Standards|http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/online_community.html]]. Participatory, Web 2.0 Web Site to Focus on Nanomaterials
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[<img[A schematic illustration shows the microfiber nanowire hybrid nanogenerator, which is the basis of using fabrics for generating electricity. Credit: Prof. Z.L. Wang and Dr. X.D. Wang, Georgia Institute of Technology|http://portal.acs.org/portal/binfetch/consumption?fileUrl=/stellent/groups/web/documents/article/~export/WPCP_012560~1~HTML_DC_TEMPLATE~SNIPPET_LAYOUT/38774-1.jpg]] Scientists from Georgia describe technology that [[converts mechanical energy from body movements|http://www.gatech.edu/newsroom/release.html?id=2581]] or even the flow of blood in the body into electric energy that can be used to power a broad range of electronic devices without using batteries.
“This research will have a major impact on defense technology, environmental monitoring, biomedical sciences and even personal electronics,” says lead researcher Zhong Lin Wang, from the Georgia Institute of Technology. “Quite simply, this technology can be used to generate energy under any circumstances as long as there is movement,” according to Wang.
The researchers describe harvesting energy from the environment by converting low-frequency vibrations, like simple body movements, the beating of the heart or movement of the wind, into electricity, using zinc oxide (~ZnO) nanowires that conduct the electricity. The ~ZnO nanowires are piezoelectric — they generate an electric current when subjected to mechanical stress. The diameter and length of the wire are 1/5,000th and 1/25th the diameter of a human hair.
While biosensors have been miniaturized and can be implanted under the skin, he points out that these devices still require batteries, and the new nanogenerator would offer much more flexibility. A major advantage of this new technology is that many nanogenerators can produce electricity continuously and simultaneously. On the other hand, the greatest challenge in developing these nanogenerators is to improve the output voltage and power, he says. Last year Wang’s group presented a study on nanogenerators driven by ultrasound.
Source: [[New nanogenerator may charge iPods and cell phones with a wave of the hand|http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAIN&node_id=222&content_id=WPCP_012560&use_sec=true&sec_url_var=region1&__uuid=69654eff-1658-4e59-861d-22e268c1f1cd]]. This work is detailed in the paper [[Converting Biomechanical Energy into Electricity by a Muscle-Movement-Driven Nanogenerator|http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl803904b]] by [[Rusen Yang|http://www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang/group/ry.htm]], [[Yong Qin|http://www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang/group/yq.htm]], [[Cheng Li|http://www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang/group/cl.htm]], [[Guang Zhu|http://www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang/group/gz.htm]] and [[Zhong Lin Wang|http://www.mse.gatech.edu/FacultyStaff/MSE_Faculty_researchbios/Wang/wang.html]]. More information: [[Zhong Lin Wang describes his work to power the nanoworld|http://www.technologyreview.com/video/?vid=257]] in a video included in [[Nanopiezoelectronics|http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/22118/]] by Katherine Bourzac, MIT's Technology Review.
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Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag energy "energy" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoelectronics "nanoelectronics" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag video "video" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
Boise State researchers have made a remarkable breakthrough in cancer treatment that may provide the “magic bullet” for the debilitating effects of chemotherapy. The interdisciplinary group of researchers applied emerging nanotechnology techniques to traditional cancer research to come up with a highly effective method for the preferential killing of cancer cells while leaving ordinary cells healthy. This nanobiotechnology group is led by Boise State physics professor [[Alex Punnoose|http://www.boisestate.edu/physics/punnoose/]] with strong contributions from biology professors [[Denise Wingett|http://www.boisestate.edu/biology/wingett.htm]] and [[Kevin Feris|http://www.boisestate.edu/biology/feris/FerisLab/Dr.Feris.html]].
“One of the greatest challenges preventing advances in new therapeutic options for treating cancer is the inability of anticancer drugs to effectively differentiate between cancerous and normal healthy body cells,” said Wingett, a cancer researcher. “Many commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs target rapidly dividing cells but suffer from a relatively low therapeutic index, which is the ratio of toxic dose to effective dose.” But the group discovered that ''zinc-oxide nanoparticles can preferentially kill cancer cells without impacting normal cells'', a discovery that could potentially treat the cancer without the side effects caused by chemotherapy.
//“Until now, no group in the world has been able to produce inherent selective cancer-killing ability in nanoparticles,”// Wingett said. “Current chemotherapy drugs typically consist of single molecules and do not provide much room for manipulation of the molecule. But [[nanoparticles]] can be modified so that certain characteristics, like [[cancer-killing|nano-oncology]] attributes, can be accentuated. Because of this, we think there is room for improvement in what we have already demonstrated.”
Wingett said the selectivity of these nanomaterials may be enhanced by linking tumor-targeting proteins such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides, and small molecules to tumor-associated proteins, or by using nanoparticles for drug delivery. In addition to these future directions, the research team is exploring the possibility of altering the nanoparticles to further improve their inherent ability to kill cancer cells while sparing normal healthy body cells.
Source: [[Boise State Cancer Research Breakthrough May Be 'Magic Bullet' for Cancer Treatment|http://news.boisestate.edu/newsrelease/082008/0829cancerresearch.shtml]]. The group’s discovery is described in the paper [[“Preferential Killing of Cancer Cells and Activated Human T Cells Using ZnO Nanoparticles"|http://stacks.iop.org/0957-4484/19/295103]], published in the journal Nanotechnology.
''Using design and engineering principles learned from nature, a team of biochemists from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine have built – from scratch – a completely new type of protein''. This protein can transport oxygen, akin to human neuroglobin, a molecule that carries oxygen in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Some day this approach could be used to make artificial blood for use on the battle field or by emergency-care professionals.
“This is quite a different way of making novel proteins than the rest of the world,” says senior author [[P. Leslie Dutton|http://www.med.upenn.edu/duttonlab/]], ~PhD, Eldridge Reeves Johnson Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics. “We’ve created an unusually simple and relatively small protein that has a function, which is to carry oxygen. No one else has ever done this before.”
“Our aim is to design new proteins from principles we discover studying natural proteins,” explains co-author Christopher C. Moser, ~PhD, Associate Director of the Johnson Foundation at Penn. “For example, we found that natural proteins are complex and fragile and when we make new proteins we want them to be simple and robust. That’s why we’re not re-engineering a natural protein, but making one from scratch.”
Currently, protein engineers take an existing biochemical scaffold from nature and tweak it a bit structurally to make it do something else. “This research demonstrates how we used a set of simple design principles, which challenge the kind of approaches that have been used to date in reproducing natural protein functions,” says Dutton.
Source: [[Proteins by Design: Penn Biochemists Create New Protein from Scratch|http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/news/News_Releases/2009/03/proteins-by-design.html]]. This work is detailed in the paper [[Design and engineering of an O2 transport protein|http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v458/n7236/abs/nature07841.html]] by [[Ronald L. Koder|http://www.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/physics/faculty/koder.htm]], [[J. L. Ross Anderson|http://www.med.upenn.edu/duttonlab/AndersonFrameSet.html]], [[Lee A. Solomon|http://www.med.upenn.edu/duttonlab/SolomonFrameSet.html]], Konda S. Reddy, [[Christopher C. Moser|http://www.med.upenn.edu/duttonlab/MoserFrameSet.html]] & [[P. Leslie Dutton|http://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g275/p16536]]. Related post: [[A Revolution in de novo Protein Engineering|http://metamodern.com/2009/03/30/a-revolution-in-de-novo-protein-engineering/]] by Eric Drexler.
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanobiotechnology "nanobiotechnology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
//"I think I can safely say that nobody understands Quantum Mechanics"// Richard Feynman quotes (American theoretical physicist, 1918-1988)
The word quantum is increasingly used in many popular contexts, as is nano. But, how many really understand what this word that came out of a scientific context means in our daily life and our shifting perception of self and the collective consciousness? This installation is a result of a philosophical dialogue about these phenomena between media artist [[Victoria Vesna|http://vv.arts.ucla.edu/]] and nanoscientist [[James Gimzewski|http://www.cnsi.ucla.edu/institution/personnel?personnel%5fid=113179]] who have collaborated on a number of major art | sci works in the past seven years.
The conceptual framework began when Gimzewski was explaining how the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM), based on the concept of quantum tunneling, works. Tunneling is a process at an atomic level by which the particle wave tunnels through the potential barrier to the other side. These potential barriers or wells are regions of space where there is a sudden increase (barrier) or decrease in the potential or there is a presence of an electric field in the path of the object. Even though scientists understand how quantum tunneling happens, there is no way to intuit or predict what it means for matter to "tunnel" through other matter. Mental constructions and explanations quickly become illogical and are poor models for actual tunneling on the nano level that we recently gained access to.
Typically the way the tunneling events are handled is in a probabilistic or wave-like representation where the particles make many attempts at penetrating the forbidden barrier. The concept of time doesn't exist mathematically in the barrier with the exception of some work by physicist David Bohm who explored the concept of trajectories through the barrier. Tunneling is a problem in modern electronics where the tiny dimensions permit electrical insulators to conduct, but it is also fundamental to the energy of the sun and the hydrogen bomb where nuclear tunneling is behind the whole reaction.
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This quantum tunneling principle generally does not work in our physical human scale where we tend to think of our reality as predictable. Indeed, most of the time we can predict the cause and effect of physical interactions of things and beings. But, when things break down, we have moments when a window opens to a space in our consciousness where these principles just may be applied as the probability of events that impacts our physical space shifts. Indeed, ''when we find ourselves in a non-rational, non-linear space of probabilities, our usual way of thinking and logic falls short and this may be the barrier to the next level in human creativity be it art or science''.
Source: [[Quantum Tunnel|http://www.cnsi.ucla.edu/news/item?item_id=623120]]. Victoria Vesna in collaboration with nanoscientist James Gimzewski. [[MedienKunstLabor|http://www.medienkunstlabor.at/cms/index.php?id=59&L=2]] (Media art laboratory), Graz, Austria
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag art "art" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
In a major feat of nanotechnology engineering researchers from Harvard University have demonstrated a laser with a wide-range of potential applications in chemistry, biology and medicine. Called a quantum cascade (QC) laser NanoAntenna, the device is capable of resolving the chemical composition of samples, such as the interior of a cell, with unprecedented detail.
[<img[consists of an optical antenna fabricated on the facet of a quantum cascade laser|http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/rel/5589_rel.jpg]] “By combining Quantum Cascade Lasers with optical antenna nanotechnology we have created for the first time an extremely compact device that will enable the realization of new ultrahigh spatial resolution microscopes for chemical imaging on a nanometric scale of a wide range of materials and biological specimens,” says Federico Capasso.
The range of applications of QC laser based chemical sensors is very broad, including pollution monitoring, chemical sensing, medical diagnostics such as breath analysis, and homeland security.
Source: [[Harvard University engineers demonstrate quantum cascade laser nanoantenna|http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/hu-hue102207.php]]
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|''Date:''|Apr 21, 2007|
|''Source:''|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#RSSReaderPlugin|
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|''Author:''|BidiX (BidiX (at) bidix (dot) info)|
|''Credit:''|BramChen for RssNewsMacro|
|''License:''|[[BSD open source license|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#%5B%5BBSD%20open%20source%20license%5D%5D ]]|
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A team of scientists at Stanford University has tracked the movement of carbon nanotubes through the digestive systems of mice. They've determined that the nanotubes do not exhibit any toxicity in the mice, and are safely expelled after delivering their payload. (see related posts: [[First Direct Images of Carbon Nanotubes Entering Cells]] and [[Nanotube-producing bacteria]]). As a result, the study paves the way toward future applications of nanotubes in the treatment of illnesses. Previous research by the same team demonstrated that nanotubes can be used to fight cancer. The nanotubes do this in two ways. One method involves shining laser light on the nanotubes, which generates heat to destroy cancer cells. Another method involves attaching medicine to the nanotubes, which are able to accurately 'find' cancerous cells without impacting healthy cells.
Source: [[Researchers' nanotube findings give boost to potential biomedical applications|http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january30/tube-013008.html]]
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~SciVee is about the free and widespread dissemination and comprehension of science.
~SciVee, created for scientists, by scientists, moves science beyond the printed word and lecture theater taking advantage of the internet as a communication medium where scientists young and old have a place and a voice.
~SciVee is operated in partnership with the Public Library of Science (~PLoS), the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC). ~SciVee allows scientists to communicate their work as a multimedia presentation incorporated with the content of their published article. Other scientists can freely view uploaded presentations and engage in virtual discussions with the author and other viewers. ~SciVee also facilitates the creation of communities around specific articles and keywords. Use this medium to meet peers and future collaborators that share your particular research interests.
Source: [[About : SciVee: Pioneering New Modes of Scientific Dissemination|http://www.scivee.tv/]]
[img[SciVee|http://www.scivee.tv/sites/all/themes/scitube/images/about_color.gif]]
"For ages scientific notebooks have been the mainstay of scientific research and have always had one thing in common: paper. Until now that was mostly due to a lack of options. Today as science and computers have become more and more inseparable the appeal of digital notebooks is quite clear. ''Digital notebooks have one huge advantage over their hand-written brethren - search capabilities.'' The ability to easily search for notes rather than paging through 3-ring binder after 3-ring binder is a HUGE timesaver. Digital notebooks do have their shortcomings, primarily the inability to easily write equations and draw diagrams. However, by adding [[LaTeX|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX]] to the mix digital notebooks can handle equations with ease, and scanning in diagrams isn’t too much of a chore either. I’m going to assume some working knowledge of LaTeX, however, if you aren’t familiar with LaTeX don’t worry it isn’t required to use TiddlyWiki. Besides, typesetting simple equations in LaTex is actually very simple.
There are quite a few scientific notebook applications out there, but I recently found a solution that I think quite elegant and possibly the simplest to use. TiddlyWiki is a wiki platform not unlike MoinMoin and DokuWiki. TiddlyWiki has a few advantages over these other wiki solutions, however, primarily its portability and interoperability. TiddlyWiki consists of one simple html file which makes it extremely easy to take your notebook with you on a USB memory stick. In addition, since the only program required is a standard web browser (IE6, IE7, Firefox, etc) you can take notes anywhere there is a computer (no internet required). For example I can take notes from the lab machine running Windows just as easily as I can from my iMac at home." //''[[''From "TiddlyWiki and LaTeX - Scientific Notebooks Made Easy" by Franklin on October 10, 2007|http://www.zaphu.com/2007/10/10/tiddlywiki-and-latex-scientific-notebooks-made-easy/]]''//
[<img[The materials safety data sheet for carbon nanotubes—which provides workers and safety personnel with information on proper handling procedures—treats these substances as graphite, the material used in pencils. But carbon nanotubes are as similar to pencil lead as the soot on my barbeque grill at home is to diamonds|http://www.nanotechproject.org/process/assets/images/5896/118_1.jpg]] Andrew Maynard, a well known toxicologist investigating the potential toxicity of nanostructures waved a packet of carbon nanotubes accusingly at the assembled American politicians during a hearing in Congress. They had arrived in the post along with a safety sheet describing them as graphite and thus requiring no special precautions beyond those needed for a nuisance dust.
Had Dr Maynard's bag split wide open in Congress, scattering his carbon nanotubes into the air, would any harm have been caused? Probably not. But, as an answer, "probably" is not good enough.
Scientists do not mean that nanoparticles are inherently unsafe, only that there is a yawning gap in understanding their effects. Yet safety legislation cannot be expected to work until the products of the
technology are better understood.
Source: [[A little risky business|http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=10171212&fsrc=nwlbtwfree]].
United States House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Technology. Hearing, october 31, 2007: [[Research on Environmental and Safety Impacts of Nanotechnology: Current Status of Planning and Implementation under the National Nanotechnology Initiative|http://science.edgeboss.net/real/science/scitech07/103107.smi]]. Testimony By [[Dr. Andrew Maynard|http://democrats.science.house.gov/Media/File/Commdocs/hearings/2007/research/31oct/Maynard_testimony.pdf]]. Chief Science Advisor Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies and their [[oral testimony|http://www.nanotechproject.org/mint/pepper/tillkruess/downloads/tracker.php?url=http%3A//www.nanotechproject.org/process/assets/files/5896/maynard_oral_testimony_103107.pdf]]. Reflections after the hearing: [[Invest in nano applications, and the risks will take care of themselves?|http://community.safenano.org/blogs/andrew_maynard/archive/2007/11/04/invest-in-nano-applications-and-the-risks-will-take-care-of-themselves.aspx]] by Andrew Maynard and [[U.S. Government Delays Nanotechnology Safety Measures|http://www.nanotechproject.org/news/archive/us_government_delays_nanotechnology/]] by the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies
A team of materials scientists and toxicologists announced the formation of a new international research alliance to establish protocols for reproducible toxicological testing of nanomaterials in both cultured cells and animals. ''[[The International Alliance for NanoEHS Harmonization (IANH)|http://www.nanoehsalliance.org/]]'' was unveiled at [[Nanotox 2008|http://www.nanotox2008.ch/]], one of the world's largest biennial [[nanotoxicological research|nanotoxicology]] meetings.
//"When this team of scientists from Europe, the U.S., and Japan are able to get the same results for interactions of nanomaterials with biological organisms, then science and society can have higher confidence in the safety of these materials,"// said [[Kenneth Dawson|http://www.ucd.ie/chem/dawson/index.html]], of University College Dublin and current chair of the IANH team.
Nanotechnology provides the opportunity for enabling new products that could meet a wide range of societal needs, but concerns over potential environmental, health and safety impacts of these materials may limit their adoption. Multiple organizations including the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the [[International Nanotechnology Conference for Communication and Cooperation (INC)|http://www.cnsi.ucla.edu/events/event-category-view?category_id=131813]] //have highlighted the importance of international collaboration ''to accelerate understanding of nanotechnology implications for society''. This alliance, IANH, was established by leading materials and toxicological researchers to address this need//.
Previous studies have identified key gaps in scientific knowledge regarding the biological interactions with nanoparticles and subsequent toxicological responses. Progress in resolving these issues is limited by the lack of testing protocols that enable reproducible assessment of the biological interactions of nanoparticles with cells and animals, and the lack of correlations between interactions observed in cells and in animals. ''IANH is being formed to establish testing protocols that enable reproducible toxicological testing of nanomaterials at the cell and animal levels and to start developing correlations between these two systems''.
This effort was encouraged by the United States National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (~FP7), and the Japanese National Institute for Materials Science.
Source: [[Scientists form alliance to develop nanotoxicology protocols|http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/ru-sfa090808.php]]
''The first-ever glimpse of nanoscale catalysts in action'' could lead to improved pollution control and fuel cell technologies. Scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory observed catalysts restructuring themselves in response to various gases swirling around them, like a chameleon changing its color to match its surroundings.
Using a state-of-the-art spectroscopy system at [[Berkeley Lab’s Advanced Light Source|http://www-als.lbl.gov/]], the team watched, for the first time, as nanoparticles composed of two catalytic metals changed their composition in the presence of different reactants. ''Until now, scientists have had to rely on snapshots of catalysts taken before and after a reaction, never during''.
This new window could give scientists the ability to develop cheaper and smarter catalysts that are fine-tuned to drive the chemistry of everyday life. It could also expedite the development of catalysts that mop up all the substances in a reaction except the desired product, the hallmark of “[[green chemistry]]” in which waste byproducts are minimized.
“Now we can dream. By watching catalysts change in real time, we can possibly design smart catalysts that optimally change as a reaction evolves,” said [[Gabor Somorjai|http://newscenter.lbl.gov/press-releases/2007/06/07/gabor-somorjai-wins-priestley-award/]], a renowned surface science and catalysis expert who holds joint appointments with Berkeley Lab’s Materials Sciences Division and UC Berkeley’s department of chemistry. He conducted the research with [[Miquel Salmeron|http://stm.lbl.gov/Salmeron_group/aboutprofsalmeron.html]], a pioneer in a field of spectroscopy that enabled this work.
“[[Reaction-Driven Restructuring of Rh-Pd and Pt-Pd Core-Shell Nanoparticles|http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1164170]]” was published online Oct. 9 in Science Express.
Source: [[Secret Lives of Catalysts Revealed|http://newscenter.lbl.gov/press-releases/2008/10/21/catalysts/]]. New window into nanoscale chemistry could help improve pollution control, fuel cell technologies
<html><object width="550" height="500"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/OcPWWsdLcvs&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/OcPWWsdLcvs&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" width="550" height="500"></embed></object></html>
Nanotechnology is growing worldwide. Huge investments are made by USA, Europe and Japan, new players like China and India are joining. Like other new technologies, nanotechnology is the subject for great hope and fear. Proponents envision revolutionized healthcare, consumer goods and construction industries. Opponents show nightmare scenarios of self‐replicating nano‐scale robots and a new asbestos crisis.
Lacking appropriate means for challenging the arguments, politicians run the risk of
committing to a viewpoint too early. In response to this, and using nanotechnology as the
case in question, the concept of a European Transparency Arena will be discussed at the
seminar. Such an Arena will have the purpose to support the European Parliament in its
decision‐making on issues with a high technological and scientific content. The arguments
of stakeholders will be challenged from different angles, hidden values will be explored and
ethical issues will be discussed.
<html>
<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-Seminar in the European Parliament"> <a class="url" href="http://karita.se/docs/ep-08/ep-march-5-invitation.pdf"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20080305">March 5th</abbr> — <span class="summary">Seminar in the European Parliament</span>— at <span class="location">Brussels</span> </a> <div class="description">Nanotechnology threat or opportunity? Who is really in charge of policy making in cutting edge technology?|</div>
</html>
See [[European Commission adopts Code of Conduct for Responsible Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies Research ]]
"Out of the box, TiddlyWiki doesn't have a ServerSide back end. In many applications that's a great strength because it means that you can work with TiddlyWiki without having to be connected to the Internet or, because it's SelfContained, installing any software.
In other applications, a ServerSide can be very useful, particularly if you want to edit a TiddlyWiki while it's online, or you need lots of people to be able to edit a TiddlyWiki at the same time. The development Community has come up with several ServerSide implementations that are suitable for a range of applications." Jeremy Ruston, TiddlyWiki creator
<<search>><<option chkCaseSensitiveSearch>>CaseSensitiveSearch<<option chkRegExpSearch>>RegExpSearch
----
<<closeAll>><<permaview>><<slider chkSliderAuthorMenu AuthorMenu 'author mode' 'tools for contributors'>>
<<tabs txtMainTab "Timeline" "Timeline" TabTimeline "All" "All tiddlers" TabAll "Tags" "All tags" TabTags "More" "More lists" TabMore>>
/***
|''Name''|SimpleSearchPlugin|
|''Description''|displays search results as a simple list of matching tiddlers|
|''Authors''|FND|
|''Version''|0.3.1|
|''Status''|stable|
|''Source''|http://devpad.tiddlyspot.com/#SimpleSearchPlugin|
|''CodeRepository''|http://svn.tiddlywiki.org/Trunk/contributors/FND/plugins/SimpleSearchPlugin.js|
|''License''|[[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/]]|
|''Keywords''|search|
!Revision History
!!v0.2.0 (2008-08-18)
* initial release
!!v0.3.0 (2008-08-19)
* added Open All button (renders Classic Search option obsolete)
* sorting by relevance (title matches before content matches)
!To Do
* animations for container creation and removal
* when clicking on search results, do not scroll to the respective tiddler (optional)
* use template for search results
!Code
***/
//{{{
if(!version.extensions.SimpleSearchPlugin) { //# ensure that the plugin is only installed once
version.extensions.SimpleSearchPlugin = { installed: true };
if(!plugins) { var plugins = {}; }
plugins.SimpleSearchPlugin = {
heading: "Search Results",
containerId: "searchResults",
btnCloseLabel: "close",
btnCloseTooltip: "dismiss search results",
btnCloseId: "search_close",
btnOpenLabel: "Open all",
btnOpenTooltip: "open all search results",
btnOpenId: "search_open",
displayResults: function(matches, query) {
story.refreshAllTiddlers(true); // update highlighting within story tiddlers
var el = document.getElementById(this.containerId);
query = '"""' + query + '"""'; // prevent WikiLinks
if(el) {
removeChildren(el);
} else { //# fallback: use displayArea as parent
var container = document.getElementById("displayArea");
el = document.createElement("div");
el.setAttribute("id", this.containerId);
el = container.insertBefore(el, container.firstChild);
}
var msg = "!" + this.heading + "\n";
if(matches.length > 0) {
msg += "''" + config.macros.search.successMsg.format([matches.length.toString(), query]) + ":''\n";
this.results = [];
for(var i = 0 ; i < matches.length; i++) {
this.results.push(matches[i].title);
msg += "* [[" + matches[i].title + "]]\n";
}
} else {
msg += "''" + config.macros.search.failureMsg.format([query]) + "''"; // XXX: do not use bold here!?
}
createTiddlyButton(el, this.btnCloseLabel, this.btnCloseTooltip, plugins.SimpleSearchPlugin.closeResults, "button", this.btnCloseId);
wikify(msg, el);
if(matches.length > 0) { // XXX: redundant!?
createTiddlyButton(el, this.btnOpenLabel, this.btnOpenTooltip, plugins.SimpleSearchPlugin.openAll, "button", this.btnOpenId);
}
},
closeResults: function() {
var el = document.getElementById(plugins.SimpleSearchPlugin.containerId);
removeNode(el);
plugins.SimpleSearchPlugin.results = null;
highlightHack = null;
},
openAll: function(ev) {
story.displayTiddlers(null, plugins.SimpleSearchPlugin.results);
return false;
}
};
config.shadowTiddlers.StyleSheetSimpleSearch = "/*{{{*/\n" +
"#" + plugins.SimpleSearchPlugin.containerId + " {\n" +
"\toverflow: auto;\n" +
"\tpadding: 5px 1em 10px;\n" +
"\tbackground-color: [[ColorPalette::TertiaryPale]];\n" +
"}\n\n" +
"#" + plugins.SimpleSearchPlugin.containerId + " h1 {\n" +
"\tmargin-top: 0;\n" +
"\tborder: none;\n" +
"}\n\n" +
"#" + plugins.SimpleSearchPlugin.containerId + " ul {\n" +
"\tmargin: 0.5em;\n" +
"\tpadding-left: 1.5em;\n" +
"}\n\n" +
"#" + plugins.SimpleSearchPlugin.containerId + " .button {\n" +
"\tdisplay: block;\n" +
"\tborder-color: [[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]];\n" +
"\tpadding: 5px;\n" +
"\tbackground-color: [[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]];\n" +
"}\n\n" +
"#" + plugins.SimpleSearchPlugin.containerId + " .button:hover {\n" +
"\tborder-color: [[ColorPalette::SecondaryMid]];\n" +
"\tbackground-color: [[ColorPalette::SecondaryLight]];\n" +
"}\n\n" +
"#" + plugins.SimpleSearchPlugin.btnCloseId + " {\n" +
"\tfloat: right;\n" +
"\tmargin: -5px -1em 5px 5px;\n" +
"}\n\n" +
"#" + plugins.SimpleSearchPlugin.btnOpenId + " {\n" +
"\tfloat: left;\n" +
"\tmargin-top: 5px;\n" +
"}\n" +
"/*}}}*/";
store.addNotification("StyleSheetSimpleSearch", refreshStyles);
// override Story.search()
Story.prototype.search = function(text, useCaseSensitive, useRegExp) {
highlightHack = new RegExp(useRegExp ? text : text.escapeRegExp(), useCaseSensitive ? "mg" : "img");
var matches = store.search(highlightHack, null, "excludeSearch");
var q = useRegExp ? "/" : "'";
plugins.SimpleSearchPlugin.displayResults(matches, q + text + q);
};
// override TiddlyWiki.search() to sort by relevance
TiddlyWiki.prototype.search = function(searchRegExp, sortField, excludeTag, match) {
var candidates = this.reverseLookup("tags", excludeTag, !!match);
var primary = [];
var secondary = [];
for(var t = 0; t < candidates.length; t++) {
if(candidates[t].title.search(searchRegExp) != -1) {
primary.push(candidates[t]);
} else if(candidates[t].text.search(searchRegExp) != -1) {
secondary.push(candidates[t]);
}
}
var results = primary.concat(secondary);
if(sortField) {
results.sort(function(a, b) {
return a[sortField] < b[sortField] ? -1 : (a[sortField] == b[sortField] ? 0 : +1);
});
}
return results;
};
} //# end of "install only once"
//}}}
Physicists at the University of California, Berkeley, have built the smallest radio yet - a single carbon nanotube one ten-thousandth the diameter of a human hair that requires only a battery and earphones to tune in to your favorite station.
"We were just in ecstasy when this worked," said team leader Alex Zettl, UC Berkeley professor of physics. "It was fantastic."
The nanoradio, which is currently configured as a receiver but could also work as a transmitter, is 100 billion times smaller than the first commercial radios, and could be used in any number of applications - from cell phones to microscopic devices that sense the environment and relay information via radio signals. Because it is extremely energy efficient, it would integrate well with microelectronic circuits.
"The nanotube radio may lead to radical new applications, such as radio-controlled devices small enough to exist in a human's bloodstream."
The nanoradio detects radio signals in a radically new way - it vibrates thousands to millions of times per second in tune with the radio wave. This makes it a true nanoelectromechanical device, dubbed NEMS, that integrates the mechanical and electrical properties of nanoscale materials.
In a normal radio, ambient radio waves from different transmitting stations generate small currents at different frequencies in the antenna, while a tuner selects one of these frequencies to amplify. In the nanoradio, the nanotube, as the antenna, detects radio waves mechanically by vibrating at radio frequencies. The nanotube is placed in a vacuum and hooked to a battery, which covers its tip with negatively charged electrons, and the electric field of the radio wave pushes and pulls the tip thousands to millions of times per second.
While large objects, like a stiff wire or a wooden ruler pinned at one end, vibrate at low frequencies - between tens and hundreds of times per second - the tiny nanotubes vibrate at high frequencies ranging from kiloHertz (thousands of times per second) to hundreds of megaHertz (100 million times per second). Thus, a single nanotube naturally selects only one frequency.
Although it might seem that the vibrating nanotube yields a "one station" radio, the tension on the nanotube also influences its natural vibration frequency, just as the tension on a guitar string fine tunes its pitch. As a result, the physicists can tune in a desired frequency or station by "pulling" on the free tip of the nanotube with a positively charged electrode. This electrode also turns the nanotube into an amplifier. The voltage is high enough to pull electrons off the tip of the nanotube and, because the nanotube is simultaneously vibrating, the electron current from the tip is an amplified version of the incoming radio signal. This is similar to the field-emission amplification of old vacuum tube amplifiers used in early radios and televisions, Zettl said. The amplified output of this simple nanotube device is enough to drive a very sensitive earphone.
Finally, the field-emission and vibration together also demodulate the signal.
Zettl won't only be tuning in to oldies stations with his nanoradio. Because the radio static is actually the sound of atoms jumping on and off the tip of the nanotube, he hopes to use the nanoradio to sense the identity of atoms or even measure their masses, which is done today by cumbersome large mass spectrometers.
Source: [[Single nanotube makes world's smallest radio|http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2007/10/31_NanoRadio.shtml]]
Clemson University chemists have developed a method to dramatically improve the longevity of fluorescent nanoparticles that may someday help researchers track the motion of a single molecule as it travels through a living cell.
The chemists are exploiting a process called “resonance energy transfer,” which occurs when fluorescent dye molecules are added to the nanoparticles.
If scientists could track the motion of a single molecule within a living cell it could reveal a world of information. Among other things, scientists could determine how viruses invade a cell or how proteins operate in the body. Such technology also could help doctors pinpoint the exact location of cancer cells in order to better focus treatment and minimize damage to healthy tissue. Outside the body, the technology could help speed up detection of such toxins as anthrax.
The key to developing single-molecule tracking technology may be the development of better fluorescent nanoparticles.
Fluorescent nanoparticles are thousands of times smaller than the width of a human hair and are similar in size to protein molecules, to which they can be attached. When illuminated by a laser beam inside a light microscope equipped with a sensitive digital camera, the nanoparticle attached to a protein will light up, allowing scientists to get a precise fix on the position of the protein and monitor its motion inside a cell.
Until now, nanoparticles have been too dim to detect inside cells, but Clemson chemists have developed a novel type of nanoparticles containing materials called conjugated polymers that light up and stay lit long enough for scientists to string together thousands of images, as in a movie.
Source: [[Clemson scientists shed light on molecules in living cells|http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-08/cu-css081607.php]]
//''testing backup when post with a firefox extension''//
/***
|Name|SinglePageModePlugin|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#SinglePageModePlugin|
|Documentation|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#SinglePageModePluginInfo|
|Version|2.9.6|
|Author|Eric Shulman - ELS Design Studios|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements <br>and [[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/]]|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Requires||
|Overrides|Story.prototype.displayTiddler(), Story.prototype.displayTiddlers()|
|Options|##Configuration|
|Description|Show tiddlers one at a time with automatic permalink, or always open tiddlers at top/bottom of page.|
This plugin allows you to configure TiddlyWiki to navigate more like a traditional multipage web site with only one tiddler displayed at a time.
!!!!!Documentation
>see [[SinglePageModePluginInfo]]
!!!!!Configuration
<<<
<<option chkSinglePageMode>> Display one tiddler at a time
><<option chkSinglePagePermalink>> Automatically permalink current tiddler
><<option chkSinglePageKeepFoldedTiddlers>> Don't close tiddlers that are folded
><<option chkSinglePageKeepEditedTiddlers>> Don't close tiddlers that are being edited
<<option chkTopOfPageMode>> Open tiddlers at the top of the page
<<option chkBottomOfPageMode>> Open tiddlers at the bottom of the page
<<option chkSinglePageAutoScroll>> Automatically scroll tiddler into view (if needed)
Notes:
* The "display one tiddler at a time" option can also be //temporarily// set/reset by including a 'paramifier' in the document URL: {{{#SPM:true}}} or {{{#SPM:false}}}.
* If more than one display mode is selected, 'one at a time' display takes precedence over both 'top' and 'bottom' settings, and if 'one at a time' setting is not used, 'top of page' takes precedence over 'bottom of page'.
* When using Apple's Safari browser, automatically setting the permalink causes an error and is disabled.
<<<
!!!!!Revisions
<<<
2008.10.17 [2.9.6] changed chkSinglePageAutoScroll default to false
| Please see [[SinglePageModePluginInfo]] for previous revision details |
2005.08.15 [1.0.0] Initial Release. Support for BACK/FORWARD buttons adapted from code developed by Clint Checketts.
<<<
!!!!!Code
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.SinglePageModePlugin= {major: 2, minor: 9, revision: 6, date: new Date(2008,10,17)};
//}}}
//{{{
config.paramifiers.SPM = { onstart: function(v) {
config.options.chkSinglePageMode=eval(v);
if (config.options.chkSinglePageMode && config.options.chkSinglePagePermalink && !config.browser.isSafari) {
config.lastURL = window.location.hash;
if (!config.SPMTimer) config.SPMTimer=window.setInterval(function() {checkLastURL();},1000);
}
} };
//}}}
//{{{
if (config.options.chkSinglePageMode==undefined)
config.options.chkSinglePageMode=false;
if (config.options.chkSinglePagePermalink==undefined)
config.options.chkSinglePagePermalink=true;
if (config.options.chkSinglePageKeepFoldedTiddlers==undefined)
config.options.chkSinglePageKeepFoldedTiddlers=false;
if (config.options.chkSinglePageKeepEditedTiddlers==undefined)
config.options.chkSinglePageKeepEditedTiddlers=false;
if (config.options.chkTopOfPageMode==undefined)
config.options.chkTopOfPageMode=false;
if (config.options.chkBottomOfPageMode==undefined)
config.options.chkBottomOfPageMode=false;
if (config.options.chkSinglePageAutoScroll==undefined)
config.options.chkSinglePageAutoScroll=false;
//}}}
//{{{
config.SPMTimer = 0;
config.lastURL = window.location.hash;
function checkLastURL()
{
if (!config.options.chkSinglePageMode)
{ window.clearInterval(config.SPMTimer); config.SPMTimer=0; return; }
if (config.lastURL == window.location.hash) return; // no change in hash
var tids=decodeURIComponent(window.location.hash.substr(1)).readBracketedList();
if (tids.length==1) // permalink (single tiddler in URL)
story.displayTiddler(null,tids[0]);
else { // restore permaview or default view
config.lastURL = window.location.hash;
if (!tids.length) tids=store.getTiddlerText("DefaultTiddlers").readBracketedList();
story.closeAllTiddlers();
story.displayTiddlers(null,tids);
}
}
if (Story.prototype.SPM_coreDisplayTiddler==undefined)
Story.prototype.SPM_coreDisplayTiddler=Story.prototype.displayTiddler;
Story.prototype.displayTiddler = function(srcElement,tiddler,template,animate,slowly)
{
var title=(tiddler instanceof Tiddler)?tiddler.title:tiddler;
var tiddlerElem=document.getElementById(story.idPrefix+title); // ==null unless tiddler is already displayed
var opt=config.options;
var single=opt.chkSinglePageMode && !startingUp;
var top=opt.chkTopOfPageMode && !startingUp;
var bottom=opt.chkBottomOfPageMode && !startingUp;
if (single) {
story.forEachTiddler(function(tid,elem) {
// skip current tiddler and, optionally, tiddlers that are folded.
if ( tid==title
|| (opt.chkSinglePageKeepFoldedTiddlers && elem.getAttribute("folded")=="true"))
return;
// if a tiddler is being edited, ask before closing
if (elem.getAttribute("dirty")=="true") {
if (opt.chkSinglePageKeepEditedTiddlers) return;
// if tiddler to be displayed is already shown, then leave active tiddler editor as is
// (occurs when switching between view and edit modes)
if (tiddlerElem) return;
// otherwise, ask for permission
var msg="'"+tid+"' is currently being edited.\n\n";
msg+="Press OK to save and close this tiddler\nor press Cancel to leave it opened";
if (!confirm(msg)) return; else story.saveTiddler(tid);
}
story.closeTiddler(tid);
});
}
else if (top)
arguments[0]=null;
else if (bottom)
arguments[0]="bottom";
if (single && opt.chkSinglePagePermalink && !config.browser.isSafari) {
window.location.hash = encodeURIComponent(String.encodeTiddlyLink(title));
config.lastURL = window.location.hash;
document.title = wikifyPlain("SiteTitle") + " - " + title;
if (!config.SPMTimer) config.SPMTimer=window.setInterval(function() {checkLastURL();},1000);
}
if (tiddlerElem && tiddlerElem.getAttribute("dirty")=="true") { // editing... move tiddler without re-rendering
var isTopTiddler=(tiddlerElem.previousSibling==null);
if (!isTopTiddler && (single || top))
tiddlerElem.parentNode.insertBefore(tiddlerElem,tiddlerElem.parentNode.firstChild);
else if (bottom)
tiddlerElem.parentNode.insertBefore(tiddlerElem,null);
else this.SPM_coreDisplayTiddler.apply(this,arguments); // let CORE render tiddler
} else
this.SPM_coreDisplayTiddler.apply(this,arguments); // let CORE render tiddler
var tiddlerElem=document.getElementById(story.idPrefix+title);
if (tiddlerElem&&opt.chkSinglePageAutoScroll) {
// scroll to top of page or top of tiddler
var isTopTiddler=(tiddlerElem.previousSibling==null);
var yPos=isTopTiddler?0:ensureVisible(tiddlerElem);
// if animating, defer scroll until after animation completes
var delay=opt.chkAnimate?config.animDuration+10:0;
setTimeout("window.scrollTo(0,"+yPos+")",delay);
}
}
if (Story.prototype.SPM_coreDisplayTiddlers==undefined)
Story.prototype.SPM_coreDisplayTiddlers=Story.prototype.displayTiddlers;
Story.prototype.displayTiddlers = function() {
// suspend single/top/bottom modes when showing multiple tiddlers
var opt=config.options;
var saveSPM=opt.chkSinglePageMode; opt.chkSinglePageMode=false;
var saveTPM=opt.chkTopOfPageMode; opt.chkTopOfPageMode=false;
var saveBPM=opt.chkBottomOfPageMode; opt.chkBottomOfPageMode=false;
this.SPM_coreDisplayTiddlers.apply(this,arguments);
opt.chkBottomOfPageMode=saveBPM;
opt.chkTopOfPageMode=saveTPM;
opt.chkSinglePageMode=saveSPM;
}
//}}}
<br>tracking nanotechnology
http://nanowiki.info/index.html
[<img[The top is a graphic representation of the overall device structure. The diameter is roughly that of a human hair. The bottom is a magnified image of the central part. The white spots are atoms and the white circles are the nano-magnets, the "working part" of the device. Credit: Pham Nam Hai|http://www.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/hires/magnetictunn.jpg]] Researchers at the University of Miami and at the Universities of Tokyo and Tohoku, Japan, have been able to prove the existence of ''a "spin battery," a battery that is "charged" by applying a large magnetic field to nano-magnets in a device called a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ)''. The new technology is a step towards the creation of computer hard drives with no moving parts, which would be much faster, less expensive and use less energy than current ones. In the future, the new battery could be developed to power cars.
The device created by Stewart E. Barnes and his collaborators can store energy in magnets rather than through chemical reactions. The spin battery is "wound up" by applying a large magnetic field - no chemistry involved. The device is potentially better than anything found so far, said Barnes. "We had anticipated the effect, but the device produced a voltage over a hundred times too big and for tens of minutes, rather than for milliseconds as we had expected. That this was counterintuitive is what lead to our theoretical understanding of what was really going on."
The secret behind this technology is the ''use of nano-magnets to induce an electromotive force''. It uses the same principles as those in a conventional battery, except in a more direct fashion. The energy stored in a battery is in the form of chemical energy. When something is turned "on" there is a chemical reaction which occurs and produces an electric current. The new technology converts the magnetic energy directly into electrical energy, without a chemical reaction. The electrical current made in this process is called a spin polarized current and finds use in a new technology called [["spintronics."|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spintronics]]
The new discovery advances our understanding of the way magnets work and its immediate application is to use the ~MTJs as electronic elements which work in different ways to conventional transistors. Although the actual device has a diameter about that of a human hair and cannot even light up an LED, the energy that might be stored in this way could potentially run a car for miles. The possibilities are endless.
Source: [[Physicist develops battery using new source of energy|http://www.physorg.com/news156011642.html]]. This work is detailed in the paper [[Electromotive force and huge magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions|http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature07879.html]] by Pham Nam Hai, Shinobu Ohya, [[Masaaki Tanaka|http://www.cryst.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index.html]], [[Stewart E. Barnes|http://www.physics.miami.edu/~barnes/]] & Sadamichi Maekawa
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag energy "energy" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoelectronics "nanoelectronics" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
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background-color: #FFFF00;
}
div[tags~="update"].tiddler .viewer {
background-color: #C0C0C0;
}
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display:block;
-moz-column-count:2;
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The Summit on the Global Agenda is a new, unique gathering of the world’s most influential thinkers – leaders from academia, business, government and society. Its purpose is to advance solutions to the most critical challenges facing humanity.
[[Biggest ever brainstorming on the global agenda ends with call for “fundamental reboot’|http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest%20Press%20Releases/PR_reboot]]. ''The world needs to examine the basic operating systems that drive its economies, markets and societies and aim for a “fundamental reboot” to establish a fresh platform based on renewed confidence and trust, and on sustainability, responsibility and ethical principles''. Summit findings provide input to the upcoming G20 discussions and to the new US administration. That was the over-arching message that 700 of the world’s top thought leaders from business, government, academia and civil society delivered at the end of the inaugural Summit on the Global Agenda, convened by the World Economic Forum in partnership with the Government of Dubai.
[[On Nanotechnology|http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GAC/Highlights.pdf]], ''the science and technology of the nanoscale are critical drivers of innovation''. The resulting “nanotechnologies” have the potential to underpin solutions to a broad range of global challenges beyond what conventional technologies are able to achieve. Major global challenges that will be impacted by nanotechnologies include [[energy]] security (alternative energies), [[healthcare|nanomedicine]], [[microelectronics|nanoelectronics]] and quantum computing, and [[water]] provision (clean water and desalination even on a small scale). The successful implementation of nanotechnologies could be impacted by a lack of strategic funding, poor education of practitioners and decision-makers, limited engagement of key communities, outmoded business models and unresponsive approaches to risk assessment, management and oversight.
Challenges of Nanotechnology: [[Report|http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GAC/Reports/TechnologyandInnovation/ChallengesofNanotechnology.pdf]] and [[Issue Description|http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GAC/issue_descriptions/ChallengesofNanotechnology.pdf]]
Source: [[Summit on the Global Agenda|http://www.weforum.org/en/events/InauguralSummitontheGlobalAgenda/index.htm]], Dubai, United Arab Emirates 7-9 November 2008. Highlights from Council and Cluster Discussions
/***
|Name|TagCloudPlugin|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#TagCloudPlugin|
|Version|0.0.0|
|Author|Clint Checketts|
|License|unknown|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Requires||
|Overrides||
|Description||
!Usage
<<tagCloud>>
!Code
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.tagCloud = {major: 1, minor: 0 , revision: 0, date: new Date(2006,2,04)};
//Created by Clint Checketts, contributions by Jonny Leroy and Eric Shulman
config.macros.tagCloud = {
noTags: "No tag cloud created because there are no tags.",
tooltip: "%1 tiddlers tagged with '%0'"
};
config.macros.tagCloud.handler = function(place,macroName,params) {
var tagCloudWrapper = createTiddlyElement(place,"div",null,"tagCloud",null);
var tags = store.getTags();
for (var t=0; t<tags.length; t++) {
for (var p=0;p<params.length; p++) if (tags[t][0] == params[p]) tags[t][0] = "";
}
if(tags.length == 0)
createTiddlyElement(tagCloudWrapper,"span",null,null,this.noTags);
//Findout the maximum number of tags
var mostTags = 0;
for (var t=0; t<tags.length; t++) if (tags[t][0].length > 0){
if (tags[t][1] > mostTags) mostTags = tags[t][1];
}
//divide the mostTags into 4 segments for the 4 different tagCloud sizes
var tagSegment = mostTags / 4;
for (var t=0; t<tags.length; t++) if (tags[t][0].length > 0){
var tagCloudElement = createTiddlyElement(tagCloudWrapper,"span",null,null,null);
tagCloudWrapper.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "));
var theTag = createTiddlyButton(tagCloudElement,tags[t][0],this.tooltip.format(tags[t]),onClickTag,"tagCloudtag tagCloud" + (Math.round(tags[t][1]/tagSegment)+1));
theTag.setAttribute("tag",tags[t][0]);
}
};
setStylesheet(".tagCloud span{height: 1.8em;margin: 3px;}.tagCloud1{font-size: 1.2em;}.tagCloud2{font-size: 1.4em;}.tagCloud3{font-size: 1.6em;}.tagCloud4{font-size: 1.8em;}.tagCloud5{font-size: 1.8em;font-weight: bold;}","tagCloudsStyles");
//}}}
Seven pioneering scientists who have transformed human knowledge in the fields of nanoscience, neuroscience and astrophysics have become the first recipients of the million-dollar Kavli prizes. The President of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters announced the names of the prize-winners at the Academy in Oslo today, 28 May.
The 2008 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience was awarded jointly ''to [[Louis E. Brus|http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=547879]], of Columbia University, US, and [[Sumio Iijima|http://www.nec.co.jp/rd/Eng/innovative/E1/myself.html]], of Meijo University in Japan, for their respective discoveries of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, also known as [[quantum dots|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dots]], and [[carbon nanotubes|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube]]''. Major advances being predicted in fields as diverse as electronics, the environment, energy and bio-medicine would not have been possible without Brus and Iijima’s contributions in explaining the unusual properties of particles so small that electron motion is confined to zero or one dimension.
The laureates were selected for their groundbreaking research that has significantly advanced our understanding of the unusual properties of matter on an ultra-small scale.
Source: [[The 2008 Kavli Prize Winners|http://www.kavliprize.no/seksjon/vis.html?tid=27801]]
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<html><object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/BUq2bQkL1zo&rel=1"></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/BUq2bQkL1zo&rel=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object></html>
IBM scientists, in collaboration with the University of Regensburg in Germany, are ''the first ever to measure the force it takes to move individual atoms on a surface''. This fundamental measurement provides important information for designing future atomic-scale devices: computer chips, miniaturized storage devices, and more.
''Understanding the force necessary to move specific atoms on specific surfaces is one of the keys to designing and constructing the small structures that will enable future nanotechnologies.'' The problem is akin to what scientists and engineers needed to learn about construction at macroscopic sizes many decades ago. For example, building a modern bridge would be impossible without first measuring the strength of different materials, understanding the relevant forces, and comprehending how everything interacts. In the nanotechnology realm, to make structures that you want to remain rigidly in place you would use strongly bonded (“sticky”) atoms while for groups of atoms that need to move you would use atoms held in place only by weak chemical bonds.
In the paper, “The Force Needed to Move an Atom on a Surface,” ''the scientists show that the force required to move a cobalt atom over a smooth platinum surface is 210 piconewtons, while moving a cobalt atom over a copper surface takes only 17 piconewtons''. To put this in perspective, the force required to lift a copper penny that weighs just three grams is nearly 30 billion piconewtons – 2 billion times greater than the force to move a single cobalt atom over a copper surface.
In the paper, the researchers describe their use of a sensitive atomic force microscope (AFM) to measure both the strength and direction of the force exerted on an atom or molecule on a surface using a sharp metal tip to move the atom. The team discovered that the force varies dramatically depending on the material used for the surface. The amount of force also changes greatly when a small molecule is used instead of a single atom.
Source: [[IBM Scientists First To Measure Force Required To Move Individual Atoms|http://www.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/23544.wss]]. Nano-construction capability stands to impact future direction of information technology
IBM Fellow ''[[Don Eigler|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Eigler]]'' gives a tour of the [[Scanning Tunneling Microscope|http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/gallery.html]] lab, often called the "Kitty Hawk of nanotechnology." It was in this lab where, in 1989, Eigler was [[the first person ever to position individual atoms|Atom Transporter]], spelling out IBM in xenon atoms.<html><object width="620" height="500"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/nD1Ra_AdX74&hl=es&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/nD1Ra_AdX74&hl=es&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" width="620" height="500"></embed></object></html>
<<tag video>><<tag microscope>><<tag milestone>>
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The birth secret of buckyballs -- hollow spheres of carbon no wider than a strand of DNA -- has been caught on tape by researchers at Sandia National Laboratories and Rice University. An electron microscope video and computer simulations show that "shrink-wrapping" is the key; buckyballs start life as distorted, unstable sheets of graphite, shedding loosely connected threads and chains until only the perfectly spherical buckyballs remain.
From [[Video shows buckyballs form by 'shrink wrapping|http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=10176&SnID=404344833]]. Experiments, simulations reveal birth secret of tiny carbon spheres
Science fiction writers have long envisioned sailing a spacecraft by the optical force of the sun’s light. But, the forces of sunlight are too weak to fill even the oversized sails that have been tried. Now a team led by researchers at the [[Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science|http://www.eng.yale.edu/content/Default.asp]] has shown that the force of light indeed can be harnessed to drive machines — when the process is scaled to nano-proportions.
Their work opens the door to a new class of semiconductor devices that are operated by the force of light. They envision a future where this process powers quantum information processing and sensing devices, as well as telecommunications that run at ultra-high speed and consume little power.
''The research demonstrates a marriage of two emerging fields of research — nanophotonics and nanomechanics. – which makes possible the extreme miniaturization of optics and mechanics on a silicon chip''.
The energy of light has been harnessed and used in many ways. The “force” of light is different — it is a push or a pull action that causes something to move.
“While the force of light is far too weak for us to feel in everyday life, we have found that it can be harnessed and used at the nanoscale,” said team leader [[Hong Tang|http://www.eng.yale.edu/content/dpEEMember.asp?MemberIK=266]], assistant professor at Yale. “Our work demonstrates the advantage of using nano-objects as “targets” for the force of light — using devices that are a billion-billion times smaller than a space sail, and that match the size of today’s typical transistors.”
Until now light has only been used to maneuver single tiny objects with a focused laser beam — a technique called “optical tweezers.” Postdoctoral scientist and lead author, Mo Li noted, “Instead of moving particles with light, now we integrate everything on a chip and move a semiconductor device.”
“When researchers talk about optical forces, they are generally referring to the radiation pressure light applies in the direction of the flow of light,” said Tang. “The new force we have investigated actually kicks out to the side of that light flow.”
While this new optical force was predicted by several theories, the proof required state-of-the-art nanophotonics to confine light with ultra-high intensity within nanoscale photonic wires. The researchers showed that when the concentrated light was guided through a nanoscale mechanical device, significant light force could be generated — enough, in fact, to operate nanoscale machinery on a silicon chip.
The light force was routed in much the same way electronic wires are laid out on today’s large scale integrated circuits. Because light intensity is much higher when it is guided at the nanoscale, they were able to exploit the force. ''“We calculate that the illumination we harness is a million times stronger than direct sunlight,”'' adds Wolfram Pernice, a Humboldt postdoctoral fellow with Tang.
“We create hundreds of devices on a single chip, and all of them work,” says Tang, who attributes this success to a great optical I/O device design provided by their collaborators at the University of Washington.
''It took more than 60 years to progress from the first [[transistors|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor]] to the speed and power of today’s computers. Creating devices that run solely on light rather than electronics will now begin a similar process of development'', according to the authors.
“While this development has brought us a new device concept and a giant step forward in speed, the next developments will be in improving the mechanical aspects of the system. But,” says Tang, “the photon force is with us.”
Tang’s team at Yale also included graduate student Chi Xiong. Collaborators at [[University of Washington|http://nanophotonics.ee.washington.edu/]] were T. ~Baehr-Jones and M. Hochberg. Funding in support of the project came from the National Science Foundation, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the Alexander von Humboldt post-doctoral fellowship program.
Source: [[“The Photon Force is with us”: Harnessing Light to Drive Nanomachines|http://opa.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=6245]]
An important issue in nanoelectromechanical systems is developing small electrically driven motors. Authors report on an artificial nanofabricated motor in which one short carbon nanotube moves relative to another coaxial nanotube. A cargo is attached to an ablated outer wall of a multiwall carbon nanotube that can rotate and/or translate along the inner nanotube. The motion is actuated by imposing a thermal gradient along the nanotube, which allows for sub-nanometer displacements, as opposed to an electromigration or random walk effect.
Source: [[Subnanometer Motion of Cargoes Driven by Thermal Gradients along Carbon Nanotubes|http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1155559v1]] by Amelia Barreiro, Riccardo Rurali, Eduardo R. Hernández , Joel Moser, Thomas Pichler, Laszlo Forro, Adrian Bachtold
/***
|Name|TiddlyLockPlugin|
|Source|http://www.minormania.com/tiddlylock/tiddlylock.html|
|Version|1.0.3|
|TiddlyWiki Core Version|2.2.4|
|Author|Richard Hobbis|
|License|[[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/]]|
|Type|plugin|
|Overrides|checkUnsavedChanges()<<br>>config.commands.cancelTiddler.handler()<<br>>config.commands.deleteTiddler.handler<<br>>config.commands.editTiddler.handler()<<br>>saveChanges()<<br>>config.commands.saveTiddler.handler()|
|Description|Automatically locks and unlocks the TiddlyWiki as required, allowing multiple users to edit the TiddlyWiki without fear of overwriting other users' changes.|
!!!Usage
<<<
Simply import TiddlyLockPlugin into your TiddlyWiki!
<<<
!!!Installation
<<<
Import (or copy/paste) ''this tiddler'' into your TiddlyWiki and make sure it's tagged with <<tag systemConfig>>. Reload your TiddlyWiki to enable TiddlyLock.
<<<
!!!Configuration
<<<
None required!
<<<
!!!Revision History
<<<
''2007.06.20 [1.0.3]'' Fixed an issue that occurred when a user navigated away from the TiddlyWiki without saving outstanding changes.
''2007.05.10 [1.0.2]'' Implemented a timestamp to track the last update time. This fixes the multi-browser edit issue and also removes the need for a password.
''2007.05.08 [1.0.1]'' Function overrides are now done using apply() ensuring clean upgrades (thanks Martin!)
''2007.05.01 [1.0.0]'' Initial Release
<<<
!!!Credits
<<<
This feature was developed by Richard Hobbis (rhobbis [at] hotmail [dot] com).
<<<
!!!Code
***/
//{{{
// Convert a date to UTC YYYYMMDDHHMMSSMMM string format
// This is the same as the builtin function convertToYYYYMMDDHHMMSSMMM() but
// without the '.' in the middle - this allows simple date comparisons
Date.prototype.TLConvertToYYYYMMDDHHMMSSMMM = function()
{
return(String.zeroPad(this.getUTCFullYear(),4)
+ String.zeroPad(this.getUTCMonth()+1,2)
+ String.zeroPad(this.getUTCDate(),2)
+ String.zeroPad(this.getUTCHours(),2)
+ String.zeroPad(this.getUTCMinutes(),2)
+ String.zeroPad(this.getUTCSeconds(),2)
+ String.zeroPad(this.getUTCMilliseconds(),4));
}
// namespace for TiddlyLock
TiddlyLock = {};
// Load/Last Update timestamp
TiddlyLock.TimeStamp = new Date().TLConvertToYYYYMMDDHHMMSSMMM();
// Lockfile
TiddlyLock.LockPath = '';
TiddlyLock.OldLockData = '';
TiddlyLock.LockData = '';
// define messages
TiddlyLock.Msg = {
Locked: 'TiddlyWiki locked',
Unlocked: 'TiddlyWiki unlocked',
LockFailed: 'Failed to lock TiddlyWiki',
UnlockFailed: 'Failed to unlock TiddlyWiki',
ReadOnly: 'Switching to Read-Only mode.',
Changed: 'TiddlyWiki has been changed by someone else.',
Reload: 'Reload TiddlyWiki before editing.'};
// create/update the lock file
function TLSave(timeStamp,lockedBy)
{
var lockedText='';
if (lockedBy!='')
{
lockedText=timeStamp+'##'+lockedBy;
}
else lockedText=timeStamp+'##';
var lockSave=saveFile(TiddlyLock.LockPath,lockedText);
TiddlyLock.TimeStamp = timeStamp;
return false;
}
// Create/update the lock file to prevent other users from editing the TW
function TLLock()
{
lockSave = TLSave(new Date().TLConvertToYYYYMMDDHHMMSSMMM(),config.options.txtUserName);
displayMessage(TiddlyLock.Msg.Locked,'');
return false;
}
// Clear the lock file if necessary, but only if I have it locked, setting the
// timestamp in the lockfile to the specified value
function TLUnlock(timeStamp)
{
if ((store && store.isDirty && !store.isDirty())
&& (story && story.areAnyDirty && !story.areAnyDirty())
&& TLIsLocked()
&& TLIsLockedByMe())
{
lockSave=TLSave(timeStamp,'','');
displayMessage(TiddlyLock.Msg.Unlocked,'');
TiddlyLock.OldLockData = TiddlyLock.LockData;
}
return false;
}
// Get the contents of the lock file, if it exists
function TLLockPath()
{
var lockPath,p;
var originalPath=document.location.toString();
var localPath=getLocalPath(originalPath);
if((p=localPath.lastIndexOf('.')) != -1)
lockPath=localPath.substr(0,p) + '.lck';
else lockPath=localPath + '.lck';
return lockPath;
}
// Get the contents of the lock file, if it exists
function TLLockData()
{
TiddlyLock.LockPath = TLLockPath();
return loadFile(TiddlyLock.LockPath);
}
// Get the contents of the lock file, if it exists
function TLIsLocked()
{
TiddlyLock.LockData = TLLockData();
if (TiddlyLock.LockData
&& ( TLLockedBy(TiddlyLock.LockData)!=''
// someone has it locked
|| TiddlyLock.TimeStamp < TLLockedTimeStamp(TiddlyLock.LockDa