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The ubiquity of tiny particles of minerals -mineral nanoparticles- in oceans and rivers, atmosphere and soils, and in living cells are providing scientists with new ways of understanding Earth's workings. ''Our planet's physical, chemical, and biological processes are influenced or driven by the properties of these minerals''.
So states a team of researchers from seven universities in a paper published in the journal Science: [["Nanominerals, Mineral Nanoparticles, and Earth Systems."|http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5870/1631]] "This is an excellent summary of the relevance of natural nanoparticles in the Earth system," said Enriqueta Barrera, program director in NSF's Division of Earth Sciences. "It shows that there is much to be learned about the role of nanominerals, and points to the need for future research."
Minerals have an enormous range of physical and chemical properties due to a wide range of composition and structure, including particle size. Each mineral has a set of specific physical and chemical properties. ''Nanominerals'', however, ''have one critical difference: a range of physical and chemical properties, depending on their size and shape''.
"This difference changes our view of the diversity and complexity of minerals, and how they influence Earth systems," said [[Michael Hochella|http://www.vt.edu/spotlight/achievement/2008-03-03_hochella/2008-03-03_hochella.html]] of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Va.
''The role of nanominerals is far-reaching'', said Hochella. ''Nanominerals are widely distributed throughout the atmosphere, oceans, surface and underground waters, and soils, and in most living organisms, even within proteins''.
Nanoparticles play an important role in the lives of ocean-dwelling phytoplankton, for example, which remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Phytoplankton growth is limited by iron availability. Iron in the ocean is composed of nanocolloids, nanominerals, and mineral nanoparticles, supplied by rivers, glaciers and deposition from the atmosphere. Nanoscale reactions resulting in the formation of phytoplankton biominerals, such as calcium carbonate, are important influences on oceanic and global carbon cycling.
On land, nanometer-scale hematite catalyzes the oxidation of manganese, resulting in the rapid formation of minerals that absorb heavy metals in water and soils. The rate of oxidation is increased when nanoparticles are present.
Conversely, harmful heavy metals may disperse widely, courtesy of nanominerals. In research at the Clark Fork River Superfund Complex in Montana, Hochella discovered a nanomineral involved in the movement of lead, arsenic, copper, and zinc through hundred of miles of Clark River drainage basin.
Nanominerals can also move radioactive substances. Research at one of the most contaminated nuclear sites in the world, a nuclear waste reprocessing plant in Mayak, Russian, has shown that plutonium travels in local groundwater, carried by mineral nanoparticles.
In the atmosphere, mineral nanoparticles impact heating and cooling. Such particles act as water droplet growth centers, which lead to cloud formation. The size and density of droplets influences solar radiation and cloud longevity, which in turn influence average global temperatures.
''"The biogeochemical and ecological impact of natural and synthetic nanomaterials is one of the fastest growing areas of research, with not only vital scientific, but also large environmental, economic, and political consequences,"'' the authors conclude.
In addition to Hochella, authors of the paper are Steven Lower of Ohio State University, and Patricia Maurice of the University of Notre Dame; along with R. Lee Penn of the University of Minnesota; Nita Sahai of the University of ~Wisconsin-Madison; Donald Sparks of the University of Delaware; and Benjamin Twining of the University of South Carolina.
Source: [["Nanominerals" Influence Earth Systems from Ocean to Atmosphere to Biosphere|http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=111279&org=NSF&from=news]]. See also [[Nanoscience will change the way we think about the world|http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/story.php?relyear=2008&itemno=177&head=Nanoscience%20will%20change%20the%20way%20we%20think%20about%20the%20world]]
Rather than infer that nanotechnology is safe, members of the public who learn about this novel science tend to become sharply polarized along cultural lines, according to a study conducted by the [[Cultural Cognition Project|http://www.culturalcognition.net/]] at Yale Law School in collaboration with the [[Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies|http://www.nanotechproject.org/]]. These findings have important implications for garnering support of the new technology, say the researchers.
According to Kahan and other experts, the findings of the experiment highlight the need for public education strategies that consider citizens' predispositions. "There is still plenty of time to develop risk-communication strategies that make it possible for persons of diverse values to understand the best evidence scientists develop on nanotechnology's risks," added Kahan. "The only mistake would be to assume that such strategies aren't necessary."
''"The message matters,"'' said David Rejeski, director of the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies. ''"How information about nanotechnology is presented to the vast majority of the public who still know little about it can either make or break this technology''. Scientists, the government, and industry generally take a simplistic, 'just the facts' approach to communicating with the public about a new technology. But, this research shows that diverse audiences and groups react to the same information very differently."
Source: [[Nanotechnology 'culture war' possible, says Yale study|http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-12/yu-nw120508.php]]
<<tag [[public opinion]] "public opinion" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag dissemination "dissemination" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
Using lasers, Korean researchers have crafted a microscopic version of Rodin's famed sculpture "The Thinker" just about twice the size of a red blood cell at 20 millionths of a meter high. For more than a decade, researchers worldwide have experimented with lasers to fabricate elaborate 3-D creations.
[img[the thinker|http://www.livescience.com/images/070108_sculpt_C_02.jpg]]
<html><a href="http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APPLAB000090000007079903000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes">Ultraprecise microreproduction of a three-dimensional artistic sculpture by multipath scanning method in two-photon photopolymerization</a> [Appl. Phys. Lett 90, 013113 (2007)] by Dong-Yol Yang, Sang Hu Park, Tae Woo Lim, Hong-Jin Kong, Shin Wook Yi, Hyun Kwan Yang and Kwang-Sup Lee</html>
[<img[DNA cassette | http://www.nyu.edu/public.affairs/images/photos/uploads/Seeman-Proofs-12.jpg]] New York University chemistry professor Nadrian C. Seeman and his graduate student Baoquan Ding have developed a DNA cassette through which a nanomechanical device can be inserted and function within a DNA array, allowing for the motion of a nanorobotic arm. The results, reported in the latest issue of the journal Science, mark the first time scientists have been able to employ a functional nanotechnology device within a DNA array.
"It is crucial for nanorobotics to be able to insert controllable devices into a particular site within an array, thereby leading to a diversity of structural states," explained Seeman. "Here we have demonstrated that a single device has been inserted and converted at a specific site." He added that the results pave the way for creating nanoscale "assembly lines" in which more complex maneuvers could be executed... http://www.nyu.edu/public.affairs/releases/detail/1355
Scientists at Rice University and Baylor College of Medicine have discovered a new way to use Rice's famed buckyball nanoparticles as passkeys that allows drugs to enter cancer cells.
The passkeys that Barron and colleagues developed contain a molecule called Bucky amino acid that was created in Barron's lab. Bucky amino acid, or Baa, is based on pheylalanine, one of the 20 essential amino acids that are strung together like beads on a necklace to build all proteins.
Barron's graduate student, Jianzhong Yang, developed several different Baa-containing peptides, or slivers of protein containing about a dozen or so amino acids. In their natural form, with pheylalanine as a link in their chain, these peptides did not pass through the cell walls.
Barron's group collaborated with Yang's brother, Baylor College of Medicine assistant professor Jianhua Yang at Texas Children’s Cancer Center, and found the Baa-containing peptides could mimick viral proteins and pass through the walls of cancer cells. The peptides were found effective at penetrating the defenses of both liver cancer cells and neuroblastoma cells.
http://media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=9213&SnID=1476741455
<<tag nanomedicine>><<tag [[drug delivery]]>>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-EuroScience-Open-Forum-ESOF-2008"> <a class="url" href="http://www.euroscience.org/ESOF/esof2008.htm"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20080718">July 18th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20080723">22th, 2008</abbr> <span class="summary">EuroScience Open Forum ESOF 2008</span>— at <span class="location">Barcelona</span> </a> <div class="description">Euroscience Open Forum is a biennial event which seeks to showcase European achievements right across the scientific spectrum and serves as an open forum for debates on science-related issues and also as a showcase for European and International research. Through ESOF, researchers and scientists, as well as the general public, are provided with an adequate platform for exchanging views and discussing the challenges and consequences of scientific developments around the world. Barcelona has been selected to host ESOF in 2008 and, thus, deserves the tribute as Europe’s “City of Science” for that year. </div>
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Nanotechnology in Cosmetics!
These days we are debating if nanoparticles in sunblock and toothpaste are safe. The ancient Greeks and Romans didn't know about such things - but they already used nanotechnology in their cosmetics. An ancient dyeing process for blacking hair is a remarkable illustration of synthetic nanoscale biomineralization.... http://www.newswiretoday.com/news/8233/
<<tag concerns>>
In his project, “High Efficient 3-Dimensional Nanotube Solar Cell for Visible and UV Light,” William Yuan (12-year-old) invented ''a novel solar panel that enables [[light absorption from visible to ultraviolet light|Nanoantennas: the next generation of solar energy collectors]]''. He designed carbon nanotubes to overcome the barriers of electron movement, doubling the light-electricity conversion efficiency. William also developed a model for solar towers and a computer program to simulate and optimize the tower parameters. //His optimized design provides 500 times more light absorption than commercially-available solar cells and nine times more than the cutting-edge, three-dimensional solar cell//.
Since 2005, William has been involved in the [[First Lego League|nano quest]] ([[FLL|nanoquest competition lego 2006]]), which led him to research renewable energy and nanotechnology. During his research and community outreach, William //realized the importance of renewable energy for future generations and began to focus his research on solar cells//.
Source: [[2008 Davidson Fellow Laureates|http://presskit.ditd.org/2008_Davidson_Fellows_Press_Kit/2008_DF_William_Yuan.pdf]]. "Davidson Fellows scholarships recognize young people under the age of 18 for completing a significant piece of work that has the potential to make a positive contribution to society in one of the following areas: science, technology, mathematics, music, literature, philosophy, or any other graduate-level work considered outside the box. [[The Davidson Institute|http://www.davidsongifted.org/]] mission is to recognize, nurture and support profoundly intelligent young people and to provide opportunities for them to develop their talents to make a positive difference."
A new X-ray microscope can look at nanomaterials in three dimensions.
<html><a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nanotechnology/Electron_microscopy#Transmission_electron_microscopy_.28TEM.29">
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)</a></html> has traditionally been used to study nanomaterials, but because electrons do not penetrate far into materials, the sample preparation procedure is usually complicated and destructive. Furthermore, TEM only gives two-dimensional images.
The new method shines a powerful X-ray source onto a nanoparticle and collects the X-rays scattered from the sample. Then computers construct a three-dimensional image from that data. The microscope can resolve details down to 17 nanometers, or a few atoms across.
<<tag microscope>><<tag images>>
Access on the web at no charge in 2007
The inaugural issue of ACS Nano was released online August 14, 2007. During 2007, the journal is available on the web at no charge. Go to the web site now: http://www.acsnano.org
The first issue of ACS Nano features articles presenting the latest findings from the research groups of Drs. David Allara, Hongjie Dai, and Prashant Kamat, along with a conversation with Nobel Laureate Heinrich Rohrer and a special editorial by ~Editor-in-Chief Paul S.
Weiss.
ACS Nano is a new international forum for the communication of comprehensive articles on nanoscience and nanotechnology research at the interfaces of chemistry, biology, materials science, physics, and engineering. Moreover, the journal helps facilitate communication among scientists from all these research communities in developing new research opportunities, advancing the field through new discoveries, and reaching out to scientists at all levels.
In addition to comprehensive, original research articles, ACS Nano offers reviews, perspectives on cutting-edge research, conversations with nanoscience and nanotechnology thought leaders, and discussions of topics that are important for the entire community.
ACS Nano complements Nano Letters, the leading forum for rapid communication of nanoscale research, ranked #1 in nanoscience & nanotechnology with a 9.960 impact factor.
Addictlab and IMEC are launching a new call for ideas and visions on future applications of emerging technologies in the field of art, design, architecture, fashion, communication, environments, health and well-being. After a first successful collaboration researching visual, conceptual and more practical ways of communicating about nanotechnology, a new call will take it one step further into the world of emerging technologies and their applications, with a focus on the emerging invisible (a-material) production, where benefits are perceptions centred. ''The Addict & IMEC partnership is also aimed at creating a brand new international platform for creative views on nanotechnology applications and ideas''. An international jury will select a winner for each application domain and announce it during a public event in 2009.
It all started a year ago. IMEC, Europe's leading independent nanoelectronics and nanotechnology research centre is driven by a dream: opening up the horizon of emerging technologies research, not only by widening the fields of scientific studies, but involving and informing as many people as possible. Science is for all, not only an educational topic, but also as a mean of increasing creativity and creating a true dialogue on science, technology, possible applications and implications. ''By crossing the borders between science and technology and art and design industry, research institutes, academia and policy leaders can enter into a dialogue with the broad public''.
In this aim, IMEC came to Ad!dict Creative Lab for a first project that resulted in a publication: [[#27 Nanotechnology|http://www.addictlab.com/labfiles/?page=project&project=52]]. This Inspiration Book generated workshops and exhibitions during 2007, and it’s still adopted at IMEC as a communication tool to explain that science and creativity have no limits. The present project needs to be considered as a step further: ''emerging technologies are becoming privileged media in art and design''. Even if still delimited to a niche category (e.g. bio-art, interactive- or experience design, etc.) we all know that in an optic of sustainable development, this might be the future.
The Addict Inspiration Book [[#29 “in.tangible.scape.s”|http://www.modobruxellae.be/Doc/annonces/080212_addictlab.pdf]] will go through that entire invisible domain that is ''moving the creativity world from the object predominance to the experiencing sphere of perceptions and the benefits of a more and more invisible (a-material) production''. This call reaches out to designers, artists, students, architects, engineers, researchers and dreamers worldwide. This second step will lead Addict with its labmembers and IMEC to the promotion of a new global approach of science and high-tech applied to arts and design in the wider sense.
Source: [[A joint initiative to bring science and technology to life through art and design|http://www.imec.be/wwwinter/mediacenter/en/Addict_2008.shtml]]
European scientific research is normally presented to the public after the project is complete. When clear post-hoc descriptions of the science are constructed, it can present a misleading impression - of the process of scientific research, the methods and skills used by the researchers, and the levels of uncertainty involved. This makes debate of scientific subjects in the public arena difficult, and blocks the public from actively engaging with the science. Furthermore many of the most challenging and exciting aspects of scientific research are often never seen by the public.
''To find a new way to involve the public in scientific research. To actively engage them in a two-way dialogue. To show that scientific research is not about cut-and-dried facts but is a dynamic process of discovery, surprise, occasional failure, and often the unexpected. To impart a deeper understanding of the scientific process, and hopefully transfer some of the excitement of involvement in cutting edge nanoscience research''.
Using the latest video and Internet technology, we will produce documentary films before and after the project, showing our aims, and eventual outcomes. Throughout the project, the participants will produce ''video diaries which will be available to view over the Internet'', with a forum facilitating discussion between the scientists and the public.
We use a novel plasma treatment technique developed at Namur to modify the surface of carbon nanotubes. This makes it possible, in a single step, to apply precisely controlled amounts of metal to the nanotube surfaces. These metal-nanotube hybrid materials have great potential for use in gas sensors. Combining detailed experiments with strong computer modelling support we will develop new insight into the fundamental interactions between metals and carbon nanotubes, as well as the behaviour of nanotubes in plasma treatments. At the same time we will develop industrial scale production techniques for synthesis, and design, test and optimise a gas sensing device using these metal-nanotube hybrid nanomaterials.
''To see what the scientists are doing at the moment'', go to the [[View Scientist Diaries|http://www.nano2hybrids.net/browse_posts.php]]
Source: [[nano2hybrids project|http://www.nano2hybrids.net/2-project/introduction.php]]
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The physico-chemical properties and consequent behaviour of a tiny cage of 60 carbon atoms or a compact gold aggregation of a few thousand atoms are far more different that the differences between the necessary Escherichia Coli in the guts or the dangerous Streptococcus Pneumoniae Bacterias. However, both, the carbon and the gold structure, are called nanoparticles. As a 200 nm polymeric sphere loaded with drugs or the 10 nm titanium dioxide embedded in the sunscreens creams. All of them are very different and called the same: nanoparticles. Mainly in mass media, in the headlines, many different materials are called the same, not helping to understand. Thus confusing news simultaneously appear claiming that nanoparticles will cause and will heal cancer. And all that does not help to inform the public and us (as society) to reach appropriate consensus for the efficient and safe development of new technologies . We, all concerned people, should immediately engage in an honest effort to label, describe and characterize the different players (materials, properties, phenomena) of the nanoworld in order to create an adequate ontology to accurately describe the complexity happening at the nanoscale. The physical and chemical properties change when the mater is reduced to the nanometric scale, and therefore its kinetics and thermodynamics. But all those changes happen in a particular way towards a particular direction in any piece of different material. Different by composition, size, shape, number and surface state. One should not think that materials become similar when they reach the nanometric scale. Far from that. The differences between the carbon and the metal increases when they become nanometric. The diversity of properties and behaviour expands at the nanoscale, what is fascinating and, again, remain us the celebrated sentence [[There is Plenty of Room at the Botom|http://www.its.caltech.edu/~feynman/plenty.html]].
[<img[Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope|http://www-cmls.llnl.gov/data/assets/images/science_and_technology/materials/dtem/fig2.jpg]] Researchers have achieved a milestone in materials science and electron microscopy by taking a high-resolution snapshot of the transformation of nanoscale structures.
Using the Lab’s [[Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope (DTEM)|http://www-cmls.llnl.gov/?url=science_and_technology-materials-dtem]], Judy Kim and colleagues peered into the microstructure and properties of reactive multilayer foils with 15-nanosecond-scale resolution.
//Observing short-lived behavior — how a chemical reaction, structural deformation or phase transformation occurs — is not easy, but is key to understanding many of the basic phenomena at the heart of chemistry, biology and materials science//. The ability to directly observe and characterize these complex events leads to a fundamental understanding of properties such as reactivity, stability and strength, and helps in the design of new and improved materials and devices.
Transmission electron microscopy has evolved dramatically in recent years and can spatially resolve microstructural details of phase and structure, but it can’t collect at times less than a millisecond.
That’s where Livermore’s DTEM comes in. It provides scientists with the ability to image transient behavior with ''an unprecedented combination of spatial and temporal resolution: nanometers and nanoseconds''.
Multilayer foils (also known as nanolaminates) are layers of reactant materials that undergo exothermic, self-propagating reactions when layer mixing is caused by an external energy source. The foils show mobile, high-temperature reaction zones where atoms of adjoining layers diffuse across the interfaces. They are used as customized heat sources for rapid fuses, biological neutralization and joining materials via localized heating rather than global device heating.
Source: [[A snapshot of the transformation of nanoscale structures|https://publicaffairs.llnl.gov/news/news_releases/2008/NR-08-09-02.html]]. The research appears the journal Science, [["Imaging of Transient Structures Using Nanosecond in Situ TEM"|http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;321/5895/1472?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Judy+Kim&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT]]
The Australian Minister for Education, launch an innovative secondary school resource that will assist science teachers to teach nanotechnology in Australian schools.
~AccessNano is a unique, cutting-edge ''nanotechnology educational resource'' designed to introduce accessible and innovative science and technology into Australian secondary school classrooms. We hope that ~AccessNano provides you with a fresh new approach to teaching science in your school, as well as stimulating new ideas and opening pathways for Australian careers in nanotechnology for your students.
The [[Australian Office of Nanotechnology|http://www.nanotechnology.gov.au/]] developed ~AccessNano following feedback from science teachers that children were asking to be taught about nanotechnology, but many teachers did not have the knowledge or resources to be able to teach the topic.
Source: [[AccessNano|http://www.accessnano.org/]]
[[Dr. Robert Langer|http://web.mit.edu/langerlab/langer.html]] is institute professor, chemical and biomedical engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "//Robert Langer is the foremost pioneer and innovator in modern drug delivery//," says John Sterling, ~Editor-in-Chief of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. "[[Dr. Langer|http://nanowiki.info/index.html#%5B%5BGroundbreakers%20in%20the%20field%20of%20Nanotechnology%20worldwide%5D%5D]] and his team continue to advance research and development on novel biomaterials and tissue- engineered products. They are constantly pushing the technology envelope for new ways to deliver biodrugs and pharmaceuticals."
[[Interview with Robert Langer|http://www.genengnews.com/genCasts.aspx?id=198]]. This podcast ''on New Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems'' is imperative for researchers and biotechnology, pharmaceutical and medical device executives whose companies are engaged in drug discovery and development, as well as market makers, analysts, and investors who must be knowledgeable about the challenges and directions in therapeutic delivery.
Source: [[Advances in drug delivery and tissue engineering|http://www.genengnews.com/genCasts.aspx?id=198]]
^^Via [[Joan Esteve|http://www.ub.edu/gcfes/index_es.htm]], [[Victor Puntes|Victor Puntes]]^^
Stained glass windows that are painted with gold purify the air when they are lit up by sunlight, a team of Queensland University of Technology experts have discovered. Associate Professor [[Zhu Huai Yong|http://www.sci.qut.edu.au/about/staff/physchem/chem/zhuh.jsp]] said that //glaziers in medieval forges were the first nanotechnologists who produced colours with gold nanoparticles of different sizes//. Professor Zhu said numerous church windows across Europe were decorated with glass coloured in gold nanoparticles. "For centuries people appreciated only the beautiful works of art, and long life of the colours, but little did they realise that these works of art are also, in modern language, ''photocatalytic air purifier with nanostructured gold catalyst''," Professor Zhu said.
He said tiny particles of gold, energised by the sun, were able to destroy air-borne pollutants like volatile organic chemical (~VOCs), which may often come from new furniture, carpets and paint in good condition. "These ~VOCs create that 'new' smell as they are slowly released from walls and furniture, but they, along with methanol and carbon monoxide, are not good for your health, even in small amounts," he said.
"Gold, when in very small particles, becomes very active under sunlight. The electromagnetic field of the sunlight can couple with the oscillations of the electrons in the gold particles and creates a resonance [[[surface plasmon resonance|http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nanotechnology/Nanometals]]]. The magnetic field on the surface of the gold nanoparticles can be enhanced by up to hundred times, which breaks apart the pollutant molecules in the air." Professor Zhu said the by-product was carbon dioxide, which was comparatively safe, particularly in the small amounts that would be created through this process.
He said ''the use of gold [[nanoparticles]] to drive chemical reactions'' opened up exciting possibilities for scientific research. //"This technology is solar-powered, and is very energy efficient, because only the particles of gold heat up," he said. "In conventional chemical reactions, you heat up everything, which is a waste of energy. Once this technology can be applied to produce specialty chemicals at ambient temperature, it heralds significant changes in the economy and environmental impact of the chemical production."//
Source: [[Air-purifying church windows early nanotechnology|http://www.news.qut.edu.au/cgi-bin/WebObjects/News.woa/wa/goNewsPage?newsEventID=19841]]. Findings have been published in a recent edition of Angewandte Chemie International: [[Visible-Light-Driven Oxidation of Organic Contaminants in Air with Gold Nanoparticle Catalysts on Oxide Supports|http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1002/anie.200800602]].
[<img[the special paving stone in a lab of the Twente University|http://www.terradaily.com/images/air-purifying-concrete-afp-bg.jpg]] As of April 2008, [[Jos Brouwers|http://www.cme.ctw.utwente.nl/organisatie/Persoonlijke%20websites/Jos%20Brouwers.doc/index.html]] with a post-doc (Dr. M. Ballari) has started a 2-year project concerning the full-scale demonstration of 500 m2 air-purifying (~DeNOx) stones in a street in Hengelo. [[The municipality of Hengelo and the University of Twente|http://www.hengelo.nl/smartsite.dws?menu=8698&channel=INT&ch=INT&id=65390&hl=Castorweg]] (UT) are paving a test road section in Hengelo with air-purifying stones. The top layer of the concrete stones converts nitrogen oxide from exhaust fumes into harmless nitrates.
Car exhaust fumes contain nitrogen oxides (~NOx). Nitrogen oxides cause acid rain and smog. This problem can be partly solved by using [[air-purifying|air]] paving stones. The top layer of the paving stones is made of [[air-purifying concrete|http://www.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=05922daf-ecd9-4098-8b64-8dd2373e6ac6&lang=nl&binary=/doc/13-05%20High-tech%20concrete.pdf]]. This concrete contains titanium dioxide, a photocatalytic material which uses sunlight to convert the nitrogen oxides in the air into harmless nitrates. The rain then washes the streets clean.
Based on a [[Japanese invention|http://www.businessgreen.com/business-green/news/2223985/dutch-debut-pollution-eating]], the stones were further developed and their effectiveness demonstrated by the UT in its concrete research laboratory. The next step now is to test the stones in practice. The municipality of Hengelo has made the Castorweg location available for this purpose. The street will be divided into two sections, one half will be paved with conventional stones and the other half with air-purifying ones. The air quality will then be measured in each section to test the effectiveness of the stones. As an added bonus, the stones repel dirt and therefore always stay clean.
The location in Hengelo was chosen because of the volume of cars and the fact that the road is being reconstructed. The local air quality is currently well within the norm.
This trial is being carried out with stone producer [[Struyk Verwo Infra|http://www.struykverwo.nl/]]. As part of its ‘Effective Sustainability’ programme the province of Overijssel has granted a subsidy for the project. The province of Overijssel sees these stones as a good future opportunity for improving the air quality at places where the norms are not met. The demonstration project also has national significance.
The road reconstruction is expected to be completed by the end of the year. Measurements will then start early next year, with the first test results expected around the summer of 2009.
Source: [[Air-purifying paving stones on trial|http://www.utwente.nl/en/news/2008/august/66780%20UT%20PB%20Straatstenen%20(Engels).doc/]]. See also [[The European-Japanese Initiative on Photocatalytic Applications and Commercialization|http://www.ejipac.de/]]
^^Via [[Victor Puntes|Victor Puntes]]^^
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A groundbreaking poll (Risks and Benefits of Nanotechnology & Synthetic Biology) finds that //almost half of U.S. adults have heard nothing about nanotechnology, and nearly nine in 10 Americans say they have heard just a little or nothing at all about the emerging field of synthetic biology//, according to a new report released by the [[Project on Emerging Technologies|http://www.nanotechproject.org/about/mission/]] and [[Peter D. Hart Research|http://www.nanotechproject.org/multimedia/flash/focus3/garin/garin.html]]. Both technologies involve manipulating matter at an incredibly small scale to achieve something new.
This ''new insight into limited public awareness of emerging technologies'' comes as a major leadership change is about to take hold in the nation's capital. Public policy experts are concerned, regardless of party, that //the federal government is behind the curve in engaging citizens on the potential benefits and risks posed by technologies that could have a significant impact on society//.
"Early in the administration of the next president, //scientists are expected to take the next major step toward the creation of synthetic forms of life//. Yet the results from the first U.S. telephone poll about synthetic biology show that most adults have heard just a little or nothing at all about it," says PEN Director David Rejeski. The poll findings are contained in the report, [[The American Public's Awareness Of And Perceptions About Potential Risks and Benefits of Nanotechnology & Synthetic Biology|http://www.nanotechproject.org/mint/pepper/tillkruess/downloads/tracker.php?url=http%3A//www.nanotechproject.org/process/assets/files/7040/final-synbioreport.pdf]].
//Synthetic biology is the use of advanced science and engineering to construct or re-design living organisms–like bacteria–so that they can carry out specific functions. This emerging technology is likely to develop rapidly in the coming years, much as nanotechnology did in the last decade//.
//At the same time, the poll found that about half of adults say they have heard nothing at all about nanotechnology. About 50 percent of adults are too unsure about nanotechnology to make an initial judgment on the possible tradeoffs between benefits and risks. Of those people who are willing to make an initial judgment, they think benefits will outweigh risks by a three to one margin when compared to those who believe risks will outweigh benefits. The plurality of respondents, however, believes that risks and benefits will be about equal. A major industry forecasting firm determined that last year nanotech goods in the global marketplace totaled $147 billion.//
According to the poll, ''the level of U.S. public awareness about nanotechnology has not changed measurably since 2004'' when Hart Research conducted the first poll on the topic on behalf of the PEN.
Source: [[Poll: Risks and Benefits of Nanotechnology & Synthetic Biology|http://www.nanotechproject.org/news/archive/synbio_poll/]]
Just as artists at Disney and Pixar Animation Studios bring Mickey Mouse, Shrek and Nemo to life, life science artists are using animation to bring viruses, bacteria and even nanowires to life and demystify scientific concepts.
Life science animators from Purdue Research Park-based [[Seyet LLC|http://www.seyet.com/]] recently used their video talents to demonstrate how silicon nanowires form, a process that may change the way computers and consumer electronics are manufactured. Seyet's video provides people who don't have a medical or scientific background a "visual story" of how such complicated organisms or human-designed technologies operate.
"Scientific research is becoming increasingly complex, At the same time, it is important that researchers clearly communicate new discoveries to the public," said Jon Kevan, director of research and design for Seyet LLC, a visual communication company. "The animation of the nanowires demonstrates how a silicon nanowire can 'nucleate,' or begin to form on the way to becoming wires."
Seyet specializes in ''translating difficult-to-grasp scientific concepts and processes into the highly accurate animated forms now demanded by specialized scientific- and technology-focused audiences, as well as regulatory agencies''.
"For example, ''a National Science Foundation grant is reviewed first on intellectual merit and second on 'broader impacts,'''" Kevan said. "Seyet's animations can help fulfill the second criteria for those broader impacts in an innovative way."
A recent video animation was designed for a research discovery by Eric Stach, a Purdue University assistant professor of materials engineering. The video describes his work with an instrument called a transmission electron microscope, which shows [[how nanowires develop|http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2008b/081113StachNanowires.html]]. The research is based at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center, and at Purdue's Birck Nanotechnology Center in the university's Discovery Park.
Stach published a paper on his research that appeared in the journal Science this month. It is the first time researchers have made such precise measurements of the nucleation process in nanowires, Stach said."This is very complicated science, and showing people how it works is a tremendous help in understanding it," Kevan said. "The demand for new discoveries like Eric Stach's is great, as is the need to explain, in a non-scientific way, their meaning to the public." Stach's research is funded by the NSF's Electronic Materials Division.
''Translating data into visual images, such as showing how nanowires grow, may help researchers secure funding from government and other sources'', such as the National Institutes for Health, the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Department of Education.
Source: [[Animation demystifies complex science; brings nanotechnology to life|http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2008b/081118SeyetGraphic.html]]
<html><object width="600" height="500"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/5uzUMEUcF-s&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/5uzUMEUcF-s&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="600" height="500"></embed></object></html>
While pondering the challenges of distinguishing one nano-sized probe image from another in a mass of hundreds or thousands of nanoprobes, researchers made an interesting observation. ''The tiny, clustered dots of light looked a lot like a starry sky on a clear night''.
The biomedical researchers realized that astronomers had already made great strides in solving a problem very similar to their own — isolating and analyzing one dot (in this case a star) in a crowded field of light. They hypothesized that a computer system designed for stellar photometry, a branch of astronomy focused on measuring the brightness of stars, could hold the solution to their problem.
Now, Georgia Tech and Emory ''researchers have created a technology based on stellar photometry software that provides more precise images of single molecules tagged with NanoProbes, particles specially designed to bind with a certain type of cell or molecule and illuminate when the target is found''. The clearer images allow researchers to collect more detailed information about a single molecule, such as how the molecule is binding in a gene sequence, taking scientists a few steps closer to truly personalized and predictive medicine as well as more complex biomolecular structural mapping.
In addition to biomedical applications, the system could be used to clarify other types of nanoparticle probes, including tagged particles or molecules.
''“This work is pointing to a new era in light microscopy in which single molecule detection is achieved at nanometer resolution,”'' said Dr. Shuming Nie, a professor of biomedical engineering and chemistry and also the director of the ~Emory-Georgia Tech Cancer Nanotechnology Center.'' “This is also an example of interdisciplinary research in which advanced computing meets nanotechnology''. I envision major applications not only for single-molecule imaging, but also for ultrasensitive medical diagnostics.”
Source: [[Astronomy Technology Brings Nanoparticle Probes into Sharper Focus|http://www.gatech.edu/newsroom/release.html?id=1728]]
A chronicle of the first effort to move individual atoms. [[Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope|http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524a0.html]] by D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer (Nature, April 5, 1990)
"In 1989, three years after joining IBM’s Almaden Research Center, [[Don Eigler|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Eigler]] and colleague Erhard Schweitzer demonstrated the ability to position individual atoms with atomic precision using a low-temperature [[Scanning Tunneling Microscope|http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/gallery.html]]".<html><object width="620" height="500"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/57QQqbziiFs&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/57QQqbziiFs&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" width="620" height="500"></embed></object></html>
<<tag video>><<tag microscope>><<tag milestone>>
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Gold is for ever… is inert and not biodegradable, the most noble of the noble metals. That is why it is used in medicine (stents) or dental restoration. However, if you look very close, with your nanoglasses, ''gold'' dissolves in biological environments. This metabolization of inorganic “non-biodegradable” matter is slow and it has been usually neglected. However, nanoparticles are also small and the dissolution rates become significant when your entity has few thousand of atoms. Mainly if the immune system is involved. See [[Gold ions bio-released from metallic gold particles reduce inflammation and apoptosis and increase the regenerative responses in focal brain injury|http://www.springerlink.com/content/a127670376840111/]].
Metabolization of magnetite/maghemite ''iron oxide'' ~NPs has also been described recently. See [[Bioinorganic transformations of liver iron deposits observed by tissue magnetic characterisation in a rat model|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TGG-4KB6YV2-6&_user=1517286&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000053449&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1517286&md5=b224b4272d490a17a278f6c74483b03f]]
''~CdSe nanoparticles'' have also been reported to corrode and dissolve in biological environments in a matter of 24-48 hours. See [[Cytotoxicity of Colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS Nanoparticles|http://www.nanion.de/pdf/NanoLetters_Cytotoxicity.pdf]]
Thus, if ~CdSe, iron oxide, Au dissolve in biological environments, one may expect that many other materials will do so (may be not carbon nanostructures, as carbon nanotubes or fullerenes, will be diamonds for ever even in the nanometer? Or very stable oxides as ~SiO2, will it dissolve?) ''and this will have an enormous impact on the risk evaluation of nanoparticles'' since it will determine their accumulation potential and therefore the doses, regulations, toxicities…
University of Pittsburgh researchers have developed ''the first natural, nontoxic method for biodegrading carbon nanotubes'', a finding that could help diminish the environmental and health concerns that mar the otherwise bright prospects of the super-strong materials commonly used in products, from electronics to plastics.
A Pitt research team has found that carbon nanotubes deteriorate when exposed to the natural enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP). These results open the door to further development of safe and natural methods-with HRP or other enzymes-of cleaning up carbon nanotube spills in the environment and the industrial or laboratory setting.
Carbon nanotubes are one-atom thick rolls of graphite 100,000 times smaller than a human hair yet stronger than steel and excellent conductors of electricity and heat. They reinforce plastics, ceramics, or concrete; conduct electricity in electronics or energy-conversion devices; and are sensitive chemical sensors, Alexander Star said. (Star created an [[early-detection device for asthma attacks|http://mac10.umc.pitt.edu/m/FMPro?-db=ma.fp5&-format=d.html&-lay=a&-sortfield=date&-sortorder=descend&keywords=asthma&-max=50&-recid=37156&-find=]] wherein carbon nanotubes detect minute amounts of nitric oxide preceding an attack)
"The many applications of nanotubes have resulted in greater production of them, but their toxicity remains controversial," Star said. "Accidental spills of nanotubes are inevitable during their production, and the massive use of nanotube-based materials could lead to increased environmental pollution. We have demonstrated a nontoxic approach to successfully degrade carbon nanotubes in environmentally relevant conditions."
The team's work focused on nanotubes in their raw form as a fine, graphite-like powder, Valerian Kagan explained. In this form, nanotubes have caused severe lung inflammation in lab tests. Although small, nanotubes contain thousands of atoms on their surface that could react with the human body in unknown ways, Kagan said. Both he and Star are associated with a three-year-old Pitt initiative to investigate nanotoxicology.
"Nanomaterials aren't completely understood. Industries use nanotubes because they're unique-they are strong, they can be used as semiconductors. But do these features present unknown health risks? The field of nanotoxicology is developing to find out," Kagan said. "Studies have shown that they can be dangerous. We wanted to develop a method for safely neutralizing these very small materials should they contaminate the natural or working environment."
To break down the nanotubes, the team exposed them to a solution of HRP and a low concentration of hydrogen peroxide at 4 degrees Celcius (39 degrees Fahrenheit) for 12 weeks. Once fully developed, this method could be administered as easily as chemical clean-ups in today's labs, Kagan and Star said.
Source: [[Pitt Researchers Create Nontoxic Clean-up Method for Common, Potentially Toxic Nano Materials|http://www.news.pitt.edu/m/FMPro?-db=ma&-lay=a&-format=d.html&id=3552&-Find]]. This work is detailed in the paper [[Biodegradation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes through Enzymatic Catalysis|http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/nl802315h?prevSearch=Alexander+Star&searchHistoryKey=]] by Brett L. Allen, Padmakar D. Kichambare, Pingping Gou, Irina I. Vlasova, Alexander A. Kapralov, Nagarjun Konduru, Valerian E. Kagan and Alexander Star
<<tag [[green chemistry]] "green chemistry" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanotoxicology "nanotoxicology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag [[carbon nanotubes]] "carbon nanotubes" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
Berkeley Lab scientists have developed a nano-sized synthetic polymer bundle that can fold in half and trap a zinc molecule between its jaws, ''a first-of-its-kind feat that mimics how proteins conduct life’s vital functions''.
//“Our goal is to take proteins’ catalysis and molecular-recognition capabilities, and add them to a material that is more rugged and less prone to degradation,”// said Ron Zuckermann, who is the Facility Director of the Biological Nanostructures Facility in Berkeley Lab’s Molecular Foundry. “Proteins are precisely folded linear polymer chains of amino acids. So we thought, why not make a similar polymer chain by linking together non-natural amino acids?”
The scientists’ research is detailed in a study entitled [[“Biomimetic Nanostructures: Creating a High-Affinity Zinc-Binding Site in a Folded Nonbiological Polymer”|http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jacsat/2008/130/i27/abs/ja802125x.html]].
Source: [[Nanosized Jaws Perform Like Proteins|http://www.lbl.gov/publicinfo/newscenter/features/2008/MSD-nano-jaws.html]]
^^Via [[Joan Esteve|http://www.ub.edu/gcfes/index_es.htm]]^^
Testing for diseases such as cancer and multiple sclerosis could soon be as simple as using a pregnancy testing kit. A team led by scientists at the University of Leeds has developed ''a biosensor technology that uses antibodies to detect biomarkers'' - molecules in the human body which are often a marker for disease – much faster than current testing methods (provides results in 15 minutes or less).
The technology could be used in doctors’ surgeries for more accurate referral to consultants, and in hospitals for rapid diagnosis. Tests have shown that the biosensors can detect a wide range of analytes (substances being measured), including biomarkers present in prostate and ovarian cancer, stroke, multiple sclerosis, heart disease and fungal infections. The team also believes that the biosensors are versatile enough to test for diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV.
The technology was developed through a European collaboration of researchers and commercial partners in a 2.7 million Euro project called [[ELISHA|http://www.immunosensors.com]] (~Electro-Immunointerfaces and Surface Nanobiotechnology: A Heterodoxical Approach).
ELISHA was co-ordinated by Dr Paul Millner from the Faculty of Biological Sciences at the [[University of Leeds|http://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk]], and managed by colleague Dr Tim Gibson. Says Dr Millner: “''We believe this to be the next generation diagnostic testing''. We can now detect almost any analyte faster, cheaper and more easily than the current accepted testing methodology.“
Currently blood and urine are tested for disease markers using a method called ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay). Developed in the 1970s, the process takes an average of two hours to complete, is costly and can only be performed by highly trained staff.
The Leeds team are confident their new technology could be developed into a small device the size of a mobile phone into which different sensor chips could be inserted, depending on the disease being tested for. “We’ve designed simple instrumentation to make the biosensors easy to use and understand,” says Dr Millner. “They’ll work in a format similar to the glucose biosensor testing kits that diabetics currently use.”
Says Dr Gibson: “''The analytes used in our research only scratch the surface of the potential applications. We’ve also shown that it can be used in environmental applications'', for example to test for herbicides or pesticides in water and antibiotics in milk.”
Source: [[Disease diagnosis in just 15 minutes|http://www.leeds.ac.uk/media/press_releases/current/15minutes.htm]]
<<tag nanomedicine "nanomedicine" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nano-oncology "nano-oncology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag detection "detection" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
With the joint release of [[Principles for the Oversight of Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials|http://www.icta.org/doc/Principles%20for%20the%20Oversight%20of%20Nanotechnologies%20and%20Nanomaterials_final.pdf]], a broad international coalition of consumer, public health, environmental, labor, and civil society organizations spanning six continents called for strong, comprehensive oversight of the new technology and its products.
Source: [[International Center for Technology Assessment (CTA): BROAD INTERNATIONAL COALITION ISSUES URGENT CALL FOR STRONG OVERSIGHT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY|http://www.icta.org/press/release.cfm?news_id=26]]
Buildings are majorly funcional, but in some special cases they become icons, as the olympic stadiums, airports, train stations, museums or bridges.
Interestingly now, this concept has also arrived to the nanotechnology research buildings and beyond, underlaying the increasing public impact of this developing technology. Like the coming building of the new [[Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory|http://www.pr-inside.com/m-w-zander-selected-to-design-iberian-r634975.htm]] in Braga (Portugal), where the format and the substance/content are related.
Related to that there is the by Herzog & de Meuron [[40 Bond Street|http://www.40bond.com/]] building in New York, where a nanostructured coating ([[Diamon-Fusion|http://www.diamonfusion.com/en/news/pr121906.html]]) keeps the glasses clean saving time and resources. Or [[Richard Meier|http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/28/world/europe/28smog.html?n=Top/News/World/Countries%20and%20Territories/Italy]]'s Dives in [[Misericordia Church|http://www.richardmeier.com/Releases/Press_Jubilee_Text.htm]] in Rome (Italy) which has a ~TiO2 coating which in the presence of the UV light coming from the Sun, degrades combustion contaminants and maintain the walls clean and eats environmental smog too. This approach is also explored in a street in the town of Segrate, near Milan (Italy), using the same [[TX Active technology by Italcementi|http://www.italcementigroup.com/ENG/Research+and+Innovation/Innovative+Products/]]; the street with an average traffic of 1,000 cars per hour, has been repaved with the compound, and measures show a reduction in nitric oxides of around 60%
~CytImmune, a clinical stage nanomedicine company focused on the development and commercialization of multifunctional, tumor-targeted therapies presented at the 43rd American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual meeting. The poster, entitled “Preliminary Results of a Phase 1 Clinical Trial of ~CYT-6091: A ~PEGylated colloidal gold-TNF nanomedicine,” announced the preliminary data of a National Cancer Institute conducted and ~CytImmune Sciences sponsored Phase 1 trial of ~CYT-6091 (Aurimune), ~CytImmune’s lead drug compound. The Phase 1 clinical trial was designed to investigate whether: (1) Aurimune will perform identically in humans as it did in preclinical studies and companion animals and (2) the fever side effect observed in preclinical studies can be easily managed and separated from hypotension – the dose limiting side effect of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
“Presenting preliminary Phase 1 trial results to the leading body of international oncology experts helps pave the way for nanomedicines as the next generation of targeted cancer therapies and their use in improving the biodelivery of potent, but highly toxic therapeutics. We believe ~CYT-6091 has the potential to become a new, versatile therapeutic which may be used to treat a broad spectrum of solid tumors.” said Dr. Lawrence Tamarkin, CEO of ~CytImmune Sciences.
Source: [[CytImmune Presents Positive CYT-6091 Data|http://www.cytimmune.com/download/releases/CytImmune_ASCO_Release_Final6_3_061.pdf]]
This scientist use the fact that blood vessels surrounding the tumors are leaky due to their fast growth providing thus a way to passively target the tumor efficiently avoiding (or decreasing) deleterious secondary effects of antineoplastic drugs.
/***
|Name|CalendarPlugin|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#CalendarPlugin|
|Version|0.0.0|
|Author|SteveRumsby|
|License|unknown|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Requires||
|Overrides||
|Description|monthly and yearly calendars|
// // updated by Jeremy Sheeley to add cacheing for reminders
// // see http://www.geocities.com/allredfaq/reminderMacros.html
// // ''Changes by ELS 2006.08.23:''
// // added handling for weeknumbers (code supplied by Martin Budden. see "wn**" comment marks)
// // ''Changes by ELS 2005.10.30:''
// // config.macros.calendar.handler()
// // ^^use "tbody" element for IE compatibility^^
// // ^^IE returns 2005 for current year, FF returns 105... fix year adjustment accordingly^^
// // createCalendarDays()
// // ^^use showDate() function (if defined) to render autostyled date with linked popup^^
// // calendar stylesheet definition
// // ^^use .calendar class-specific selectors, add text centering and margin settings^^
!!!!!Configuration:
<<option chkDisplayWeekNumbers>> Display week numbers //(note: Monday will be used as the start of the week)//
|''First day of week:''|<<option txtCalFirstDay>>|(Monday = 0, Sunday = 6)|
|''First day of weekend:''|<<option txtCalStartOfWeekend>>|(Monday = 0, Sunday = 6)|
!!!!!Syntax:
|{{{<<calendar>>}}}|Produce a full-year calendar for the current year|
|{{{<<calendar year>>}}}|Produce a full-year calendar for the given year|
|{{{<<calendar year month>>}}}|Produce a one-month calendar for the given month and year|
|{{{<<calendar thismonth>>}}}|Produce a one-month calendar for the current month|
|{{{<<calendar lastmonth>>}}}|Produce a one-month calendar for last month|
|{{{<<calendar nextmonth>>}}}|Produce a one-month calendar for next month|
***/
// //Modify this section to change the text displayed for the month and day names, to a different language for example. You can also change the format of the tiddler names linked to from each date, and the colours used.
//{{{
config.macros.calendar = {};
config.macros.calendar.monthnames = ["Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"];
config.macros.calendar.daynames = ["M", "T", "W", "T", "F", "S", "S"];
config.macros.calendar.weekendbg = "#c0c0c0";
config.macros.calendar.monthbg = "#e0e0e0";
config.macros.calendar.holidaybg = "#ffc0c0";
//}}}
// //''Code section:''
// (you should not need to alter anything below here)//
//{{{
if(config.options.txtCalFirstDay == undefined)
config.options.txtCalFirstDay = 0;
if(config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend == undefined)
config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend = 5;
if(config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers == undefined)//wn**
config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers = false;
if(config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers)
config.options.txtCalFirstDay = 0;
config.macros.calendar.tiddlerformat = "0DD/0MM/YYYY"; // This used to be changeable - for now, it isn't// <<smiley :-(>>
version.extensions.calendar = { major: 0, minor: 6, revision: 0, date: new Date(2006, 1, 22)};
config.macros.calendar.monthdays = [ 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31];
config.macros.calendar.holidays = [ ]; // Not sure this is required anymore - use reminders instead
//}}}
// //Is the given date a holiday?
//{{{
function calendarIsHoliday(date)
{
var longHoliday = date.formatString("0DD/0MM/YYYY");
var shortHoliday = date.formatString("0DD/0MM");
for(var i = 0; i < config.macros.calendar.holidays.length; i++) {
if(config.macros.calendar.holidays[i] == longHoliday || config.macros.calendar.holidays[i] == shortHoliday) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
//}}}
// //The main entry point - the macro handler.
// //Decide what sort of calendar we are creating (month or year, and which month or year)
// // Create the main calendar container and pass that to sub-ordinate functions to create the structure.
// ELS 2005.10.30: added creation and use of "tbody" for IE compatibility and fixup for year >1900//
// ELS 2005.10.30: fix year calculation for IE's getYear() function (which returns '2005' instead of '105')//
// ELS 2006.05.29: add journalDateFmt handling//
//{{{
config.macros.calendar.handler = function(place,macroName,params)
{
var calendar = createTiddlyElement(place, "table", null, "calendar", null);
var tbody = createTiddlyElement(calendar, "tbody", null, null, null);
var today = new Date();
var year = today.getYear();
if (year<1900) year+=1900;
// get format for journal link by reading from SideBarOptions (ELS 5/29/06 - based on suggestion by Martin Budden)
var text = store.getTiddlerText("SideBarOptions");
this.journalDateFmt = "DD MMM YYYY";
var re = new RegExp("<<(?:newJournal)([^>]*)>>","mg"); var fm = re.exec(text);
if (fm && fm[1]!=null) { var pa=fm[1].readMacroParams(); if (pa[0]) this.journalDateFmt = pa[0]; }
if (params[0] == "thismonth")
{
cacheReminders(new Date(year, today.getMonth(), 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(tbody, year, today.getMonth());
}
else if (params[0] == "lastmonth") {
var month = today.getMonth()-1; if (month==-1) { month=11; year--; }
cacheReminders(new Date(year, month, 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(tbody, year, month);
}
else if (params[0] == "nextmonth") {
var month = today.getMonth()+1; if (month>11) { month=0; year++; }
cacheReminders(new Date(year, month, 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(tbody, year, month);
}
else {
if (params[0]) year = params[0];
if(params[1])
{
cacheReminders(new Date(year, params[1]-1, 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(tbody, year, params[1]-1);
}
else
{
cacheReminders(new Date(year, 0, 1, 0, 0), 366);
createCalendarYear(tbody, year);
}
}
window.reminderCacheForCalendar = null;
}
//}}}
//{{{
//This global variable is used to store reminders that have been cached
//while the calendar is being rendered. It will be renulled after the calendar is fully rendered.
window.reminderCacheForCalendar = null;
//}}}
//{{{
function cacheReminders(date, leadtime)
{
if (window.findTiddlersWithReminders == null)
return;
window.reminderCacheForCalendar = {};
var leadtimeHash = [];
leadtimeHash [0] = 0;
leadtimeHash [1] = leadtime;
var t = findTiddlersWithReminders(date, leadtimeHash, null, 1);
for(var i = 0; i < t.length; i++) {
//just tag it in the cache, so that when we're drawing days, we can bold this one.
window.reminderCacheForCalendar[t[i]["matchedDate"]] = "reminder:" + t[i]["params"]["title"];
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarOneMonth(calendar, year, mon)
{
var row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, "tr", null, null, null);
createCalendarMonthHeader(calendar, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon] + " " + year, true, year, mon);
row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, "tr", null, null, null);
createCalendarDayHeader(row, 1);
createCalendarDayRowsSingle(calendar, year, mon);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarMonth(calendar, year, mon)
{
var row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, "tr", null, null, null);
createCalendarMonthHeader(calendar, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon] + " " + year, false, year, mon);
row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, "tr", null, null, null);
createCalendarDayHeader(row, 1);
createCalendarDayRowsSingle(calendar, year, mon);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarYear(calendar, year)
{
var row;
row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, "tr", null, null, null);
var back = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, null);
var backHandler = function() {
removeChildren(calendar);
createCalendarYear(calendar, year-1);
};
createTiddlyButton(back, "<", "Previous year", backHandler);
back.align = "center";
var yearHeader = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, "calendarYear", year);
yearHeader.align = "center";
//yearHeader.setAttribute("colSpan", 19);
yearHeader.setAttribute("colSpan",config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers?22:19);//wn**
var fwd = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, null);
var fwdHandler = function() {
removeChildren(calendar);
createCalendarYear(calendar, year+1);
};
createTiddlyButton(fwd, ">", "Next year", fwdHandler);
fwd.align = "center";
createCalendarMonthRow(calendar, year, 0);
createCalendarMonthRow(calendar, year, 3);
createCalendarMonthRow(calendar, year, 6);
createCalendarMonthRow(calendar, year, 9);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarMonthRow(cal, year, mon)
{
var row = createTiddlyElement(cal, "tr", null, null, null);
createCalendarMonthHeader(cal, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon], false, year, mon);
createCalendarMonthHeader(cal, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon+1], false, year, mon);
createCalendarMonthHeader(cal, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon+2], false, year, mon);
row = createTiddlyElement(cal, "tr", null, null, null);
createCalendarDayHeader(row, 3);
createCalendarDayRows(cal, year, mon);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarMonthHeader(cal, row, name, nav, year, mon)
{
var month;
if(nav) {
var back = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, null);
back.align = "center";
back.style.background = config.macros.calendar.monthbg;
/*
back.setAttribute("colSpan", 2);
var backYearHandler = function() {
var newyear = year-1;
removeChildren(cal);
cacheReminders(new Date(newyear, mon , 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(cal, newyear, mon);
};
createTiddlyButton(back, "<<", "Previous year", backYearHandler);
*/
var backMonHandler = function() {
var newyear = year;
var newmon = mon-1;
if(newmon == -1) { newmon = 11; newyear = newyear-1;}
removeChildren(cal);
cacheReminders(new Date(newyear, newmon , 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(cal, newyear, newmon);
};
createTiddlyButton(back, "<", "Previous month", backMonHandler);
month = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, "calendarMonthname", name)
// month.setAttribute("colSpan", 3);
// month.setAttribute("colSpan", 5);
month.setAttribute("colSpan", config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers?6:5);//wn**
var fwd = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, null);
fwd.align = "center";
fwd.style.background = config.macros.calendar.monthbg;
// fwd.setAttribute("colSpan", 2);
var fwdMonHandler = function() {
var newyear = year;
var newmon = mon+1;
if(newmon == 12) { newmon = 0; newyear = newyear+1;}
removeChildren(cal);
cacheReminders(new Date(newyear, newmon , 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(cal, newyear, newmon);
};
createTiddlyButton(fwd, ">", "Next month", fwdMonHandler);
/*
var fwdYear = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, null);
var fwdYearHandler = function() {
var newyear = year+1;
removeChildren(cal);
cacheReminders(new Date(newyear, mon , 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(cal, newyear, mon);
};
createTiddlyButton(fwd, ">>", "Next year", fwdYearHandler);
*/
} else {
month = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, "calendarMonthname", name)
//month.setAttribute("colSpan", 7);
month.setAttribute("colSpan",config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers?8:7);//wn**
}
month.align = "center";
month.style.background = config.macros.calendar.monthbg;
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarDayHeader(row, num)
{
var cell;
for(var i = 0; i < num; i++) {
if (config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers) createTiddlyElement(row, "td");//wn**
for(var j = 0; j < 7; j++) {
var d = j + (config.options.txtCalFirstDay - 0);
if(d > 6) d = d - 7;
cell = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, config.macros.calendar.daynames[d]);
if(d == (config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend-0) || d == (config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend-0+1))
cell.style.background = config.macros.calendar.weekendbg;
}
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarDays(row, col, first, max, year, mon)
{
var i;
if (config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers){
if (first<=max) {
var ww = new Date(year,mon,first);
createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, "w"+ww.getWeek());//wn**
}
else createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, null);//wn**
}
for(i = 0; i < col; i++) {
createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, null);
}
var day = first;
for(i = col; i < 7; i++) {
var d = i + (config.options.txtCalFirstDay - 0);
if(d > 6) d = d - 7;
var daycell = createTiddlyElement(row, "td", null, null, null);
var isaWeekend = ((d == (config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend-0) || d == (config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend-0+1))? true:false);
if(day > 0 && day <= max) {
var celldate = new Date(year, mon, day);
// ELS 2005.10.30: use <<date>> macro's showDate() function to create popup
if (window.showDate) {
showDate(daycell,celldate,"popup","DD",config.macros.calendar.journalDateFmt,true, isaWeekend); // ELS 5/29/06 - use journalDateFmt
} else {
if(isaWeekend) daycell.style.background = config.macros.calendar.weekendbg;
var title = celldate.formatString(config.macros.calendar.tiddlerformat);
if(calendarIsHoliday(celldate)) {
daycell.style.background = config.macros.calendar.holidaybg;
}
if(window.findTiddlersWithReminders == null) {
var link = createTiddlyLink(daycell, title, false);
link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(day));
} else {
var button = createTiddlyButton(daycell, day, title, onClickCalendarDate);
}
}
}
day++;
}
}
//}}}
// //We've clicked on a day in a calendar - create a suitable pop-up of options.
// //The pop-up should contain:
// // * a link to create a new entry for that date
// // * a link to create a new reminder for that date
// // * an <hr>
// // * the list of reminders for that date
//{{{
function onClickCalendarDate(e)
{
var button = this;
var date = button.getAttribute("title");
var dat = new Date(date.substr(6,4), date.substr(3,2)-1, date.substr(0, 2));
date = dat.formatString(config.macros.calendar.tiddlerformat);
var popup = createTiddlerPopup(this);
popup.appendChild(document.createTextNode(date));
var newReminder = function() {
var t = store.getTiddlers(date);
displayTiddler(null, date, 2, null, null, false, false);
if(t) {
document.getElementById("editorBody" + date).value += "\n<<reminder day:" + dat.getDate() +
" month:" + (dat.getMonth()+1) +
" year:" + (dat.getYear()+1900) + " title: >>";
} else {
document.getElementById("editorBody" + date).value = "<<reminder day:" + dat.getDate() +
" month:" + (dat.getMonth()+1) +
" year:" + (dat.getYear()+1900) + " title: >>";
}
};
var link = createTiddlyButton(popup, "New reminder", null, newReminder);
popup.appendChild(document.createElement("hr"));
var t = findTiddlersWithReminders(dat, [0,14], null, 1);
for(var i = 0; i < t.length; i++) {
link = createTiddlyLink(popup, t[i].tiddler, false);
link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(t[i].tiddler));
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
function calendarMaxDays(year, mon)
{
var max = config.macros.calendar.monthdays[mon];
if(mon == 1 && (year % 4) == 0 && ((year % 100) != 0 || (year % 400) == 0)) {
max++;
}
return max;
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarDayRows(cal, year, mon)
{
var row = createTiddlyElement(cal, "tr", null, null, null);
var first1 = (new Date(year, mon, 1)).getDay() -1 - (config.options.txtCalFirstDay-0);
if(first1 < 0) first1 = first1 + 7;
var day1 = -first1 + 1;
var first2 = (new Date(year, mon+1, 1)).getDay() -1 - (config.options.txtCalFirstDay-0);
if(first2 < 0) first2 = first2 + 7;
var day2 = -first2 + 1;
var first3 = (new Date(year, mon+2, 1)).getDay() -1 - (config.options.txtCalFirstDay-0);
if(first3 < 0) first3 = first3 + 7;
var day3 = -first3 + 1;
var max1 = calendarMaxDays(year, mon);
var max2 = calendarMaxDays(year, mon+1);
var max3 = calendarMaxDays(year, mon+2);
while(day1 <= max1 || day2 <= max2 || day3 <= max3) {
row = createTiddlyElement(cal, "tr", null, null, null);
createCalendarDays(row, 0, day1, max1, year, mon); day1 += 7;
createCalendarDays(row, 0, day2, max2, year, mon+1); day2 += 7;
createCalendarDays(row, 0, day3, max3, year, mon+2); day3 += 7;
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarDayRowsSingle(cal, year, mon)
{
var row = createTiddlyElement(cal, "tr", null, null, null);
var first1 = (new Date(year, mon, 1)).getDay() -1 - (config.options.txtCalFirstDay-0);
if(first1 < 0) first1 = first1+ 7;
var day1 = -first1 + 1;
var max1 = calendarMaxDays(year, mon);
while(day1 <= max1) {
row = createTiddlyElement(cal, "tr", null, null, null);
createCalendarDays(row, 0, day1, max1, year, mon); day1 += 7;
}
}
//}}}
// //ELS 2005.10.30: added styles
//{{{
setStylesheet(".calendar, .calendar table, .calendar th, .calendar tr, .calendar td { text-align:center; } .calendar, .calendar a { margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important; }", "calendarStyles");
//}}}
"With carbon, we know how to make things very small," said Ohldag. "On the other hand we know a lot about how to process and store information using magnetism. This opens up the door for future studies that will lead to improved magnetism in carbon that could one day we will be able to combine the ‘magnetic' and the ‘carbon' world."
Harnessing the magnetic properties of carbon could one day revolutionize a range of fields from nanotechnology to electronics. Carbon nanodevices could be built one atom at a time, leading to miniaturized machines and lightweight electronics. Magnetism, which forms the basis of information storage and processing in computer hard drives, could be employed in novel ways in tomorrow's electronic devices.
Source: [[Carbon Joins the Magnetic Club|http://www.physorg.com/news98111007.html]]
<<tag nanomaterial>>
Research done by scientists in Italy and Switzerland has shown that ''carbon nanotubes may be the ideal “smart” brain material''. Their results are a promising step forward in the search to find ways to “bypass” faulty brain wiring.
The research shows that ''carbon nanotubes, which, like neurons, are highly electrically conductive, form extremely tight contacts with neuronal cell membranes''. Unlike the metal electrodes that are currently used in research and clinical applications, the nanotubes can create shortcuts between the distal and proximal compartments of the neuron, resulting in enhanced neuronal excitability.
The study was conducted in the [[Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry|http://bmi.epfl.ch/page61216.html]] at EPFL in Switzerland and led by [[Michel Giugliano|http://www.giugliano.info/pro/]] (now an assistant professor at the University of Antwerp) and University of Trieste professor [[Laura Ballerini|http://www.neuronano.net/PeopleData.aspx?Action=Data&IdPartner=1&IdPeople=1]]. ''“This result is extremely relevant for the emerging field of neuro-engineering and neuroprosthetics,”'' explains Giugliano, who hypothesizes that the nanotubes could be used as a new building block of novel “electrical bypass” systems for treating traumatic injury of the central nervous system. Carbon nano-electrodes could also be used to replace metal parts in clinical applications such as deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease or severe depression. And they show promise as a whole new class of “smart” materials for use in a wide range of potential neuroprosthetic applications.
[[Henry Markram|http://people.epfl.ch/henry.markram]], head of the Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry and an author on the paper, adds: “There are three fundamental obstacles to developing reliable neuroprosthetics: 1) stable interfacing of electromechanical devices with neural tissue, 2) understanding how to stimulate the neural tissue, and 3) understanding what signals to record from the neurons in order for the device to make an automatic and appropriate decision to stimulate. The new carbon nanotube-based interface technology discovered together with state of the art simulations of brain-machine interfaces is the key to developing all types of neuroprosthetics -- sight, sound, smell, motion, vetoing epileptic attacks, spinal bypasses, as well as repairing and even enhancing cognitive functions.”
Source: [[New “smart” materials for the brain|http://actualites.epfl.ch/presseinfo-com?id=693]]. This work is detailed in the paper [[Carbon nanotubes might improve neuronal performance by favouring electrical shortcuts|http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nnano.2008.374.html]] by Giada Cellot, Emanuele Cilia, Sara Cipollone, Vladimir Rancic, Antonella Sucapane, Silvia Giordani, Luca Gambazzi, Henry Markram, Micaela Grandolfo, Denis Scaini, Fabrizio Gelain, Loredana Casalis, Maurizio Prato, Michele Giugliano and Laura Ballerini
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag [[carbon nanotubes]] "carbon nanotubes" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanomedicine "nanomedicine" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanomaterial "nanomaterial" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
Antineoplastic effects of <html><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisplatin" rel="tag">Cisplatin</a></html>, a paradigm of serendipity, were discovered when applying electric fields to C.Elegans. In that case, the Pt(II) cations released from the electrodes interferred with cellular duplication and the C.Elegans growed to gigantic sizes. First was thought that the applied electrical induced organism growth however later on was found that <html><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2006/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Cisplatin" rel="tag">Cisplatin</a></html> irreversibly attaches to the N residues of the DNA impeding cell reproduction. Since then it has been one of the most used antitumoral drugs and still today is widely used in the treatment of the most prevalent tumours. In addition, <html><a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=84691" rel="tag">Cisplatin</a></html> derivates as carboplatin or oxiplatin has show also benefitial therapeutic effects, indicating that modifications of cisplatin may be of medical interest. Therefore many compunts based on Pt(II) has been produced showing biological activity, however, few of them have shown medical relevance. The loose of activity in the body can be associated with deactivation of the Pt(II) cation by sulfure containing molecules (cisteines) or by a unproper biodistribution of the drug, and others. In a recent paper, Lippard and co-workers have try to overcome this complications by conjugating platine(IV) compounds to carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotubes should act as Longboat Delivery Systems for Platium (IV). Such nanocomposites are internalized by endocitosis into a endosome where its low pH reduces Platium (IV) to Platinum (II) delivering a large amount of cisplatin(II) to the cell increasing efficiently its killer effects. In addition, circulating Platinum (IV) compounds are non toxic (it is the valence II compound the toxic one). Now it has to be observed the compund biodistribution and side effects since generally platinum chemotherapies are interrupted due to size effects of nefro toxicity or renal toxicity.
Feazell et al. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2007, 129,8438-8439
[<img[individual carbon atoms (yellow) on the honeycomb lattice of graphene|http://newscenter.lbl.gov/wp-content/uploads/team-05-graphene-214x300.jpg]] Hailed as the world’s most powerful [[transmission electron microscope|http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nanotechnology/Electron_microscopy#Transmission_electron_microscopy_.28TEM.29]], TEAM 0.5 is living up to expectations. Using TEAM 0.5 ([[TEAM|http://ncem.lbl.gov/TEAM-project/index.html]] stands for Transmission Electron Aberration-corrected Microscope), researchers with the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have produced stunning images of individual carbon atoms in graphene, the two-dimensional crystalline form of carbon that is highly prized by the electronics industry.
These first time ever images were recorded at Berkeley Lab’s National Center for Electron Microscopy ([[NCEM|http://ncem.lbl.gov/]]), a DOE national user facility that is a premier center for electron microscopy and microcharacterization. TEAM 0.5, its newest instrument, is capable of //producing images with half‑angstrom resolution, which is less than the diameter of a single hydrogen atom//.
“Simply put, //TEAM 0.5 is the best transmission electron microscope in the world, representing a quantum leap forward in instrumentation//,” said physicist [[Alex Zettl|http://www.physics.berkeley.edu/research/zettl/]] who led this research. “''Having the ability to see, basically in real time, each and every individual atom in a sample'' is unbelievably useful and the images we can now see have been jaw-dropping for even the most seasoned electron microscopists. TEAM 0.5 is pushing transmission electron microscopy to a new level.”
“Theorists are currently making all kinds of predictions about the properties of [[graphene|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene]] for different local atomic configurations, but until TEAM 0.5, we did not have the ability to actually see and study these configurations in real time,” Zettl said.
Says NCEM principal investigator and collaborator on this study Kisielowski, “TEAM 0.5 allows for the detection of every single atom from the Periodic Table provided that the sample under investigation can stand the radiation damage (TEAM 0.5’s record-setting half-angstrom resolution was achieved with an electron beam that was 300 kilovolts (kV) in energy.)
Source: [[Closest Look Ever at Graphene: Stunning Images of Individual Carbon Atoms From TEAM 0.5 microscope|http://newscenter.lbl.gov/press-releases/2008/09/09/closest-look-ever-at-graphene-stunning-images-of-individual-carbon-atoms-from-team-05-microscope/]]. The paper, published in Nanoletters, is [[Direct imaging of lattice atoms and topological defects in graphene membranes|http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/asap.cgi/nalefd/asap/pdf/nl801386m.pdf]]
''Professor [[Andre Geim|http://onnes.ph.man.ac.uk/nano/]] and Dr [[Kostya Noveselov|http://onnes.ph.man.ac.uk/nano/People.html]] have been awarded the prestigious [[Europhysics Prize 2008|http://www.eps.org/news/eps-europhysics-prize-2008-1]] for discovering and isolating a single free-standing atomic layer of carbon (graphene) and elucidating its remarkable electronic properties.''
/***
|Name|CoreTweaks|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#CoreTweaks|
|Version|n/a|
|Author|Eric Shulman - ELS Design Studios|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements <br>and [[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/]]|
|~CoreVersion|2.2.0|
|Type|plugin|
|Requires||
|Overrides|various|
|Description|a small collection of overrides to TW core functions |
This tiddler contains changes TW core functions to provide minor changes in standard features or behavior. It is hoped that some of these tweaks may someday be added into the TW core, so that these adjustments will be available without needing these add-on definitions.
>''Note: the changes contained in this tiddler are generally applicable for version 2.4.1 of TiddlyWiki. Please view [[CoreTweaksArchive]] for tweaks that may be used with earlier versions of TiddlyWiki.''
----
***/
// // {{block{
/***
!!!824 ~WindowTitle - alternative to combined ~SiteTitle/~SiteSubtitle in window titlebar
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/824 - OPEN
This tweak allows definition of an optional [[WindowTitle]] tiddler that, when present, provides alternative text for display in the browser window's titlebar, instead of using the combined text content from [[SiteTitle]] and [[SiteSubtitle]] (which will still be displayed as usual in the TiddlyWiki document header area).
Note: this ticket replaces http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/401 (closed), which proposed using a custom [[PageTitle]] tiddler for this purpose. ''If you were using the previous '401 ~PageTitle' tweak, you will need to rename [[PageTitle]] to [[WindowTitle]] to continue to use your custom window title text''
***/
//{{{
config.shadowTiddlers.WindowTitle='<<tiddler SiteTitle>> - <<tiddler SiteSubtitle>>';
window.getPageTitle=function() { return wikifyPlain('WindowTitle'); }
store.addNotification('WindowTitle',refreshPageTitle); // so title stays in sync with tiddler changes
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!823 apply option values via paramifiers (e.g. #chk...and #txt...)
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/823 - no ticket yet
This tweak extends and ''//replaces//'' the core {{{invokeParamifier()}}} function to support use of ''option paramifiers'' that set TiddlyWiki option values on-the-fly, directly from a document URL.
If a paramifier begins with 'chk' (checkbox) or 'txt' (text field), it's value will be automatically stored in {{{config.options.*}}}, adding to or overriding any existing 'chk' or 'txt' option values that may have already been loaded from browser cookies and/or assigned by the TW core or plugin initialization functions using hard-coded default values. Note: option values that have been overriden by paramifiers are only applied during the current document session, and are not //automatically// retained. However, if you edit an overridden option value during that session, then the modified value is, of course, saved in a browser cookie, as usual.
***/
//{{{
function invokeParamifier(params,handler)
{
if(!params || params.length == undefined || params.length <= 1)
return;
for(var t=1; t<params.length; t++) {
var p = config.paramifiers[params[t].name];
if(p && p[handler] instanceof Function)
p[handler](params[t].value);
else { // not a paramifier with handler()... check for an 'option' prefix
var h=config.optionHandlers[params[t].name.substr(0,3)];
if (h && h.set instanceof Function)
h.set(params[t].name,params[t].value);
}
}
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!784 allow tiddler sections in TiddlyLinks to be used as anchor points for intra-tiddler scrolling.
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/784 - OPEN
You can use the tiddler section syntax within the {{{<<tiddler>>}}} macro to //transclude// a subsection of one tiddler into another (e.g., {{{<<tiddler SomeTiddler##SomeSection>>}}}). However, if this syntax is used in a TiddlyLink (e.g., {{{[[SomeTiddler##SomeSection]]}}}), the entire reference is treated as a link to a (non-existent) tiddler that includes the section reference in the tiddler title itself.
This tweak extends the TiddlyLink and displayTiddler() processing so that section references in links can be used to auto-scroll to the indicated heading within a tiddler (i.e., the same 'anchor' behavior as {{{<a name="foo">}}} and {{{<a href="#foo">...</a>}}} when using HTML syntax).
***/
//{{{
Story.prototype.scrollToSection = function(title,section) {
if (!title||!section) return; var t=this.getTiddler(title); if (!t) return null;
var elems=t.getElementsByTagName('*');
for (var i=0; i<elems.length; i++) { var e=elems[i];
if (!['H1','H2','H3','H4','H5'].contains(e.nodeName)) continue;
if (getPlainText(e).indexOf(section)!=-1) {
var delay=config.options.chkAnimate?config.animDuration+1:0; // scroll *after* tiddler animation
setTimeout('window.scrollTo(0,'+findPosY(e)+')',delay);
return e;
}
}
}
window.createTiddlyLink_sectionanchor=window.createTiddlyLink;
window.createTiddlyLink=function(place,title) {
var t=story.findContainingTiddler(place); var tid=t?t.getAttribute('tiddler'):'';
var parts=title.split(config.textPrimitives.sectionSeparator);
if (!parts[0].length) parts[0]=tid; // default to current tiddler for '##section' links
if (parts[1]) arguments[1]=parts[0]; // trim section from tiddler title
var btn=createTiddlyLink_sectionanchor.apply(this,arguments);
if (parts[1]) btn.setAttribute('section',parts[1]); // save section
return btn;
}
window.onClickTiddlerLink_sectionanchor=window.onClickTiddlerLink;
window.onClickTiddlerLink=function(ev) {
var e=ev||window.event; var target=resolveTarget(e); var title=null;
while (target!=null && title==null) {
title=target.getAttribute('tiddlyLink');
section=target.getAttribute('section');
target=target.parentNode;
}
var t=story.findContainingTiddler(target); var tid=t?t.getAttribute('tiddler'):'';
if (title!=tid||!section) onClickTiddlerLink_sectionanchor.apply(this,arguments); // avoid excess scrolling
story.scrollToSection(title,section);
return false;
}
Story.prototype.displayTiddler_sectionanchor=Story.prototype.displayTiddler;
Story.prototype.displayTiddler = function(srcElement,tiddler)
{
var title=(tiddler instanceof Tiddler)?tiddler.title:tiddler;
var parts=title.split(config.textPrimitives.sectionSeparator);
if (parts[0].length && parts[1]) arguments[1]=parts[0]; // trim section from tiddler title
this.displayTiddler_sectionanchor.apply(this,arguments);
story.scrollToSection(parts[0],parts[1]);
}
config.formatterHelpers.isExternalLink_sectionanchor=config.formatterHelpers.isExternalLink;
config.formatterHelpers.isExternalLink=function(link) {
if (link.indexOf(config.textPrimitives.sectionSeparator)!=-1) return false;
return config.formatterHelpers.isExternalLink_sectionanchor.apply(this,arguments);
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!757 add removeCookie() function
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/757 - OPEN
When a TW option is reset to it's hard-coded default value, the corresponding browser cookie is usually just set to that default value, which results in an accumulation of unnecessary cookies. Unfortunately, there is a browser-imposed limit on the number of cookies that are stored for any given domain and, when that limit is reached, the browser starts removing cookies on it's own, thereby unexpectedly discarding some TW settings. In order to allow core and/or plugin code to 'clean up after themselves' and remove unneeded cookies, this tweak provides a new 'core' function, removeCookie() that is the inverse of the existing saveOptionCookie(), and results in the actual deletion of the browser cookie associated with the specified TW option.
***/
//{{{
if (window.removeCookie===undefined) {
window.removeCookie=function(name) {
document.cookie = name+'=; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:01 UTC; path=/;';
}
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!749 ieCreatePath fixup for handling / in UNC paths
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/749 - OPEN
***/
//{{{
// tweak ieCreatePath to add fallback check for / (in addition to current check for \)
var fn=window.ieCreatePath;
fn=fn.toString().replace(/function ieCreatePath\(path\)/,'window.ieCreatePath=function(path)');
fn=fn.toString().replace(/var pos = path.lastIndexOf\("\\\\"\);/,
'var pos=path.lastIndexOf("\\\\"); if(pos==-1) pos=path.lastIndexOf("/");');
eval(fn);
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!741 allow """<hr>""" directly in wiki-formatted content
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/741 - OPEN
This tweak extends the 'horizontal rule' formatter to recognize {{{<hr>}}} (or {{{<hr />}}}) directly in tiddler content without being enclosed within an HTML block (i.e., {{{<html><hr></html>}}}). This allows HR elements to be used within table cell content, bullet items and other ''line-mode'' syntax, where the required use of newlines surrounding the """----""" syntax would interfere with the enclosing line-mode formatting.
***/
//{{{
config.formatters[config.formatters.findByField('name','rule')].match+='|<hr ?/?>\\n?';
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!683 FireF