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Nanotechnologists have discovered that ''the photosynthesis system of bacteria can be used to transport light over relatively long distances. They have developed a type of 'molecular glass fibre''', a thousand times thinner than a human hair.
All plants and some bacteria use photosynthesis to store energy from the sun. Researchers from the [[MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology]] of the University of Twente have now discovered how parts of the photosynthesis system of bacteria can be used to transport light. In their experiments the researchers used isolated proteins from the so-called Light Harvesting Complex (LHC). These proteins transport the sunlight in the cells of plants and bacteria to a place in the cell where the solar energy is stored. The researchers built a type of 'molecular glass fibre' from the LHC proteins that is a thousand times thinner than a human hair.
In the experiment the researchers fastened the proteins onto a fixed background. They positioned them in a line, and in this way formed a thread. They then shone laser light to one point in the thread, and observed where the light went to. The line with the LHC proteins did not only transport the light, but transported it over much longer distances than the researchers had initially expected. Distances of around 50 nanometres are normally bridged in the bacteria from which the LHC proteins were isolated. In the researchers' experiments the light covered distances at least thirty times greater.
According to Cees Otto, one of the researchers involved, we can learn a lot from nature in experiments such as this. "The LHC proteins are the building blocks that nature gives us, and using then ''we can learn more about natural processes such as the transport of light in photosynthesis''. When we understand how nature works, we can then imitate it. In time we will be able to use this principle in, for example, solar panels."
The research was carried out in partnership with the University of Sheffield, and fully financed by [[NanoNed|http://www.nanoned.nl/]]. Source: [[MESA+/University of Twente nanotechnologists create ‘molecular glass fibres’|http://www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/news/otto.doc/]]. This work is detailed in the paper [[Long-Range Energy Propagation in Nanometre Arrays of Light Harvesting Antenna Complexes|http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl1003569]] by Maryana Escalante, Aufried Lenferink, Yiping Zhao, Niels Tas, Jurriaan Huskens, Neil Hunter, Vinod Subramaniam and Cees Otto. "Here we report the first observation of long-range transport of excitation energy within a biomimetic molecular nanoarray constructed from LH2 antenna complexes from Rhodobacter sphaeroides."
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanophotonics "nanophotonics" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag energy "energy" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-SPIE Optics + Photonics"> <a class="url" href="http://spie.org/optics-photonics.xml"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20100801">August 1th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20100805">5th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">SPIE Optics + Photonics</span>— at <span class="location">San Diego, California, USA</span> </a> <div class="description">For the Latest Research in Solar, Nano, Optical, and Photonics Technologies and Applications</div>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-25th Anniversary of Buckminsterfullerene Discovery"> <a class="url" href="http://buckyball.smalley.rice.edu/"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20101010">October 10th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20101013">13th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">25th Anniversary of Buckminsterfullerene Discovery</span>— at <span class="location">Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA</span> </a> <div class="description">Rice University is celebrating the Buckyball's 25th Birthday with a commemorative celebration and conference. The pivotal discovery of the buckyball marks the birth of nanoscience and nanotechnology on Rice's Campus. This celebration and conference will reunite the members of the research team in a special symposium. Here they ''will reminsce about the discovery and provide insight into the future of carbon nanotechnology''. </div>
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<<reminder month:10 day:10 title:"''25th Anniversary of Buckminsterfullerene Discovery''">>
<<tiddler [[Feynman Anniversary Symposium]]>>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-SME Nanomanufacturing Conference"> <a class="url" href="http://www.sme.org/cgi-bin/get-event.pl?--001875-000007-nhome--SME-"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20100414">April 14th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20100415">15th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">SME Nanomanufacturing Conference</span>— at <span class="location">Mesa, Arizona</span> </a> <div class="description">Looking to understand what nanotechnology means for you? Need to understand how and why nanotechnology can improve your products, process and may even cut costs? Interested in learning about the latest applications and trends in top-down fabrication and bottom-up assembly techniques? This conference will highlight the current, near-term, and future applications of nanotechnology and how they are transforming the way we manufacture products. Peer networking, information sharing, and technology exchange among the world's nanomanufacturing leaders will be a key feature of the event.</div>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-DNA Computing and Molecular Programming (DNA16)"> <a class="url" href="http://dna16.ust.hk"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20100614">June 14th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20100617">17th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">DNA Computing and Molecular Programming (DNA16)</span>— at <span class="location">Hong Kong, China</span> </a> <div class="description">Biomolecular computing has emerged as an interdisciplinary field that draws together chemistry, computer science, mathematics, molecular biology, and physics. Our knowledge of DNA nanotechnology and biomolecular computing increases dramatically with every passing year. The international meeting on DNA Computing has been a forum where scientists with different backgrounds, yet sharing a common interest in biomolecular computing, meet and present their latest results. Continuing this tradition, the 14th International Meeting on DNA Computing, under the auspices of the International Society for Nanoscale Science, Computation and Engineering (ISNSCE), will focus on the current theoretical and experimental results with the greatest impact. This annual conference focuses on topics that merge mathematics, computation, biology, and nanotechnology. Some examples are modeling of bionanoscale systems, using DNA oligonucleotides to guide the assembly of nanostructures, and implementing DNA-based computational devices for medical and other applications.</div>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-NanoBio-Europe 2010"> <a class="url" href="http://www.nanobio-europe.com/"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20100615">June 15th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20100617">17th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">NanoBio-Europe 2010</span>— at <span class="location">Münster, Germany</span> </a> <div class="description">Nanobiotechnology as one of todays most fascinating and challenging field of research is a multidisciplinary and fast developing research area with revolutionary innovations in almost any field of science and engineering. The NanoBio-Europe Congress is going to present the most recent international developments in the field of nanobiotechnology and is providing a platform for interdisciplinary communication, new cooperations and projects to participants from science and industry. The major focus of the NanoBio-Europe Congress is set on medical applications of nanobio technology, in particular the characterization of cellular processes, machinery and interaction to control, manipulate or manufacture molecules or supramolecular assemblies to improve human health.</div>
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<<reminder month:6 day:15 title:"''NanoBio-Europe 2010''">>
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<img src="http://gestion.pacifico-meetings.com/www/iutox2010/imgs/logo.jpg" width="10%"/><img src="http://gestion.pacifico-meetings.com/www/iutox2010/imgs/cabezote.jpg" width="50%"/>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-IUTOX-2010"> <a class="url" href="http://gestion.pacifico-meetings.com/www/iutox2010/"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20100719">July 19th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20100723">23th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">IUTOX-2010, the XII International Congress of Toxicology</span>— at <span class="location">Barcelona, Catalunya, España</span> </a> <div class="description">The Spanish Association of Toxicology (AETOX) and EUROTOX in the name of the International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX), invite you to participate in IUTOX-2010. The Congress will encourage the interaction between Academia, Industry, Regulators, Expert in Human (clinical and epidemiology) and Environmental Toxicology. Chemical Safety is increasingly requiring integrated and translational approaches to get successful possibilities of innovative application of the results of research and development based on added values with safety to human health and the environment. </div>
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<<reminder month:7 day:19 title:"''IUTOX-2010, the XII International Congress of Toxicology''">>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-BioNanoMed 2010"> <a class="url" href="http://www.bionanomed.at/"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20101102">November 2th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20101103">3th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">BioNanoMed 2010</span>— at <span class="location">Krems, Austria</span> </a> <div class="description">Nanotechnology: New frontiers in Medicine & Biology. The aim of BioNanoMed 2010, 2nd International Congress, is to bring together clinical physicians, nanoscientists with a background of physics, biology, pharmacology, engineering or material science, industry experts as well as technology transfer and education institutions, governmental and non-governmental institutions in the field of life science to discuss current, emerging and future trends of the converging fields of Nanotechnology, Biotechnology and Medicine. </div>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-NanoAgri 2010"> <a class="url" href="http://www.nanoagri2010.com/"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20100620">June 20th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20100625">25th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">NanoAgri 2010</span>— at <span class="location">São Pedro, SP, Brazil</span> </a> <div class="description">I International Conference on Food and Agriculture Applications of Nanotechnologies. New and emerging applications of nanotechnologies in food and agriculture and issues related to their use will be the focus of this Conference. In addition to exploring relevant scientific and technological advances, the Conference will also seek to highlight areas of research with the greatest potential to benefit society.</div>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-Nanotech 2010"> <a class="url" href="http://www.techconnectworld.com/Nanotech2010/"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20100621">June 21th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20100625">25th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">Nanotech 2010</span>— at <span class="location">Anaheim, California</span> </a> <div class="description">Uniting innovators to bring nanotechnology from laboratory to marketplace. Nanotech 2010 brings together over 5,000 technology and business leaders and experts from academia, government, startups and Fortune 1,000 companies. </div>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-NanoSpain 2010"> <a class="url" href="http://www.nanospainconf.org/2010/index.php?conf=10"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20100323">March 23th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20100326">26th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">NanoSpain 2010</span>— at <span class="location">Malaga</span> </a> <div class="description">In 2008, Spain, Portugal and France (through their respective networks NanoSpain, PortugalNano and C'Nano GSO) decided to join efforts in order that NanoSpain events facilitate the dissemination of knowledge and promote interdisciplinary discussions not only in Spain but among the different groups from Southern Europe. Other objectives will also be to enhance industrial participation and permit considering the situation of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in the south of Europe. The NanoSpain2010 edition will be organised in Malaga (Spain) - to emphasise the importance at the Spanish and European level of the launch of the Centre for Research in Nanomedicine and Biotechnology, Bionand.</div>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-Third International NanoBio Conference 2010"> <a class="url" href="http://www.nanobio.ethz.ch/"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20100824">August 24th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20100827">27th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">Third International NanoBio Conference 2010</span>— at <span class="location">Zurich, Switzerland</span> </a> <div class="description">Nanobiotechnology is the discipline of the future that is taking over the role of being the motor of economic growth from information technology. Biology is inherently nano. Just think of a cell, which is a warehouse of structures and functional units that are finely harmonized on the nanometer scale. The new tools of nanotechnology allow us to address biological and medical problems with unprecedented accuracy and sensitivity because now it has become possible to interact with the bio-world at the length scale at which it operates. New intelligent drug delivery vehicles, novel nanobiosensors, nanomedical imaging tools and other nanobio-devices, and new nanostructured biomaterials are expected to speed up quantitative biological and medical research, boost our diagnostic capabilities, and increase the length and quality of our lives. At the same time nanostructures inspired by nature or created using biological processes are expected to reduce the production costs of new nanodevices making them accessible for the public.</div>
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<<reminder month:8 day:24 title:"''Third International NanoBio Conference 2010''">>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-First International Workshop on Nanomedicine"> <a class="url" href="http://www.etp-nanomedicine.eu/public/news-events/news/first-international-workshop-on-nanomedicine"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20100426">April 26th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20100427">27th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">First International Workshop on Nanomedicine</span>— at <span class="location">Canary Wharf, London</span> </a> <div class="description">The workshop is intended to be a platform involving scientists, regulators (European Commission, US Food and Drug Administration, Health Canada, Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare) and pharmaceutical industry active in application of nanotechnologies to pharmaceuticals. The objective is to have a discussion on identified issues and emerging science aspects, which may provide directions for future developments and regulatory considerations for nanomedicines.</div>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-The International GENNESYS Congress on Nanotechnology and Research Infrastructures"> <a class="url" href="http://www.gennesys2010.eu/"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20100426">May 26th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20100427">28th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">The International GENNESYS Congress on Nanotechnology and Research Infrastructures</span>— at <span class="location">Barcelona</span> </a> <div class="description">The GENNESYS Congress will also make key recommendations on how to structure and organize nanomaterials development in Europe and to promote a new culture in the world of nanomaterials in which research-discoveries will smoothly be transferred into industrial innovations by human-resource networks around modern research infrastructure platforms.</div>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-Foundations of Nanoscience 2010"> <a class="url" href="http://www.cs.duke.edu/~reif/FNANO/"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20100427">April 27th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20100430">30th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">Foundations of Nanoscience (FNANO10)</span>— at <span class="location">Snowbird, Utah</span> </a> <div class="description">Foundations of Nanoscience is a yearly conference on foundations of nanoscience, maintaining the highest scientific standards. Self-assembly is the central theme of the conference. Topics include self-assembled architectures and devices, at scales ranging from nano-scale to meso-scale. Methodologies include both experimental as well as theoretical approaches. The conference spans traditional disciplines including chemistry, biochemistry, physics, computer science, mathematics, and various engineering disciplines including MEMS. Also a Co-located NSF Workshop on DNA Origami is being organized for April 26, 2010</div>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-Open Science Summit 2010"> <a class="url" href="http://opensciencesummit.com/"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20100729">July 29th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20100731">31th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">Open Science Summit 2010</span>— at <span class="location">Berkeley, California, USA</span> </a> <div class="description">Renowned physicist Freeman Dyson identifies two kinds of scientific revolutions, those driven by new concepts (theoretical), and those driven by new tools (technological). To this classification of scientific revolutions, we can now add a third kind, an Organizational Revolution, the advent of a truly “Open Science,” which will profoundly affect the pace and character of subsequent theory and tool-driven paradigm shifts. The 21st century is off to a rocky start, and as economic and ecological crises converge, there is no shortage of dire predictions. On the other hand, politicians and pundits point to the expectation that Science and Technology will let humanity invent its way out of the problems we’ve created. This rosy outlook ignores a deep crisis that has been brewing and could hamstring our innovative capacity when we most urgently need it.</div>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-MINM 2010"> <a class="url" href="http://www.cmrdi.sci.eg/minm2010"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20101129">November 29th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20101202">December 2th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">Materials imperatives in the new millenium</span>— at <span class="location">Cairo, Egypt</span> </a> <div class="description">Materials are essential for the economic growth of any country. They provide support to the down-stream industries and the entire industrial development of the nation. Maximization of the use of materials would result in an increase of the added value as new products could be obtained from the materials and its processing intermediates. During the last two decades, new technologies have been developed in the areas of material processing which allow its utilization in advanced applications. However, the intermediates require further purification to produce advanced materials for advanced industrial applications. Scientific collaboration among scientists from a variety of disciplines can help in better understanding of the material processing and utilization. R&D should focus on developing cost effective techniques to develop and utilize materials for solving the problems facing the world during the new millennium such as energy, environment, climate change, food and water supply. On the regional level, Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI) being a base of the Arab Association of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, will arrange during the conference a regional meeting of the association to identify areas of the mutual cooperation between members and non-member countries, consequently the conference will be a good forum for coordination of joint efforts.</div>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-Nanofair 2010"> <a class="url" href="http://www.nanofair.com/"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20100706">July 6th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20100707">7th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">Nanofair 2010 - 8th International Nanotechnology Symposium</span>— at <span class="location">Dresden, Germany</span> </a> <div class="description">Nanofair is, since 2002, the most established conference on nanotechnology in Europe and will provide a forum for presenting current research results and for the exchange of ideas and information between researchers, scientists and engineers from industry, research laboratories and universities. The focus for this year’s conference will be on all kinds of material aspects, for instance functional nanocomposites, nanomaterials for energy applications or nanoanalytica methods.</div>
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<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-Magnetic Nanostructures"> <a class="url" href="http://www.nanobio.ethz.ch/"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20100808">August 8th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20100813">13th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">Magnetic Nanostructures</span>— at <span class="location">Bates College,
Lewiston, Maine, USA</span> </a> <div class="description">This conference will be a forum for discussion of spin-dependent and magnetic phenomena in condensed matter systems with nanoscale dimensions. The field of magnetic nanostructures encompasses a wide variety of topics. Spintronics continues to be a prominent area of interest, but many other areas of nanomagnetism will also be included. Previous conferences have included presentations on molecular magnets, biomagnetism, new routes to high density magnetic recording media and magnetic logic devices, spin torque induced dynamics, the manipulation of magnetism by electrical fields, multiferroic materials, spin injection into semiconductors, the spin Hall effect, magnetic nanoparticles and nanowires, magnetostrictive devices, ultrafast magnetization dynamics, domain wall motion, spin wave excitations, optical and scanning probe spin manipulation, and nanoscale magnetic imaging.</div>
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Researchers demonstrate a new solar cell technology: ''How To Make a Solar Cell with Donuts and Tea''.
"It turns out these delicious little things contain everything we need to make a simple solar cell," said [[Blake Farrow|http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/03/donutsolar/]], a Canadian scientist who filmed the video while visiting [[Prashant Kamat’s lab|http://www.nd.edu/~pkamat/]] at the University of Notre Dame.
Notre Dame’s YouTube Channel
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[<img[This figure illustrates the comparison of a synapse with the NOMFET. (Image: Dr. Vuillaume, IEMN-CNRS)|http://www.iemn.univ-lille1.fr/uploads/pics/SynT.jpg]]For the first time, French researchers at CNRS and CEA have developed a transistor that can mimic the main functionalities of a synapse. This organic transistor, based on pentacene and gold nanoparticles and known as a NOMFET (Nanoparticle Organic Memory Field-Effect Transistor), has opened the way to new generations of neuro-inspired computers, capable of responding in a manner similar to the nervous system.
In the development of new information processing strategies, one approach consists in mimicking the way biological systems such as neuron networks operate to produce electronic circuits with new features. In the nervous system, a synapse is the junction between two neurons, enabling the transmission of electric messages from one neuron to another and the adaptation of the message as a function of the nature of the incoming signal (plasticity). For example, if the synapse receives very closely packed pulses of incoming signals, it will transmit a more intense action potential. Conversely, if the pulses are spaced farther apart, the action potential will be weaker. It is this plasticity that the researchers have succeeding in mimicking with the NOMFET.
A transistor, the basic building block of an electronic circuit, can be used as a simple switch - it can then transmit, or not, a signal - or instead offer numerous functionalities (amplification, modulation, encoding, etc.).
The innovation of the NOMFET resides in the original combination of an organic transistor and gold nanoparticles. These encapsulated nanoparticles, fixed in the channel of the transistor and coated with [[pentacene|The Chemical Structure of a Molecule Resolved by Atomic Force Microscopy]], have a memory effect that allows them to mimic the way a synapse works during the transmission of action potentials between two neurons. This property therefore makes the electronic component capable of evolving as a function of the system in which it is placed. Its performance is comparable to the seven CMOS transistors (at least) that have been needed until now to mimic this plasticity.
The devices produced have been optimized to nanometric sizes in order to be able to integrate them on a large scale. Neuro-inspired computers produced using this technology are capable of functions comparable to those of the human brain. Unlike silicon computers, widely used in high performance computing, neuro-inspired computers can resolve much more complex problems, such as visual recognition. Source: ''[[An organic transistor paves the way for new generations of neuro-inspired computers|http://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=66617&CultureCode=en]]''. This work is detailed in the paper [[An Organic Nanoparticle Transistor Behaving as a Biological Spiking Synapse|http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123215199/abstract]] by Fabien Alibart, Stéphane Pleutin, David Guérin, Christophe Novembre, Stéphane Lenfant, Kamal Lmimouni, Christian Gamrat and [[Dominique Vuillaume|http://iemn.univ-lille1.fr/sites_perso/vuillaume/DVu.html]].
[[Related quotes|http://topics.treehugger.com/search/quotes?q=NOMFET]]
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanoparticles "nanoparticles" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoelectronics "nanoelectronics" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanodevice "nanodevice" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
A team of scientists led by [[Eugenia Kumacheva|http://www.chem.utoronto.ca/staff/EK/]] of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Toronto has ''discovered a way to predict the organization of nanoparticles in larger forms by treating them much the same as ensembles of molecules formed from standard chemical reactions.''
"Currently, no model exists describing the organization of nanoparticles," says [[Kumacheva|http://www.news.utoronto.ca/science-and-technology/uof-ts-kumacheva-first-canadian-woman-ever-chosen-for-prestigious-internati.html]] . "Our work paves the way for the prediction of the properties of nanoparticle ensembles and for the development of new design rules for such structures."
''The focus of nanoscience is gradually shifting from the synthesis of individual nanoparticles to their organization in larger structures. In order to use nanoparticle ensembles in functional devices such as memory storage devices or optical waveguides, it is important to achieve control of their structure.''
According to the researchers' observations, the self-organization of nanoparticles is an efficient strategy for producing nanostructures with complex, hierarchical architectures. "The past decade has witnessed great progress in nanoscience - particularly nanoparticle self-assembly - yet the quantitative prediction of the architecture of nanoparticle ensembles and of the kinetics of their formation remains a challenge," she continues. "We report on the remarkable similarity between the self-assembly of metal nanoparticles and chemical reactions leading to the formation of polymer molecules. The nanoparticles act as multifunctional single units, which form reversible, noncovalent bonds at specific bond angles and organize themselves into a highly ordered polymer."
"We developed a new approach that enables a quantitative prediction of the architecture of linear, branched, and cyclic self-assembled nanostructures, their aggregation numbers and size distribution, and the formation of structural isomers."
"We treated them as molecules, not particles, which in a process resembling a polymerization reaction, organize themselves into polymer-like assemblies," says Kumacheva. "Using this analogy, we used the theory of polymerization and predicted the architecture of the so-called 'molecules' and also found other, unexpected features that can find interesting applications." Source: [[Chemists make breakthrough in nanoscience research|http://www.physorg.com/news198169615.html]]. This work is detailed in the paper [[Step-Growth Polymerization of Inorganic Nanoparticles|http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/329/5988/197]] by Kun Liu, Zhihong Nie, Nana Zhao, Wei Li, [[Michael Rubinstein|http://dl9s6.chem.unc.edu/]], [[Eugenia Kumacheva|http://www.chem.utoronto.ca/ppl/faculty_profile.php?id=31]]
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag self-assembly "self-assembly" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoparticles "nanoparticles" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
~NanoWiki, using Feed Informer and rss2pdf, created this RSS Reader tailored for nanotechnology feeds tracking
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!info
{{accuButton button{[[AccuRadio ►|http://www.accuradio.com]]@@ ...is a great experience when it comes to online radio. @@}}}@@display:block;padding:10px;padding-top:0px;Click on any of the stations to your left to have them play.
Are you curious how I managed to get the scrollbars from being visible in these iframes? Just put your iframe into a containing div with the css style of "overflow:hidden;" and fix the width and height parameters to suit your needs. Here's the css code applied for the AccuRadio iframes:
{{{
.accuFrame{overflow:hidden;width:732px; height:378px;overflow:hidden; border:0;}
.accuFrame iframe {width:780px; height:400px;overflow:hidden; border:0;}
}}}
So, Instead of trying to hide the overflow for the iframe, which for some browsers doesn't work, hide the overflow for the containing block. This way you get the extra benefit of still being able to move around in the iframe with you mouse to see whatever was hidden.
The idea for [[this tiddlywiki|http://mjuzik.tiddlyspot.com]] grew, when I wanted to share the music I love with all you folks. It became this self contained thing after a bit of tiddly-fiddling with one of the master in the tiddliverse... Eric Shulman.@@
!list
Alternative:alternativenow
BritRock:channel Channel13
Chillout:chill
Classical:accuclassical
Electro:electronic
Folk:folk
Hiptronica:channel Channel12
Hitcast:hitkast
Indie:futureperfectradio
SmoothJazz:smoothjazz
ListeningPost:channel aaa
Reggae:reggae
Textures:textures
World:worldmusic
!listMore
Blues:blues
Broadway:broadway
Cabaret:cabaret
Comedy:comedy
Country:accucountry
Jazz:accujazz
Latin:radiopreciso
SunnyRemix:magicsunnylitemix
ModernRock:modernrockclassics
Soul:classicsoul
!styles
.txtAccuRadio .tabset {float:left;display:block;padding:0px;margin-top:.5em;min-width:12%;}
.txtAccuRadio .tabset .tab {display:block;text-align:right;padding:2px 3px 2px 7px; margin:0 1px 1px 0;border:1px solid;}
.txtAccuRadio .tabContents {margin-left:12%;max-width:88%;padding:5px;z-index:0;}
.txtAccuRadio .tabContents .tabContents {border:none; background:transparent;}
.accuFrame{overflow:hidden;width:732px; height:378px;overflow:hidden; border:0;}
.accuFrame iframe {width:780px; height:400px;overflow:hidden; border:0;}
.viewer .accuButton {display:block;font-size:2em;width:96%;padding:10px;padding-top:14px; border:1px solid transparent; moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px;margin-bottom:3px;}
.viewer .accuButton .externalLink {margin-left:-5px;text-decoration:none;padding:3px;moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px;border:1px solid transparent;}
.viewer .accuButton .marked {background:none;font-size:0.5em;padding:3px;}
!out
<<tiddler {{setStylesheet(store.getTiddlerText('AccuRadio##styles'),'AccuRadioStylesheet');'';}}>>$1
!more
<<tiddler AccuRadio with: AccuRadio##listMore>>
!catalog
<<tiddler AccuRadio##out with: {{
var list='$1'!='$'+'1'&&store.getTiddlerText('$1')?'$1':'AccuRadio##list';
var tabs='<<tabs txtAccuRadio ' + (list=='$1'?'':'Info \"information on AccuRadio\" AccuRadio##info ');
var tabfmt='[[%0]] [[play %0]] AccuRadio_%0 ';
var sectionfmt='<<tiddler AccuRadio with: %0>\>';
var lines=store.getTiddlerText(list,'').split('\n');
for (var i=0; i<lines.length; i++) {
var title=lines[i].split(':')[0];
tabs+=tabfmt.format([title]);
config.shadowTiddlers['AccuRadio_'+title]=sectionfmt.format([lines[i].split(':')[1]]);
}
tabs+= (list=='$1'?'':'\"...more\" \"see more stations\" AccuRadio##more') + '>\>@@display:blocK;clear:both;height:1px;width:1px;';
tabs;}}>>
!play
<html><div class="accuFrame"><iframe src="http://$1"></iframe></div></html>
!end
%/<<tiddler {{'AccuRadio##'+(('$1'=='$'+'1')||store.getTiddlerText('$1')?'catalog':'play');}}
with: {{var arg='$1'; if (!store.getTiddlerText('$1')) arg='$1'=='channel'?'www.accuradio.com/app/radioframe?&channel=$2&sub=SubPrimary':'player.accuradio.com/player/slipstream/$1/';arg;}}>>
<<options>>
<<option chkUseInclude>> Include ~TiddlyWikis (IncludeList | IncludeState | [[help|http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#%5B%5BIncludePlugin%20Documentation%5D%5D]])
^^(Reload this ~TiddlyWiki to make changes become effective)^^
/***
Macro: allTagsExcept
Author: Clint Checketts
Version: 1.0 Sept 8, 2005
usage: {{{<< allTagsExcept systemConfig systemTiddlers >>}}} This will show all tags but those listed (e.g. systemConfig and systemTiddlers
<<allTagsExcept systemConfig systemTiddler author >>
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.allTagsExcept = {major: 0, minor: 1, revision: 0, date: new Date(2005,8,15)};
config.macros.allTagsExcept = {tooltip: "Show tiddlers tagged with '%0'",noTags: "There are no tags to display"};
config.macros.allTagsExcept.handler = function(place,macroName,params)
{
var tags = store.getTags();
var theTagList = createTiddlyElement(place,"ul",null,null,null);
if(tags.length == 0)
createTiddlyElement(theTagList,"li",null,"listTitle",this.noTags);
for (var t=0; t<tags.length; t++) {
var includeTag = true;
for (var p=0;p<params.length; p++) if (tags[t][0] == params[p]) includeTag = false;
if (includeTag){
var theListItem =createTiddlyElement(theTagList,"li",null,null,null);
var theTag = createTiddlyButton(theListItem,tags[t][0] + " (" + tags[t][1] + ")",this.tooltip.format([tags[t][0]]),onClickTag);
theTag.setAttribute("tag",tags[t][0]);
}
}
}
//}}}
<html>
<div id="hcard-anna-rierola" class="vcard">
<a class="url fn n" href="http://www.transcultural.es/"> <span class="given-name">anna</span>
<span class="family-name">rierola</span>
</a>
<div class="org">Transcultural</div>
<a class="email" href="mailto:annar@infonegocio.com">annar(at)infonegocio.com</a>
</div>
<span class="badge"
style="float: left; font: 9px Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; padding: 0 1em 1px 0;
border: 1px solid #000; background: #D1940C; color: #fff; text-decoration: none;
text-align: center;">
<span style="background: #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; color: #fff; padding: 1px 0.75em;
margin-right: 0.1em;">
›››
</span>
hCard
</span>
</html>
Researchers develop first models for producing polymer-based artificial cells capable of self-organizing, performing tasks, and transporting “cargo,” from chemicals to medicine. Inspired by the social interactions of ants and slime molds, University of Pittsburgh engineers have designed artificial cells capable of self-organizing into independent groups that can communicate and cooperate. ''The research is a significant step toward producing synthetic cells that behave like natural organisms and could perform important, microscale functions in fields ranging from the chemical industry to medicine.''
The team presents computational models that provide a blueprint for developing artificial cells—or microcapsules—that can communicate, move independently, and transport “cargo” such as chemicals needed for reactions. Most importantly, the “biologically inspired” devices function entirely through simple physical and chemical processes, behaving like complex natural organisms but without the complicated internal biochemistry, said the researcher [[Anna Balazs|http://www.engr.pitt.edu/chemical/facstaff/balazs.html]], Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering in Pitt’s Swanson School of Engineering.
The Pitt group’s ''microcapsules interact by secreting nanoparticles in a way similar to that used by biological cells signal to communicate and assemble into groups''. And with a nod to ants, the cells leave chemical trails as they travel, prompting fellow microcapsules to follow. Balazs worked with German Kolmakov and Victor Yashin, both postdoctoral researchers in Pitt’s Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, who produced the cell models; and with Pitt professor of electrical and computer engineering [[Steven Levitan|http://kona.ee.pitt.edu/steve/]], who devised the ant-like trailing ability.
The researchers write that communication hinges on the interaction between microcapsules exchanging two different types of nanoparticles. The “signaling” cell secretes nanoparticles known as agonists that prompt the second “target” microcapsule to emit nanoparticles known as antagonists. [[Video of this interaction|http://www.pitt.edu/news2010/CellTalk.wmv]] is available on Pitt’s Web site, one of several videos of the artificial cells Pitt has provided.
Locomotion results as the released nanoparticles alter the surface underneath the microcapsules. The cell’s polymer-based walls begin to push on the fluid surrounding the capsule and the fluid pushes back even harder, moving the capsule. At the same time, the nanoparticles from the signaling cell pull it toward the target cells. Groups of capsules begin to form as the signaling cell rolls along, picking up target cells. In practical use, Balazs said, the signaling cell could transport target cells loaded with cargo; the team’s next step is to control the order in which target cells are collected and dropped off.
The researchers adjusted the particle output of the signaling cell to create various cell formations, some of which are shown in the videos available on Pitt’s Web site. Source: [[Pitt Team Designs Artificial Cells That Communicate and Cooperate Like Biological Cells, Follow Each Other Like Ants|http://www.news.pitt.edu/news/pitt-team-designs-artificial-cells-communicate-and-cooperate-biological-cells-follow-each-othe-0]]. This work is detailed in the paper ''[[Designing communicating colonies of biomimetic microcapsules|http://www.pnas.org/content/107/28/12417.abstract?sid=fcd7e4c5-0900-4934-9f48-6fab2940e077]]'' by German V. Kolmakov, Victor V. Yashin, Steven P. Levitan, and Anna C. Balazs.
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanoparticles "nanoparticles" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
{{twocolumns{
Nanoparticles are atmospheric materials so small that they can’t be seen with the naked eye, but they can very visibly affect both weather patterns and human health all over the world – and not in a good way, according to a study by a team of researchers at Texas A&M University.
Researchers say that nanoparticles appear to be growing in many parts of the world, but how they do so remains a mystery.
The team looked at ''how nanoparticles are formed and their relationship with certain organic vapors responsible for additional growth. “This is one of the most poorly understood of all atmospheric processes,”'' Zhang says. “But we found that certain types of organics tend to grow very rapidly. When this happens, they scatter light back into space, and that definitely has a cooling effect – sort of a reverse ‘greenhouse effect.’ It can alter Earth’s weather patterns and it also tends to have a negative effect on human health.”
Persons with breathing problems, such as those who suffer from asthma, emphysema or other lung ailments, can be at risk, he notes.
Zhang says the team used new methods of measuring nanoparticles and formed new models to determine their impact on atmospheric conditions.
“These changes on our weather systems appear to be the most dramatic consequences of these nanoparticles,” he adds. “Once these form, they can change cloud formations, which in turn can affect weather all over the world, so this can become a global problem to deal with. We’re trying to get a better understanding of these particles work and grow. “They can form near areas that have petrochemical plants, such as Houston, which also has high amounts of aerosols from traffic emissions and other numerous factories. But we’re still trying to learn how they form and interact with the atmosphere.”
Many types of trees and plants also contribute to the formation of nanoparticles, which are natural processes, Zhang says, and certain forms of organic materials can also speed up the development of the particles. But all of these ultimately affect the atmosphere, and very often, cloud formation, where the aerosols scatter light and radiation back into space and provide the “seeds” of cloud droplets and development.
“These nanoparticles are very small – about one million times smaller than a typical raindrop,” Zhang says. “But what they do can have a huge effect on our weather.”
Source: [[Texas A&M News & Information Services » Blog Archive » Atmospheric Nanoparticles Impact Health, Weather Prof Says|http://tamunews.tamu.edu/2010/02/28/atmospheric-nanoparticles-impact-health-weather-prof-says/]]. This work is detailed in the paper ''[[Atmospheric nanoparticles formed from heterogeneous reactions of organics|http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v3/n4/full/ngeo778.html]]'' by Lin Wang, Alexei F. Khalizov, Jun Zheng, Wen Xu, Yan Ma, Vinita Lal & Renyi Zhang.
<html><iframe class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="100%" height="268" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/tze1nkQuIlE" frameborder="0">
</iframe></html>
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag [[nano before nanotech]] "nano before nanotech" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoparticles "nanoparticles" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag astronomy "astronomy" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag climate "climate" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanotoxicology "nanotoxicology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag video "video" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
}}}
{{twocolumns{
University of Queensland scientists have earned their place alongside artists in a new exhibition that promotes sustainability through creative practice.
An animation and images created by [[Dr David Poger and Professor Alan Mark|http://www.bio-diverse-cityproject.com/participants.php]] from the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences are featured in the [[Bio-diverse-city exhibition|http://www.bio-diverse-cityproject.com/]].
The animation shows how phospholipid molecules, the main component of cell membranes, will spontaneously self-assemble to form a well-ordered functional membrane from a random mixture in water.
The water molecules are depicted in blue, the lipid "tails" are drawn as grey sticks while the yellow and green balls represent the "head group" of the lipid molecules. The animation is the result of computer simulations that are being used by Professor Mark and his laboratory to understand how cells operate at an atomic level.
''"Molecular self-assembly is one of the most fundamental properties of life,"'' [[Professor Mark|http://www.uq.edu.au/uqresearchers/researcher/marka.html]] said.
"Understanding this process is not only a major scientific challenge but is also central to unravelling the origins of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and the rational design of nano-materials modelled on biological systems.
"The great thing about the exhibition is that it can help convey the sense of amazement you get when studying life in atomic detail."
''The Bio-diverse-city project aims to explore new concepts around building social and environmental resilience through diversity.''
The work of [[Dr Poger|http://compbio.chemistry.uq.edu.au/~david/]] and Professor Mark was selected for the exhibition not only because it is striking but also because it represents one of the most fundamental processes involved in building and sustaining life.
The Bio-diverse-city exhibition forms part of the Sunshine Coast Regional Council's Treeline Project – a series of environmentally focused art events being staged between January and July 2010. Source: [[Atomic art promotes sustainability|http://www.uq.edu.au/news/?article=21310]]
Bio-diverse-city: the Treeline Project 2010: One of Australia's most innovative art exhibition concepts is entering its second phase. In tune with the United Nations International Year of Biodiversity, the Bio-diverse-city project explores new concepts around building social and environmental <html><a href="http://www.resalliance.org/576.php" title="Ecosystem resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to tolerate disturbance without collapsing into a qualitatively different state that is controlled by a different set of processes. A resilient ecosystem can withstand shocks and rebuild itself when necessary">resilience</a></html> through diversity by putting visual artists, scientists, architects, urban planners and social scientists together in the 'white cube', setting up unique visual dialogues about the emerging future.
Why 'Bio-diverse-city' ? This is a way of forcing the two ideas together - the idea of the 'city' and the idea of 'biodiversity'. There is an obvious play around the word 'biodiversity' of course. Beyond that, hyphenating the components of the title implies a deconstruction into individual parts that nevertheless still belong to the whole. Thus 'bio' might suggest the natural world, or 'organic' rather than 'mechanical', while 'diverse' suggests a spread of characteristics and increased complexity. The city is the preferred ecological niche now for Homo sapiens and inevitably will be where much of the focus is directed for planning human futures in the face of great environmental change. Fusing the ideas of biodiversity and the city reflects <html><a href="http://transitiontowns.org/TransitionNetwork/TransitionNetwork" title="Transition Network's role is to inspire, encourage, connect, support and train communities as they self-organise around the transition model, creating initiatives that rebuild resilience and reduce CO2 emissions.">a growing world view</a></html> of the importance of containing one within the other in planning. From [[Bio-diverse-city site project|http://www.bio-diverse-cityproject.com/]]
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag art "art" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag city "city" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
<html>
<img src="http://www.uq.edu.au/news/images/media/Sustainable-art.jpg" alt="A still from the animation created by Dr David Poger and Professor Alan Mark " title="A still from the animation created by Dr David Poger and Professor Alan Mark" width="100%"/>
</html>
}}}
''for identify to server:''
username: <<option txtUploadUserName>>
password: <<option pasUploadPassword>>
''for signing your edits:''
author <<option txtUserName>>
----
<<newTiddler focus:tags tag:toRSS>>
<<newJournal "DD MMM YYYY" focus:tags tag:events tag:dissemination>>
----
[[AdvancedOptions]]
----
<<slider chkSliderTimeline SideBarTabs 'tab >' 'show timeline'>>
{{twocolumns{
The Royal Society, the UK’s independent academy for science, has announced the recipients of its 2010 Awards, Medals, Royal Medals and Lectures. The scientists receive the awards in recognition of their achievements in a wide variety of fields of research - the uniting factor is the excellence of their work and the profound implications their findings have had for others working in their relevant fields and wider society. From [[Royal Society recognises excellence in science|http://royalsociety.org/Royal-Society-recognises-excellence-in-science/]]
The Royal Society awarded Professor Andre Geim the Hughes Medal for his revolutionary discovery of graphene, and explanation of its remarkable properties.
The director of the [[Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology|http://intranet.cs.man.ac.uk/nanotechnology/]] adds the medal to his long list of awards [1] which reflect his stature in the world of scientific research after ''the discovery of graphene – the world’s thinnest material – in 2004''.
For his award, Professor Geim paid tribute to his colleagues, saying: "I am honoured to receive this award that recognises original discoveries in the physical sciences.
“''Graphene is a supreme representative of a new class of materials that are one-atom-thick and until recently remained missing from our perception of the universe''. During the last five years, graphene has become one of the hottest research topics, and the interest shows no sign of receding.
“The area continues deliver a new exciting science, and the applications are no longer wishful thinking. Our work previously attracted a number of awards, and the recognition by the Royal Society is of course a great source of personal pride.
“Also, it is testament to the hard work and dedication taking place here at the University of Manchester, with my many colleagues contributing to this achievement." Source: [[Professors honoured by Royal Society for excellence in science|http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=5818]]
The original paper with the discovery: ''[[Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films|http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/306/5696/666]]'' by K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, A. A. Firsov. "We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 10^^13^^ per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of 10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage."
<html><img src="http://onnes.ph.man.ac.uk/~geim/index_files/slide0614_image001.jpg" alt="Professor Andre Geim" title="Professor Andre Geim, awarded for the discovery of graphene" align="middle" width="75%"/></html>
''References:''
^^<html><h2><a name="awards">[1] Awards:</a></h2></html>
[[2010 NAS John J Carty Award|http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=01202010b]] for “realization and investigation of graphene, the two-dimensional form of carbon”
[[2009 Körber Science Prize|http://www.koerber-stiftung.de/en/science/koerber-prize/presse/pressemeldungen/presse-details-koerber-preis/artikel/the-2009-koerber-european-science-award-goes-to-andre-geim.html]] for “developing the first two-dimensional crystals made of carbon atoms”
[[2008 Europhysics Prize|http://www.eps.org/news/news-files/Awards%20from%202008%20on%20-%20EPSeurophys.%20Prize.pdf/view]] “for discovering and isolating a single free-standing atomic layer of carbon (graphene) and elucidating its remarkable electronic properties“ (shared with [[Kostya Novoselov|http://www.condmat.physics.manchester.ac.uk/people/academic/novoselov/]])
[[2007 Mott Prize|http://www.iop.org/News/Community_News_Archive/2006/news_8650.html]] “for the discovery of a new class of materials – 2D atomic crystals – particularly graphene^^
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag milestone "milestone" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag graphene "graphene" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
}}}
The selection of these images question and move us to a playground where it is possible to disclose what apparently seems to be hidden and where we can experience the convergence of art and science. Knowledge, reflection, aesthetic enjoyment, and beauty find here their own place.
The playground opened in front of us is not predefined, neither for the scientist nor for the receiver, if any of these figures could ever be independent one from the other. In fact it is a space where incontigency, what is for itself, it appears in front of us contingently like an //objet trouvé//.
It is absolutely possible to establish a link between the representation of certain nanotechnological images and their perception by the spectator in a way that can evoke an aesthetic experience leading to sensory-cognitive connections.
I am going to mention two quotes from the article "Balancing the promises" very appropriate for this introduction to the aesthetics of the nanotechnology images: "nanoparticles conjugate composed by an inorganic core coated by a thin layer of organic matter" and "How do we go from chemistry to biology? Nanotechnology". In this way is configured a double corollary, the one of 'covering-uncovering' and the one of 'bridge-path'.
The interpretation and the playground will be opened if we are able to accept the invitation to unwrap and cross //objet trouvé//,that means, these
images from the nanometric world, with their own potentialities, as if we were contemplating a simple Haiku from Matsuo Basho or a caligram from Apollinaire.
Is not by chance that as first plate it appears a sample of human in an alert position, walking stealthily on tiptoe across 'Nanoland' balancing the promises. The character (main figure) I guess is there, in order to be our guide through this territory full of winding curves, intricate paths, complex nets, floral landscape and bright stars escaped from the Van Gogh picture 'Starry night' It is useless to expect that maps could help us in this trip because maps themselves are part of that magnificent territory. At the end of this enriching walk our tiny guide points us cubic shapes that remind us dice, an then comes to our mind the Mallarme's poem 'A throw of the dice will never abolish chance' concluding that any interpretation along this trek could only be, even tough we have a guide, a matter of chance. Source: ''Balancing the promises plates by Anna Rierola, [[Transcultural|http://www.transcultural.es/]]''
''Context:'' The book [[Nanotechnology: balancing the promises]] includes 42 original plates of nanoparticles
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag art "art" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag book "book" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag NanoWiki "NanoWiki" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
/***
|Name|BreadcrumbsPlugin|
|Author|Eric Shulman|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#BreadcrumbsPlugin|
|Documentation|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#BreadcrumbsPluginInfo|
|Version|2.1.2|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Description|list/jump to tiddlers viewed during this session plus "back" button/macro|
This plugin provides a list of links to all tiddlers opened during the session, creating a "trail of breadcrumbs" from one tiddler to the next, allowing you to quickly navigate to any previously viewed tiddler, or select 'home' to reset the display to the initial set of tiddlers that were open at the start of the session (i.e., when the document was loaded into the browser).
!!!!!Documentation
<<<
see [[BreadcrumbsPluginInfo]]
<<<
!!!!!Configuration
<<<
<<option chkCreateDefaultBreadcrumbs>> automatically create breadcrumbs display (if needed)
<<option chkShowBreadcrumbs>> show/hide breadcrumbs display
<<option chkReorderBreadcrumbs>> re-order breadcrumbs when visiting a previously viewed tiddler
<<option chkBreadcrumbsHideHomeLink>> omit 'Home' link from breadcrumbs display
<<option chkBreadcrumbsSave>> prompt to save breadcrumbs when 'Home' link is pressed
<<option chkShowStartupBreadcrumbs>> show breadcrumbs for 'startup' tiddlers
<<option chkBreadcrumbsReverse>> show breadcrumbs in reverse order (most recent first)
<<option chkBreadcrumbsLimit>> limit breadcrumbs display to {{twochar{<<option txtBreadcrumbsLimit>>}}} items
<<option chkBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers>> limit open tiddlers to {{twochar{<<option txtBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers>>}}} items
<<<
!!!!!Revisions
<<<
2009.10.19 [2.1.2] code reduction
| Please see [[BreadcrumbsPluginInfo]] for previous revision details |
2006.02.01 [1.0.0] initial release
<<<
!!!!!Code
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.BreadcrumbsPlugin= {major: 2, minor: 1, revision: 2, date: new Date(2009,10,19)};
var defaults={
chkShowBreadcrumbs: true,
chkReorderBreadcrumbs: true,
chkCreateDefaultBreadcrumbs: true,
chkShowStartupBreadcrumbs: false,
chkBreadcrumbsReverse: false,
chkBreadcrumbsLimit: false,
txtBreadcrumbsLimit: 5,
chkBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers:false,
txtBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers:3,
chkBreadcrumbsHideHomeLink: false,
chkBreadcrumbsSave: false,
txtBreadcrumbsHomeSeparator: ' | ',
txtBreadcrumbsCrumbSeparator: ' > '
};
for (var id in defaults) if (config.options[id]===undefined)
config.options[id]=defaults[id];
config.macros.breadcrumbs = {
crumbs: [], // the list of current breadcrumbs
askMsg: "Save current breadcrumbs before clearing?\n"
+"Press OK to save, or CANCEL to continue without saving.",
saveMsg: 'Enter the name of a tiddler in which to save the current breadcrumbs',
saveTitle: 'SavedBreadcrumbs',
handler: function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) {
var area=createTiddlyElement(place,"span",null,"breadCrumbs",null);
area.setAttribute("homeSep",params[0]||config.options.txtBreadcrumbsHomeSeparator);
area.setAttribute("crumbSep",params[1]||config.options.txtBreadcrumbsCrumbSeparator);
this.render(area);
},
add: function (title) {
var thisCrumb = title;
var ind = this.crumbs.indexOf(thisCrumb);
if(ind === -1)
this.crumbs.push(thisCrumb);
else if (config.options.chkReorderBreadcrumbs)
this.crumbs.push(this.crumbs.splice(ind,1)[0]); // reorder crumbs
else
this.crumbs=this.crumbs.slice(0,ind+1); // trim crumbs
if (config.options.chkBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers)
this.limitOpenTiddlers();
this.refresh();
return false;
},
getAreas: function() {
var crumbAreas=[];
// find all DIVs with classname=="breadCrumbs"
var all=document.getElementsByTagName("*");
for (var i=0; i<all.length; i++)
try{ if (hasClass(all[i],"breadCrumbs")) crumbAreas.push(all[i]); } catch(e) {;}
// or, find single DIV w/fixed ID (backward compatibility)
var byID=document.getElementById("breadCrumbs")
if (byID && !hasClass(byID,"breadCrumbs")) crumbAreas.push(byID);
if (!crumbAreas.length && config.options.chkCreateDefaultBreadcrumbs) {
// no crumbs display... create one
var defaultArea = createTiddlyElement(null,"span",null,"breadCrumbs",null);
defaultArea.style.display= "none";
var targetArea= document.getElementById("tiddlerDisplay");
targetArea.parentNode.insertBefore(defaultArea,targetArea);
crumbAreas.push(defaultArea);
}
return crumbAreas;
},
refresh: function() {
var crumbAreas=this.getAreas();
for (var i=0; i<crumbAreas.length; i++) {
crumbAreas[i].style.display = config.options.chkShowBreadcrumbs?"block":"none";
removeChildren(crumbAreas[i]);
this.render(crumbAreas[i]);
}
},
render: function(here) {
var co=config.options; var out=""
if (!co.chkBreadcrumbsHideHomeLink) {
createTiddlyButton(here,"Home",null,this.home,"tiddlyLink tiddlyLinkExisting");
out+=here.getAttribute("homeSep")||config.options.txtBreadcrumbsHomeSeparator;
}
for (c=0; c<this.crumbs.length; c++) // remove non-existing tiddlers from crumbs
if (!store.tiddlerExists(this.crumbs[c]) && !store.isShadowTiddler(this.crumbs[c]))
this.crumbs.splice(c,1);
var count=this.crumbs.length;
if (co.chkBreadcrumbsLimit && co.txtBreadcrumbsLimit<count) count=co.txtBreadcrumbsLimit;
var list=[];
for (c=this.crumbs.length-count; c<this.crumbs.length; c++) list.push('[['+this.crumbs[c]+']]');
if (co.chkBreadcrumbsReverse) list.reverse();
out+=list.join(here.getAttribute("crumbSep")||config.options.txtBreadcrumbsCrumbSeparator);
wikify(out,here);
},
home: function() {
var cmb=config.macros.breadcrumbs;
if (config.options.chkBreadcrumbsSave && confirm(cmb.askMsg)) cmb.saveCrumbs();
story.closeAllTiddlers(); restart();
cmb.crumbs = []; var crumbAreas=cmb.getAreas();
for (var i=0; i<crumbAreas.length; i++) crumbAreas[i].style.display = "none";
return false;
},
saveCrumbs: function() {
var tid=prompt(this.saveMsg,this.saveTitle); if (!tid||!tid.length) return; // cancelled by user
var t=store.getTiddler(tid);
if(t && !confirm(config.messages.overwriteWarning.format([tid]))) return;
var who=config.options.txtUserName;
var when=new Date();
var text='[['+this.crumbs.join(']]\n[[')+']]';
var tags=t?t.tags:[]; tags.pushUnique('story');
var fields=t?t.fields:{};
store.saveTiddler(tid,tid,text,who,when,tags,fields);
story.displayTiddler(null,tid);
story.refreshTiddler(tid,null,true);
displayMessage(tid+' has been '+(t?'updated':'created'));
},
limitOpenTiddlers: function() {
var limit=config.options.txtBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers; if (limit<1) limit=1;
for (c=this.crumbs.length-1; c>=0; c--) {
var tid=this.crumbs[c];
var elem=document.getElementById(story.idPrefix+tid);
if (elem) { // tiddler is displayed
if (limit <=0) { // display limit has been reached
if (elem.getAttribute("dirty")=="true") { // tiddler is being edited
var msg= "'"+tid+"' is currently being edited.\n\n"
+"Press OK to save and close this tiddler\n"
+"or press Cancel to leave it opened";
if (confirm(msg)) {
story.saveTiddler(tid);
story.closeTiddler(tid);
}
}
else story.closeTiddler(this.crumbs[c]);
}
limit--;
}
}
}
};
//}}}
// // PreviousTiddler ('back') command and macro
//{{{
config.commands.previousTiddler = {
text: 'back',
tooltip: 'view the previous tiddler',
handler: function(event,src,title) {
var here=story.findContainingTiddler(src); if (!here) return;
var crumbs=config.macros.breadcrumbs.crumbs;
if (crumbs.length<2) config.macros.breadcrumbs.home();
else story.displayTiddler(here,crumbs[crumbs.length-2]);
return false;
}
};
config.macros.previousTiddler= {
label: 'back',
prompt: 'view the previous tiddler',
handler: function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) {
var label=params.shift(); if (!label) label=this.label;
var prompt=params.shift(); if (!prompt) prompt=this.prompt;
createTiddlyButton(place,label,prompt,function(ev){
return config.commands.previousTiddler.handler(ev,this)
});
}
}
//}}}
// // HIJACKS
//{{{
// update crumbs when a tiddler is displayed
if (Story.prototype.breadCrumbs_coreDisplayTiddler==undefined)
Story.prototype.breadCrumbs_coreDisplayTiddler=Story.prototype.displayTiddler;
Story.prototype.displayTiddler = function(srcElement,tiddler) {
var title=(tiddler instanceof Tiddler)?tiddler.title:tiddler;
this.breadCrumbs_coreDisplayTiddler.apply(this,arguments);
if (!startingUp || config.options.chkShowStartupBreadcrumbs)
config.macros.breadcrumbs.add(title);
}
// update crumbs when a tiddler is deleted
if (TiddlyWiki.prototype.breadCrumbs_coreRemoveTiddler==undefined)
TiddlyWiki.prototype.breadCrumbs_coreRemoveTiddler=TiddlyWiki.prototype.removeTiddler;
TiddlyWiki.prototype.removeTiddler= function() {
this.breadCrumbs_coreRemoveTiddler.apply(this,arguments);
config.macros.breadcrumbs.refresh();
}
//}}}
Scientists unveiled a method for the industrial-scale processing of pure carbon-nanotube fibers that could lead to revolutionary advances in materials science, power distribution and nanoelectronics. The result of a nine-year program, the method builds upon tried-and-true processes that chemical firms have used for decades to produce plastics.
"Plastics is a $300 billion U.S. industry because of the massive throughput that's possible with fluid processing," said Rice University's [[Matteo Pasquali|http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~che/people/faculty/pasquali/pasquali.html]], a paper co-author. "The reason grocery stores use plastic bags instead of paper and the reason polyester shirts are cheaper than cotton is that polymers can be melted or dissolved and processed as fluids by the train-car load. Processing nanotubes as fluids opens up all of the fluid-processing technology that has been developed for polymers."
The report was co-authored by an 18-member team of scientists from Rice's <html><a href="http://cnst.rice.edu/" title="first nanotechnology center in the world">Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology</a></html>, the University of Pennsylvania and the ~Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. Co-authors include Smalley Institute namesake [[Rick Smalley, the late Nobel laureate chemist|http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/smalley-autobio.html]] who developed the first high-throughput method for producing high-quality carbon nanotubes.
The new process builds upon the 2003 Rice discovery of a way to dissolve large amounts of pure nanotubes in strong acidic solvents like sulfuric acid. The research team subsequently found that nanotubes in these solutions aligned themselves, like spaghetti in a package, to form liquid crystals that could be spun into monofilament fibers about the size of a human hair.
"That research established an industrially relevant process for nanotubes that was analogous to the methods used to create Kevlar from rodlike polymers, except for the acid not being a true solvent," said Wade Adams, director of the Smalley Institute and co-author of the new paper. "The current research shows that we have a true solvent for nanotubes -- chlorosulfonic acid -- which is what we set out to find when we started this project nine years ago."
Following the 2003 breakthrough with acid solvents, the team methodically studied how nanotubes behaved in different types and concentrations of acids. By comparing and contrasting the behavior of nanotubes in acids with the literature on polymers and rodlike colloids, the team developed both the theoretical and practical tools that chemical firms will need to process nanotubes in bulk.
"[[Ishi Talmon|http://www.technion.ac.il/~ceritit/Ishi.html]] and his colleagues at Technion did the critical work required to help get direct proof that [[nanotubes were dissolving spontaneously in chlorosulfonic acid|http://pard.technion.ac.il/archives/presseng/Html/PR_breakthrough_11_11.Html]]," Pasquali said. "To do this, they had to develop new experimental techniques for direct imaging of vitrified fast-frozen acid solutions." Talmon said, "This was a very difficult study. Matteo's team not only had to pioneer new experimental techniques to achieve this, they also had to make significant extensions to the classical theories that were used to describe solutions of rods. The Technion team had to develop a new methodology to enable us to produce high-resolution images of the nanotubes dispersed in chlorosulfonic acid, a very corrosive fluid, by state-of-the-art electron microscopy at cryogenic temperatures."
Few technological breakthroughs have been hyped as much as carbon nanotubes. Since their discovery in 1991, nanotubes have been touted as everything from a cure for cancer to a solution for the world's energy crisis. The hype is all the more remarkable given that nanotubes are notoriously difficult to work with and that chemists worldwide struggled for years even to make them. So why the hype? Put simply, carbon nanotubes are remarkable. While they are roughly the same size and shape as some rodlike polymer molecules, nanotubes can conduct electricity as well as copper, and they can be either metals or semiconductors. They can be tagged with antibodies to diagnose diseases or heated with radio waves to destroy cancer. They've been used to make transistors far smaller than those in today's finest microchips. Nanotubes also weigh about one-sixth as much as steel but can be up to 100 times stronger.
"Kevlar, the polymer fiber used in bulletproof vests, is about five to 10 times stronger than our strongest nanotube fibers today, but in principle we should be able to make our fibers about 100 times stronger," Pasquali said. "If we can realize even 20 percent of our potential, we will have a great material, perhaps the strongest ever known. "The electrical conductivity is already pretty good," he said. "It's about the same of the best-conducting carbon-carbon fibers, and that could be improved 200 times if better production methods for metallic nanotubes can be found."
The new research appears just as the Smalley Institute prepared for a 10th anniversary celebration Nov. 5 of the creation of [[Smalley's "HiPco" reactor|http://smalley.rice.edu/content.aspx?id=174]], the first system capable of producing high-quality nanotubes in bulk. ~HiPco, short for high-pressure carbon monoxide process, broke the logjam on nanotube production and cleared the way for more scientific study and for industry to begin using them in some materials. Industrial nanotube reactors today generate several tons of low-quality carbon nanotubes per year, and the worldwide market for nanotubes is expected to top $2 billion annually within the next decade.
But a final breakthrough remains before the true potential of high-quality carbon nanotubes can be realized. That's because ~HiPco and all other methods of making high-end, "single-walled" nanotubes generate a hodgepodge of nanotubes with different diameters, lengths and molecular structures. Scientists worldwide are scrambling to find a process that will generate just one kind of nanotube in bulk, like the best-conducting metallic varieties, for instance.
"One good thing about the process that we have right now is that if anybody could give us one gram of pure metallic nanotubes, we could give them one gram of fiber within a few days," Pasquali said. Source: From [[Breakthrough in industrial-scale nanotube processing. Rice pioneers method for processing carbon nanotubes in bulk fluids|http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=13294&SnID=80899504]] . This work is detailed in the paper [[True solutions of single-walled carbon nanotubes for assembly into macroscopic materials|http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nnano.2009.302.html]] by Virginia A. Davis, A. Nicholas G. ~Parra-Vasquez, Micah J. Green, Pradeep K. Rai, Natnael Behabtu, Valentin Prieto, Richard D. Booker, Judith Schmidt, Ellina Kesselman, Wei Zhou, Hua Fan, W. Wade Adams, Robert H. Hauge, John E. Fischer, Yachin Cohen, Yeshayahu Talmon, Richard E. Smalley & Matteo Pasquali
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag [[carbon nanotubes]] "carbon nanotubes" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanomaterial "nanomaterial" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoelectronics "nanoelectronics" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag energy "energy" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
This booklet provides ''an introduction to informal science education and to science museum practice for nano and materials science researchers''. It advises researchers on ways to collaborate with science museums to increase the impact of their education outreach activities, and includes a rich bibliography.
"This booklet invites scientists and engineers who work in nanoscale science and engineering to collaborate with museums to present nanoscience and technology to the general public. ''It is writen by a resarcher for others researchers, and it's designated as an introduction to what museums call the "informal science education" field'' (...) Museums and researchers need each other. Museums often find themselves shorthanded when it comes to content expertise, presenters who are practicing scientists or engineers, and connections to larger networks within the scientific community. At the same time, researchers benefit from partnering with museums for a host of reasons — from ready access to public audiences who want to learn more about science, to the organizational infrastructure needed to address outreach goals for a federal grant.
It is challenging to develop new ways of inspiring wonder, creating a spectacle and making science and engineering concepts memorable for a broad audience. Whether one-time opportunities or large, ongoing programs, partnerships between museums and researchers have the capacity to break new ground and invent creative new strategies for communicating complex ideas to the general public.
''Nanoscale science and technology are perfect topics for museum/researcher partnerships''. The applications of nanoscale science are likely to have significant economic, social, and political implications, making them an important piece of science for the public to understand and explore. Museums will need help presenting these breakthroughs to the public, and you, as a nanoscale scientist or engineer, can help.
The NISE Network and the Materials Research Society are partnering to help create connections among museums and researchers to bring nanoscale science and engineering to the public. We hope that this booklet has given you some ideas about how you could get involved, and provided the motivation that will actually move you to contact your local museum, [[NISE Net|http://www.nisenet.org/resource]], or [[MRS|http://www.mrs.org/nise_survey]]. We look forward to making the connections that will help you share your scientific expertise and your excitement about science with people in your community." Source: ''[[Bringing Nano to the Public: A Collaboration Opportunity for Researchers and Museums|http://www.nisenet.org/catalog/topics/bringing_nano_public]]'' by [[Dr. Wendy C. Cron|http://mandm.engr.wisc.edu/faculty_pages/crone/main.htm]], edited by Susan E. Koch. This guidebook was prepared with funding from the National Science Foundation.
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag [[public opinion]] "public opinion" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag dissemination "dissemination" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag educational "educational" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
/***
|Name|CalendarPlugin|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#CalendarPlugin|
|Version|1.5.0|
|Author|Eric Shulman|
|Original Author|SteveRumsby|
|License|unknown|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Description|display monthly and yearly calendars|
NOTE: For //enhanced// date popup display, optionally install [[DatePlugin]] and [[ReminderMacros]]
!!!Usage:
<<<
|{{{<<calendar>>}}}|full-year calendar for the current year|
|{{{<<calendar year>>}}}|full-year calendar for the specified year|
|{{{<<calendar year month>>}}}|one month calendar for the specified month and year|
|{{{<<calendar thismonth>>}}}|one month calendar for the current month|
|{{{<<calendar lastmonth>>}}}|one month calendar for last month|
|{{{<<calendar nextmonth>>}}}|one month calendar for next month|
|{{{<<calendar +n>>}}}<br>{{{<<calendar -n>>}}}|one month calendar for a month +/- 'n' months from now|
<<<
!!!Configuration:
<<<
|''First day of week:''<br>{{{config.options.txtCalFirstDay}}}|<<option txtCalFirstDay>>|(Monday = 0, Sunday = 6)|
|''First day of weekend:''<br>{{{config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend}}}|<<option txtCalStartOfWeekend>>|(Monday = 0, Sunday = 6)|
<<option chkDisplayWeekNumbers>> Display week numbers //(note: Monday will be used as the start of the week)//
|''Week number display format:''<br>{{{config.options.txtWeekNumberDisplayFormat }}}|<<option txtWeekNumberDisplayFormat >>|
|''Week number link format:''<br>{{{config.options.txtWeekNumberLinkFormat }}}|<<option txtWeekNumberLinkFormat >>|
<<<
!!!Revisions
<<<
2009.04.31 [1.5.0] rewrote onClickCalendarDate() (popup handler) and added config.options.txtCalendarReminderTags. Partial code reduction/cleanup. Assigned true version number (1.5.0)
2008.09.10 added '+n' (and '-n') param to permit display of relative months (e.g., '+6' means 'six months from now', '-3' means 'three months ago'. Based on suggestion from Jean.
2008.06.17 added support for config.macros.calendar.todaybg
2008.02.27 in handler(), DON'T set hard-coded default date format, so that *customized* value (pre-defined in config.macros.calendar.journalDateFmt is used.
2008.02.17 in createCalendarYear(), fix next/previous year calculation (use parseInt() to convert to numeric value). Also, use journalDateFmt for date linking when NOT using [[DatePlugin]].
2008.02.16 in createCalendarDay(), week numbers now created as TiddlyLinks, allowing quick creation/navigation to 'weekly' journals (based on request from Kashgarinn)
2008.01.08 in createCalendarMonthHeader(), 'month year' heading is now created as TiddlyLink, allowing quick creation/navigation to 'month-at-a-time' journals
2007.11.30 added 'return false' to onclick handlers (prevent IE from opening blank pages)
2006.08.23 added handling for weeknumbers (code supplied by Martin Budden (see 'wn**' comment marks). Also, incorporated updated by Jeremy Sheeley to add caching for reminders (see [[ReminderMacros]], if installed)
2005.10.30 in config.macros.calendar.handler(), use 'tbody' element for IE compatibility. Also, fix year calculation for IE's getYear() function (which returns '2005' instead of '105'). Also, in createCalendarDays(), use showDate() function (see [[DatePlugin]], if installed) to render autostyled date with linked popup. Updated calendar stylesheet definition: use .calendar class-specific selectors, add text centering and margin settings
2006.05.29 added journalDateFmt handling
<<<
!!!Code
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.CalendarPlugin= { major: 1, minor: 5, revision: 0, date: new Date(2009,5,31)};
//}}}
//{{{
if(config.options.txtCalFirstDay == undefined)
config.options.txtCalFirstDay = 0;
if(config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend == undefined)
config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend = 5;
if(config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers == undefined)
config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers = false;
if(config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers)
config.options.txtCalFirstDay = 0;
if(config.options.txtWeekNumberDisplayFormat == undefined)
config.options.txtWeekNumberDisplayFormat = 'w0WW';
if(config.options.txtWeekNumberLinkFormat == undefined)
config.options.txtWeekNumberLinkFormat = 'YYYY-w0WW';
if(config.options.txtCalendarReminderTags == undefined)
config.options.txtCalendarReminderTags = 'reminder';
config.macros.calendar = {
monthnames:['Jan','Feb','Mar','Apr','May','Jun','Jul','Aug','Sep','Oct','Nov','Dec'],
daynames:['M','T','W','T','F','S','S'],
todaybg:'#ccccff',
weekendbg:'#c0c0c0',
monthbg:'#e0e0e0',
holidaybg:'#ffc0c0',
journalDateFmt:'DD MMM YYYY',
monthdays:[31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31],
holidays:[ ] // for customization see [[CalendarPluginConfig]]
};
//}}}
//{{{
function calendarIsHoliday(date)
{
var longHoliday = date.formatString('0DD/0MM/YYYY');
var shortHoliday = date.formatString('0DD/0MM');
for(var i = 0; i < config.macros.calendar.holidays.length; i++) {
if( config.macros.calendar.holidays[i]==longHoliday
|| config.macros.calendar.holidays[i]==shortHoliday)
return true;
}
return false;
}
//}}}
//{{{
config.macros.calendar.handler = function(place,macroName,params) {
var calendar = createTiddlyElement(place, 'table', null, 'calendar', null);
var tbody = createTiddlyElement(calendar, 'tbody');
var today = new Date();
var year = today.getYear();
if (year<1900) year+=1900;
// get journal format from SideBarOptions (ELS 5/29/06 - suggested by MartinBudden)
var text = store.getTiddlerText('SideBarOptions');
var re = new RegExp('<<(?:newJournal)([^>]*)>>','mg'); var fm = re.exec(text);
if (fm && fm[1]!=null) { var pa=fm[1].readMacroParams(); if (pa[0]) this.journalDateFmt = pa[0]; }
var month=-1;
if (params[0] == 'thismonth') {
var month=today.getMonth();
} else if (params[0] == 'lastmonth') {
var month = today.getMonth()-1; if (month==-1) { month=11; year--; }
} else if (params[0] == 'nextmonth') {
var month = today.getMonth()+1; if (month>11) { month=0; year++; }
} else if (params[0]&&'+-'.indexOf(params[0].substr(0,1))!=-1) {
var month = today.getMonth()+parseInt(params[0]);
if (month>11) { year+=Math.floor(month/12); month%=12; };
if (month<0) { year+=Math.floor(month/12); month=12+month%12; }
} else if (params[0]) {
year = params[0];
if(params[1]) month=parseInt(params[1])-1;
if (month>11) month=11; if (month<0) month=0;
}
if (month!=-1) {
cacheReminders(new Date(year, month, 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(tbody, year, month);
} else {
cacheReminders(new Date(year, 0, 1, 0, 0), 366);
createCalendarYear(tbody, year);
}
window.reminderCacheForCalendar = null;
}
//}}}
//{{{
// cache used to store reminders while the calendar is being rendered
// it will be renulled after the calendar is fully rendered.
window.reminderCacheForCalendar = null;
//}}}
//{{{
function cacheReminders(date, leadtime)
{
if (window.findTiddlersWithReminders == null) return;
window.reminderCacheForCalendar = {};
var leadtimeHash = [];
leadtimeHash [0] = 0;
leadtimeHash [1] = leadtime;
var t = findTiddlersWithReminders(date, leadtimeHash, null, 1);
for(var i = 0; i < t.length; i++) {
//just tag it in the cache, so that when we're drawing days, we can bold this one.
window.reminderCacheForCalendar[t[i]['matchedDate']] = 'reminder:' + t[i]['params']['title'];
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarOneMonth(calendar, year, mon)
{
var row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, 'tr');
createCalendarMonthHeader(calendar, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon]+' '+year, true, year, mon);
row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, 'tr');
createCalendarDayHeader(row, 1);
createCalendarDayRowsSingle(calendar, year, mon);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarMonth(calendar, year, mon)
{
var row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, 'tr');
createCalendarMonthHeader(calendar, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon]+' '+ year, false, year, mon);
row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, 'tr');
createCalendarDayHeader(row, 1);
createCalendarDayRowsSingle(calendar, year, mon);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarYear(calendar, year)
{
var row;
row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, 'tr');
var back = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td');
var backHandler = function() {
removeChildren(calendar);
createCalendarYear(calendar, parseInt(year)-1);
return false; // consume click
};
createTiddlyButton(back, '<', 'Previous year', backHandler);
back.align = 'center';
var yearHeader = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td', null, 'calendarYear', year);
yearHeader.align = 'center';
yearHeader.setAttribute('colSpan',config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers?22:19);//wn**
var fwd = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td');
var fwdHandler = function() {
removeChildren(calendar);
createCalendarYear(calendar, parseInt(year)+1);
return false; // consume click
};
createTiddlyButton(fwd, '>', 'Next year', fwdHandler);
fwd.align = 'center';
createCalendarMonthRow(calendar, year, 0);
createCalendarMonthRow(calendar, year, 3);
createCalendarMonthRow(calendar, year, 6);
createCalendarMonthRow(calendar, year, 9);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarMonthRow(cal, year, mon)
{
var row = createTiddlyElement(cal, 'tr');
createCalendarMonthHeader(cal, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon], false, year, mon);
createCalendarMonthHeader(cal, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon+1], false, year, mon);
createCalendarMonthHeader(cal, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon+2], false, year, mon);
row = createTiddlyElement(cal, 'tr');
createCalendarDayHeader(row, 3);
createCalendarDayRows(cal, year, mon);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarMonthHeader(cal, row, name, nav, year, mon)
{
var month;
if (nav) {
var back = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td');
back.align = 'center';
back.style.background = config.macros.calendar.monthbg;
var backMonHandler = function() {
var newyear = year;
var newmon = mon-1;
if(newmon == -1) { newmon = 11; newyear = newyear-1;}
removeChildren(cal);
cacheReminders(new Date(newyear, newmon , 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(cal, newyear, newmon);
return false; // consume click
};
createTiddlyButton(back, '<', 'Previous month', backMonHandler);
month = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td', null, 'calendarMonthname')
createTiddlyLink(month,name,true);
month.setAttribute('colSpan', config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers?6:5);//wn**
var fwd = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td');
fwd.align = 'center';
fwd.style.background = config.macros.calendar.monthbg;
var fwdMonHandler = function() {
var newyear = year;
var newmon = mon+1;
if(newmon == 12) { newmon = 0; newyear = newyear+1;}
removeChildren(cal);
cacheReminders(new Date(newyear, newmon , 1, 0, 0), 31);
createCalendarOneMonth(cal, newyear, newmon);
return false; // consume click
};
createTiddlyButton(fwd, '>', 'Next month', fwdMonHandler);
} else {
month = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td', null, 'calendarMonthname', name)
month.setAttribute('colSpan',config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers?8:7);//wn**
}
month.align = 'center';
month.style.background = config.macros.calendar.monthbg;
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarDayHeader(row, num)
{
var cell;
for(var i = 0; i < num; i++) {
if (config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers) createTiddlyElement(row, 'td');//wn**
for(var j = 0; j < 7; j++) {
var d = j + (config.options.txtCalFirstDay - 0);
if(d > 6) d = d - 7;
cell = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td', null, null, config.macros.calendar.daynames[d]);
if(d == (config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend-0) || d == (config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend-0+1))
cell.style.background = config.macros.calendar.weekendbg;
}
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarDays(row, col, first, max, year, mon) {
var i;
if (config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers){
if (first<=max) {
var ww = new Date(year,mon,first);
var td=createTiddlyElement(row, 'td');//wn**
var link=createTiddlyLink(td,ww.formatString(config.options.txtWeekNumberLinkFormat),false);
link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(
ww.formatString(config.options.txtWeekNumberDisplayFormat)));
}
else createTiddlyElement(row, 'td');//wn**
}
for(i = 0; i < col; i++)
createTiddlyElement(row, 'td');
var day = first;
for(i = col; i < 7; i++) {
var d = i + (config.options.txtCalFirstDay - 0);
if(d > 6) d = d - 7;
var daycell = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td');
var isaWeekend=((d==(config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend-0)
|| d==(config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend-0+1))?true:false);
if(day > 0 && day <= max) {
var celldate = new Date(year, mon, day);
// ELS 10/30/05 - use <<date>> macro's showDate() function to create popup
// ELS 05/29/06 - use journalDateFmt
if (window.showDate) showDate(daycell,celldate,'popup','DD',
config.macros.calendar.journalDateFmt,true, isaWeekend);
else {
if(isaWeekend) daycell.style.background = config.macros.calendar.weekendbg;
var title = celldate.formatString(config.macros.calendar.journalDateFmt);
if(calendarIsHoliday(celldate))
daycell.style.background = config.macros.calendar.holidaybg;
var now=new Date();
if ((now-celldate>=0) && (now-celldate<86400000)) // is today?
daycell.style.background = config.macros.calendar.todaybg;
if(window.findTiddlersWithReminders == null) {
var link = createTiddlyLink(daycell, title, false);
link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(day));
} else
var button = createTiddlyButton(daycell, day, title, onClickCalendarDate);
}
}
day++;
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
// Create a pop-up containing:
// * a link to a tiddler for this date
// * a 'new tiddler' link to add a reminder for this date
// * links to current reminders for this date
// NOTE: this code is only used if [[ReminderMacros]] is installed AND [[DatePlugin]] is //not// installed.
function onClickCalendarDate(ev) { ev=ev||window.event;
var d=new Date(this.getAttribute('title')); var date=d.formatString(config.macros.calendar.journalDateFmt);
var p=Popup.create(this); if (!p) return;
createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'),date,true);
var rem='\\n\\<\\<reminder day:%0 month:%1 year:%2 title: \\>\\>';
rem=rem.format([d.getDate(),d.getMonth()+1,d.getYear()+1900]);
var cmd="<<newTiddler label:[[new reminder...]] prompt:[[add a new reminder to '%0']]"
+" title:[[%0]] text:{{store.getTiddlerText('%0','')+'%1'}} tag:%2>>";
wikify(cmd.format([date,rem,config.options.txtCalendarReminderTags]),p);
createTiddlyElement(p,'hr');
var t=findTiddlersWithReminders(d,[0,31],null,1);
for(var i=0; i<t.length; i++) {
var link=createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'), t[i].tiddler, false);
link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(t[i]['params']['title']));
}
Popup.show(); ev.cancelBubble=true; if (ev.stopPropagation) ev.stopPropagation(); return false;
}
//}}}
//{{{
function calendarMaxDays(year, mon)
{
var max = config.macros.calendar.monthdays[mon];
if(mon == 1 && (year % 4) == 0 && ((year % 100) != 0 || (year % 400) == 0)) max++;
return max;
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarDayRows(cal, year, mon)
{
var row = createTiddlyElement(cal, 'tr');
var first1 = (new Date(year, mon, 1)).getDay() -1 - (config.options.txtCalFirstDay-0);
if(first1 < 0) first1 = first1 + 7;
var day1 = -first1 + 1;
var first2 = (new Date(year, mon+1, 1)).getDay() -1 - (config.options.txtCalFirstDay-0);
if(first2 < 0) first2 = first2 + 7;
var day2 = -first2 + 1;
var first3 = (new Date(year, mon+2, 1)).getDay() -1 - (config.options.txtCalFirstDay-0);
if(first3 < 0) first3 = first3 + 7;
var day3 = -first3 + 1;
var max1 = calendarMaxDays(year, mon);
var max2 = calendarMaxDays(year, mon+1);
var max3 = calendarMaxDays(year, mon+2);
while(day1 <= max1 || day2 <= max2 || day3 <= max3) {
row = createTiddlyElement(cal, 'tr');
createCalendarDays(row, 0, day1, max1, year, mon); day1 += 7;
createCalendarDays(row, 0, day2, max2, year, mon+1); day2 += 7;
createCalendarDays(row, 0, day3, max3, year, mon+2); day3 += 7;
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarDayRowsSingle(cal, year, mon)
{
var row = createTiddlyElement(cal, 'tr');
var first1 = (new Date(year, mon, 1)).getDay() -1 - (config.options.txtCalFirstDay-0);
if(first1 < 0) first1 = first1+ 7;
var day1 = -first1 + 1;
var max1 = calendarMaxDays(year, mon);
while(day1 <= max1) {
row = createTiddlyElement(cal, 'tr');
createCalendarDays(row, 0, day1, max1, year, mon); day1 += 7;
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
setStylesheet('.calendar, .calendar table, .calendar th, .calendar tr, .calendar td { text-align:center; } .calendar, .calendar a { margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important; }', 'calendarStyles');
//}}}
A research group led by Professor Noriaki Ohuchi, Senior Assistant Professor Kohsuke Gonda at Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University and Professor Hideo Higuchi at Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo has developed an optical system to image with a spatial precision of 9 nanometer in vivo. The optical system enables to visualize protein and drug at single molecular level in tumor-bearing mice which is implanted with human breast cancer cells. The most terrible biological property of cancer is its ability to spread to other organs. The research group labeled the metastasis-promoting protein on the cell membrane with fluorescence particle and has analyzed the protein dynamics with the newly developed optical device. In this study, they firstly discovered following cancer mechanisms using mice:
1. A change of cell morphology is important for cancer metastasis.
2. Cancer cells showed increases in migration speed (diffusion speed) of membrane protein (over 1000-fold) with progression of metastasis. The change of migration speed is important for activation of cancer metastasis.
''A cancer metastasis mechanism at molecular level has long been unknown because a spatial precision of previous in vivo imaging was at micrometer level. This study enable to visualize the mechanism of cancer metastasis at molecular level''. The results are expected to clarify an activation mechanism of cancer metastasis, evaluate malignant grade by mesuring membrane protein migration speed, and develop a new treatment with improved anticancer drug. Source: [[Visualization of a cancer metastasis mechanism at nanometer level: Discovery of dramatic changes of membrane dynamics in cancer cells during metastasis|http://www.tohoku.ac.jp/english/2010/02/eng-achieve-20100203-01.html]]. This work is detailed in the paper [[“In vivo nano-imaging of membrane dynamics in metastatic tumor cells using quantum dots”|http://www.jbc.org/content/early/2009/11/16/jbc.M109.075374.abstract]] by Kohsuke Gonda, Tomonobu M. Watanabe, Noriaki Ohuchi and Hideo Higuchi.
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag milestone "milestone" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanomedicine "nanomedicine" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nano-oncology "nano-oncology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag [[quantum dots]] "quantum dots" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag microscope "microscope" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
Scientists has shown for the first time that carbon nanotubes can be broken down by an enzyme - myeloperoxidase (MPO) - found in white blood cells. ''Their discoveries contradict what was previously believed, that carbon nanotubes are not broken down in the body or in nature''. The scientists hope that this new understanding of how MPO converts carbon nanotubes into water and carbon dioxide can be of significance to medicine.
"Previous studies have shown that carbon nanotubes could be used for introducing drugs or other substances into human cells," says Bengt Fadeel, associate professor at the Swedish medical university Karolinska Institutet. ''"The problem has been not knowing how to control the breakdown of the nanotubes, which can caused unwanted toxicity and tissue damage. Our study now shows how they can be broken down biologically into harmless components."''
Carbon nanotubes are a material consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms rolled into a tube with a diameter of only a couple of nanometres (1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a metre) and a length that can range from tens of nanometres up to several micrometers. Carbon nanotubes are lighter and stronger than steel, and have exceptional heat-conductive and electrical properties. They are manufactured on an industrial scale, mainly for engineering purposes but also for some consumer products.
Carbon nanotubes were once considered biopersistent in that they did not break down in body tissue or in nature. In recent years, research has shown that laboratory animals exposed to carbon nanotubes via inhalation or through injection into the abdominal cavity develop severe inflammation. This and the tissue changes (fibrosis) that exposure causes lead to impaired lung function and perhaps even to cancer. For example, a year or two ago, alarming reports by other scientists suggested that carbon nanotubes are very similar to asbestos fibres, which are themselves biopersistent and which can cause lung cancer (mesothelioma) in humans a considerable time after exposure.
This current study thus represents a breakthrough in nanotechnology and nanotoxicology, since it clearly shows that endogenous MPO can break down carbon nanotubes. This enzyme is expressed in certain types of white blood cell (neutrophils), which use it to neutralise harmful bacteria. Now, however, the researchers have found that the enzyme also works on carbon nanotubes, breaking them down into water and carbon dioxide. The researchers also showed that carbon nanotubes that have been broken down by MPO no longer give rise to inflammation in mice.
"This means that there might be a way to render carbon nanotubes harmless, for example in the event of an accident at a production plant," says Dr Fadeel. "But the findings are also relevant to the future use of carbon nanotubes for medical purposes."
The work was conducted as part of the [[NANOMMUNE project|http://www.nanommune.eu/]], which is coordinated by associate professor [[Bengt Fadeel|http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=24857&a=20446&l=en]] of the Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and which comprises a total of thirteen research groups in Europe and the USA.
Source: [[New study on carbon nanotubes gives hope for medical applications|http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=2637&a=98408&l=en&newsdep=2637]]. This work is detailed in the paper ''[[Carbon nanotubes degraded by neutrophil myeloperoxidase induce less pulmonary inflammation|http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nnano.2010.44.html]]'' by Valerian E. Kagan, Nagarjun V. Konduru, Weihong Feng, Brett L. Allen, Jennifer Conroy, Yuri Volkov, Irina I. Vlasova, Natalia A. Belikova, Naveena Yanamala, Alexander Kapralov, Yulia Y. Tyurina, Jingwen Shi, Elena R. Kisin, Ashley R. Murray, Jonathan Franks, Donna Stolz, Pingping Gou, Judith Klein-Seetharaman, Bengt Fadeel, Alexander Star, Anna Shvedova
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag [[carbon nanotubes]] "carbon nanotubes" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanomedicine "nanomedicine" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanotoxicology "nanotoxicology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
<html>
<div id="hcard-chris-toumey" class="vcard">
<a class="url fn n" href="http://www.nano.sc.edu/research/societalinteractionswithnanotechnology/team.aspx"> <span class="given-name">chris</span>
<span class="family-name">toumey</span>
</a>
<div class="org">NanoCenter. University of South Carolina</div>
<a class="email" href="mailto:Toumey@sc.edu">Toumey(at)sc.edu</a>
</div>
<span class="badge"
style="float: left; font: 9px Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; padding: 0 1em 1px 0;
border: 1px solid #000; background: #D1940C; color: #fff; text-decoration: none;
text-align: center;">
<span style="background: #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; color: #fff; padding: 1px 0.75em;
margin-right: 0.1em;">
›››
</span>
hCard
</span>
</html>
''Posts by Chris Toumey'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag [[Chris Toumey]] "Chris Toumey" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
[[The College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering|http://cnse.albany.edu/]] of the University at Albany-State University of New York is ''the first college in the world dedicated to research, development, education, and deployment in the emerging disciplines of nanoscience, nanoengineering, nanobioscience, and nanoeconomics''.
2001: Established as the School of Nanosciences and Nanoengineering at the University at Albany
2004: Accredited as the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering of the University at Albany
December 2004: CNSE awards the world's first Ph.D. degrees in nanoscience. Source: [[About CNSE - History|http://cnse.albany.edu/about_cnse/history.html]]
College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering
University at Albany - State University of New York
255 Fuller Road
Albany, NY, United States of America
http://cnse.albany.edu/
''Related news:'' [[Creating a common research site: Albany NanoTech, Applied Materials, IBM Announce Research Partnership|http://www.albany.edu/news/releases/2005/sep2005/sweeney_nanotech.shtml]]. Firms invest $300 million in R&D initiative. "An important milestone in establishing the IBM-Albany NanoTech Center for Semiconductor Research as ''the nation's premier facility for the study of nanotechnology''."
//Context to ~NanoWiki capsules shared by our contributors. See [[contributors]] list//
<<forEachTiddler
where
'tiddler.tags.contains("toNanoWiki")'
sortBy
tiddler.created
descending
script '
window.fetItemsPerPage = 10;
function getHeader(context,count) {
if (!window.fetStartIndex || window.fetStartIndex < 0)
window.fetStartIndex = 0;
// ensure not to page behind the last page
if (window.fetStartIndex >= count)
window.fetStartIndex = Math.min(Math.max(window.fetStartIndex-window.fetItemsPerPage,0),count-1);
createTiddlyButton(context.place,"<",null,
function(e) {
window.fetStartIndex -= window.fetItemsPerPage;
story.refreshTiddler(context.viewerTiddler.title,null,true);
});
createTiddlyButton(context.place,">",null,
function(e) {
window.fetStartIndex += window.fetItemsPerPage;
story.refreshTiddler(context.viewerTiddler.title,null,true);
});
var startNo = window.fetStartIndex+1;
var endNo = Math.min(count,window.fetStartIndex+window.fetItemsPerPage);
return "("+startNo+" - "+endNo+ " of "+ count + " news)\n\n";
}
'
write
'(index >= window.fetStartIndex) && (index < window.fetStartIndex + 10) ? ""+tiddler.created.formatString("DD MMM YYYY")+"\n [["+tiddler.title+"]]\n\n" : ""'
begin
'getHeader(context,count)'
>>
{{twocolumns{
<html>
<img src="http://www.fom.nl/live/imgnew.db?120295" title="Smoluchowski's thought experiment with the vanes on the right, the cog on the left and in the middle a pulley with a weight. Inset: the granular demonstration experiment" width="100%"/>
</html>
Researchers from the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter and University of Twente in the Netherlands, and the University of Patras in Greece have for the first time experimentally realised, almost a century later, an idea dating from 1912. In that year the physicist Smoluchowski devised a prototype for an engine at the molecular scale in which he thought he could ingeniously convert Brownian motion into work. The team of scientists have now successfully constructed this device at the much larger scale of a granular gas. Moreover, they have shown that an intriguing exchange takes place between the vanes of the engine and the granular gas: once the vanes have started rotating, they in turn induce a rotating motion in the gas, a so-called convection roll. This reinforces the movement of the device and allows for a virtually continuous rotation. Molecular motors, such as those responsible for tensing and relaxing your muscles, move in a strange manner: they propel themselves forwards despite - or thanks to - a continuous bombardment of the randomly moving molecules in their surroundings. ''This random movement is called [[Brownian motion|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion]] and a well-constructed motor at the nanoscale actually makes use of this to generate a directed movement (and therefore work). The device introduced by the physicist [[Marian Smoluchowski|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Smoluchowski]] in 1912, as a thought experiment, is a classical example of such a motor.'' Source: From ''[[Classical thought experiment brought to life in granular gas|http://www.fom.nl/live/english/news/artikel.pag?objectnumber=120223]]''. This work is detailed in the paper [[Experimental Realization of a Rotational Ratchet in a Granular Gas|http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v104/i24/e248001]] by Peter Eshuis, Ko van der Weele, Detlef Lohse, and Devaraj van der Meer. "We construct a [[ratchet of the Smoluchowski-Feynman type|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_ratchet]], consisting of four vanes that are allowed to rotate freely in a vibrofluidized granular gas. The necessary out-of-equilibrium environment is provided by the inelastically colliding grains, and the equally crucial symmetry breaking by applying a soft coating to one side of each vane. The onset of the ratchet effect occurs at a critical shaking strength via a smooth, continuous phase transition. For very strong shaking the vanes interact actively with the gas and a convection roll develops, sustaining the rotation of the vanes."
''Movies of the experiment'': http://stilton.tnw.utwente.nl/dryquicksand/ratchet/ratchet.html
<html>
<img src="http://www.fom.nl/live/imgnew.db?120294" title="The thought experiment is brought to life in a granular gas: the experimental setup (left) and the device in operation (right). " width="100%"/>
</html>
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanodevice "nanodevice" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanomachinery "nanomachinery" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag energy "energy" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
}}}
/***
|Name|CoreTweaks|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#CoreTweaks|
|Version|n/a|
|Author|Eric Shulman - ELS Design Studios|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements <br>and [[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/]]|
|~CoreVersion|2.2.0|
|Type|plugin|
|Requires||
|Overrides|various|
|Description|a small collection of overrides to TW core functions |
This tiddler contains changes TW core functions to provide minor changes in standard features or behavior. It is hoped that some of these tweaks may someday be added into the TW core, so that these adjustments will be available without needing these add-on definitions.
>''Note: the changes contained in this tiddler are generally applicable for version 2.4.1 of TiddlyWiki. Please view [[CoreTweaksArchive]] for tweaks that may be used with earlier versions of TiddlyWiki.''
----
***/
// // {{block{
/***
!!!824 ~WindowTitle - alternative to combined ~SiteTitle/~SiteSubtitle in window titlebar
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/824 - OPEN
This tweak allows definition of an optional [[WindowTitle]] tiddler that, when present, provides alternative text for display in the browser window's titlebar, instead of using the combined text content from [[SiteTitle]] and [[SiteSubtitle]] (which will still be displayed as usual in the TiddlyWiki document header area).
Note: this ticket replaces http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/401 (closed), which proposed using a custom [[PageTitle]] tiddler for this purpose. ''If you were using the previous '401 ~PageTitle' tweak, you will need to rename [[PageTitle]] to [[WindowTitle]] to continue to use your custom window title text''
***/
//{{{
config.shadowTiddlers.WindowTitle='<<tiddler SiteTitle>> - <<tiddler SiteSubtitle>>';
window.getPageTitle=function() { return wikifyPlain('WindowTitle'); }
store.addNotification('WindowTitle',refreshPageTitle); // so title stays in sync with tiddler changes
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!823 apply option values via paramifiers (e.g. #chk...and #txt...)
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/823 - no ticket yet
This tweak extends and ''//replaces//'' the core {{{invokeParamifier()}}} function to support use of ''option paramifiers'' that set TiddlyWiki option values on-the-fly, directly from a document URL.
If a paramifier begins with 'chk' (checkbox) or 'txt' (text field), it's value will be automatically stored in {{{config.options.*}}}, adding to or overriding any existing 'chk' or 'txt' option values that may have already been loaded from browser cookies and/or assigned by the TW core or plugin initialization functions using hard-coded default values. Note: option values that have been overriden by paramifiers are only applied during the current document session, and are not //automatically// retained. However, if you edit an overridden option value during that session, then the modified value is, of course, saved in a browser cookie, as usual.
***/
//{{{
function invokeParamifier(params,handler)
{
if(!params || params.length == undefined || params.length <= 1)
return;
for(var t=1; t<params.length; t++) {
var p = config.paramifiers[params[t].name];
if(p && p[handler] instanceof Function)
p[handler](params[t].value);
else { // not a paramifier with handler()... check for an 'option' prefix
var h=config.optionHandlers[params[t].name.substr(0,3)];
if (h && h.set instanceof Function)
h.set(params[t].name,params[t].value);
}
}
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!784 allow tiddler sections in TiddlyLinks to be used as anchor points for intra-tiddler scrolling.
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/784 - OPEN
You can use the tiddler section syntax within the {{{<<tiddler>>}}} macro to //transclude// a subsection of one tiddler into another (e.g., {{{<<tiddler SomeTiddler##SomeSection>>}}}). However, if this syntax is used in a TiddlyLink (e.g., {{{[[SomeTiddler##SomeSection]]}}}), the entire reference is treated as a link to a (non-existent) tiddler that includes the section reference in the tiddler title itself.
This tweak extends the TiddlyLink and displayTiddler() processing so that section references in links can be used to auto-scroll to the indicated heading within a tiddler (i.e., the same 'anchor' behavior as {{{<a name="foo">}}} and {{{<a href="#foo">...</a>}}} when using HTML syntax).
***/
//{{{
Story.prototype.scrollToSection = function(title,section) {
if (!title||!section) return; var t=this.getTiddler(title); if (!t) return null;
var elems=t.getElementsByTagName('*');
for (var i=0; i<elems.length; i++) { var e=elems[i];
if (!['H1','H2','H3','H4','H5'].contains(e.nodeName)) continue;
if (getPlainText(e).indexOf(section)!=-1) {
var delay=config.options.chkAnimate?config.animDuration+1:0; // scroll *after* tiddler animation
setTimeout('window.scrollTo(0,'+findPosY(e)+')',delay);
return e;
}
}
}
window.createTiddlyLink_sectionanchor=window.createTiddlyLink;
window.createTiddlyLink=function(place,title) {
var t=story.findContainingTiddler(place); var tid=t?t.getAttribute('tiddler'):'';
var parts=title.split(config.textPrimitives.sectionSeparator);
if (!parts[0].length) parts[0]=tid; // default to current tiddler for '##section' links
if (parts[1]) arguments[1]=parts[0]; // trim section from tiddler title
var btn=createTiddlyLink_sectionanchor.apply(this,arguments);
if (parts[1]) btn.setAttribute('section',parts[1]); // save section
return btn;
}
window.onClickTiddlerLink_sectionanchor=window.onClickTiddlerLink;
window.onClickTiddlerLink=function(ev) {
var e=ev||window.event; var target=resolveTarget(e); var title=null;
while (target!=null && title==null) {
title=target.getAttribute('tiddlyLink');
section=target.getAttribute('section');
target=target.parentNode;
}
var t=story.findContainingTiddler(target); var tid=t?t.getAttribute('tiddler'):'';
if (title!=tid||!section) onClickTiddlerLink_sectionanchor.apply(this,arguments); // avoid excess scrolling
story.scrollToSection(title,section);
return false;
}
Story.prototype.displayTiddler_sectionanchor=Story.prototype.displayTiddler;
Story.prototype.displayTiddler = function(srcElement,tiddler)
{
var title=(tiddler instanceof Tiddler)?tiddler.title:tiddler;
var parts=title.split(config.textPrimitives.sectionSeparator);
if (parts[0].length && parts[1]) arguments[1]=parts[0]; // trim section from tiddler title
this.displayTiddler_sectionanchor.apply(this,arguments);
story.scrollToSection(parts[0],parts[1]);
}
config.formatterHelpers.isExternalLink_sectionanchor=config.formatterHelpers.isExternalLink;
config.formatterHelpers.isExternalLink=function(link) {
if (link.indexOf(config.textPrimitives.sectionSeparator)!=-1) return false;
return config.formatterHelpers.isExternalLink_sectionanchor.apply(this,arguments);
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!757 add removeCookie() function
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/757 - OPEN
When a TW option is reset to it's hard-coded default value, the corresponding browser cookie is usually just set to that default value, which results in an accumulation of unnecessary cookies. Unfortunately, there is a browser-imposed limit on the number of cookies that are stored for any given domain and, when that limit is reached, the browser starts removing cookies on it's own, thereby unexpectedly discarding some TW settings. In order to allow core and/or plugin code to 'clean up after themselves' and remove unneeded cookies, this tweak provides a new 'core' function, removeCookie() that is the inverse of the existing saveOptionCookie(), and results in the actual deletion of the browser cookie associated with the specified TW option.
***/
//{{{
if (window.removeCookie===undefined) {
window.removeCookie=function(name) {
document.cookie = name+'=; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:01 UTC; path=/;';
}
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!749 ieCreatePath fixup for handling / in UNC paths
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/749 - OPEN
***/
//{{{
// tweak ieCreatePath to add fallback check for / (in addition to current check for \)
var fn=window.ieCreatePath;
fn=fn.toString().replace(/function ieCreatePath\(path\)/,'window.ieCreatePath=function(path)');
fn=fn.toString().replace(/var pos = path.lastIndexOf\("\\\\"\);/,
'var pos=path.lastIndexOf("\\\\"); if(pos==-1) pos=path.lastIndexOf("/");');
eval(fn);
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!741 allow """<hr>""" directly in wiki-formatted content
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/741 - OPEN
This tweak extends the 'horizontal rule' formatter to recognize {{{<hr>}}} (or {{{<hr />}}}) directly in tiddler content without being enclosed within an HTML block (i.e., {{{<html><hr></html>}}}). This allows HR elements to be used within table cell content, bullet items and other ''line-mode'' syntax, where the required use of newlines surrounding the """----""" syntax would interfere with the enclosing line-mode formatting.
***/
//{{{
config.formatters[config.formatters.findByField('name','rule')].match+='|<hr ?/?>\\n?';
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!683 FireFox3 Import bug: 'browse' button replacement
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/683 - OPEN
The web standard 'type=file' input control that has been used as a local path/file picker for TiddlyWiki no longer works as expected in FireFox3, which has, for security reasons, limited javascript access to this control so that *no* local filesystem path information can be revealed, even when it is intentional and necessary, as it is with TiddlyWiki. This tweak provides alternative HTML source that patches the backstage import panel. It replaces the 'type=file' input control with a text+button combination of controls that invokes a system-native secure 'file-chooser' dialog box to provide TiddlyWiki with access to a complete path+filename so that TW functions properly locate user-selected local files.
>Note: ''This tweak also requires http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/604 - cross-platform askForFilename()''
***/
//{{{
if (window.Components) {
var fixhtml='<input name="txtBrowse" style="width:30em"><input type="button" value="..."'
+' onClick="window.browseForFilename(this.previousSibling,true)">';
var cmi=config.macros.importTiddlers;
cmi.step1Html=cmi.step1Html.replace(/<input type='file' size=50 name='txtBrowse'>/,fixhtml);
}
merge(config.messages,{selectFile:'Please enter or select a file'}); // ready for I18N translation
window.browseForFilename=function(target,mustExist) { // note: both params are optional
var msg=config.messages.selectFile;
if (target && target.title) msg=target.title; // use target field tooltip (if any) as dialog prompt text
// get local path for current document
var path=getLocalPath(document.location.href);
var p=path.lastIndexOf('/'); if (p==-1) p=path.lastIndexOf('\\'); // Unix or Windows
if (p!=-1) path=path.substr(0,p+1); // remove filename, leave trailing slash
var file=''
var result=window.askForFilename(msg,path,file,mustExist); // requires #604
if (target && result.length) // set target field and trigger handling
{ target.value=result; target.onchange(); }
return result;
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!604 cross-platform askForFilename()
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/604 - OPEN
invokes a system-native secure 'file-chooser' dialog box to provide TiddlyWiki with access to a complete path+filename so that TW functions properly locate user-selected local files.
***/
//{{{
window.askForFilename=function(msg,path,file,mustExist) {
var r = window.mozAskForFilename(msg,path,file,mustExist);
if(r===null || r===false)
r = window.ieAskForFilename(msg,path,file,mustExist);
if(r===null || r===false)
r = window.javaAskForFilename(msg,path,file,mustExist);
if(r===null || r===false)
r = prompt(msg,path+file);
return r||'';
}
window.mozAskForFilename=function(msg,path,file,mustExist) {
if(!window.Components) return false;
try {
netscape.security.PrivilegeManager.enablePrivilege('UniversalXPConnect');
var nsIFilePicker = window.Components.interfaces.nsIFilePicker;
var picker = Components.classes['@mozilla.org/filepicker;1'].createInstance(nsIFilePicker);
picker.init(window, msg, mustExist?nsIFilePicker.modeOpen:nsIFilePicker.modeSave);
var thispath = Components.classes['@mozilla.org/file/local;1'].createInstance(Components.interfaces.nsILocalFile);
thispath.initWithPath(path);
picker.displayDirectory=thispath;
picker.defaultExtension='html';
picker.defaultString=file;
picker.appendFilters(nsIFilePicker.filterAll|nsIFilePicker.filterText|nsIFilePicker.filterHTML);
if (picker.show()!=nsIFilePicker.returnCancel)
var result=picker.file.persistentDescriptor;
}
catch(ex) { displayMessage(ex.toString()); }
return result;
}
window.ieAskForFilename=function(msg,path,file,mustExist) {
if(!config.browser.isIE) return false;
try {
var s = new ActiveXObject('UserAccounts.CommonDialog');
s.Filter='All files|*.*|Text files|*.txt|HTML files|*.htm;*.html|';
s.FilterIndex=3; // default to HTML files;
s.InitialDir=path;
s.FileName=file;
return s.showOpen()?s.FileName:'';
}
catch(ex) { displayMessage(ex.toString()); }
return result;
}
window.javaAskForFilename=function(msg,path,file,mustExist) {
if(!document.applets['TiddlySaver']) return false;
// TBD: implement java-based askFile(...) function
try { return document.applets['TiddlySaver'].askFile(msg,path,file,mustExist); }
catch(ex) { displayMessage(ex.toString()); }
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!676 #story:... paramifier
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/676 - OPEN
extends #story:... to scan the specified 'story' tiddler content for embedded links, rather than simply parsing the content as a space-separated bracketed list. This allows links from ''any'' tiddler to be used as a story, regardless of other wiki-syntax contained in that tiddler. If specified tiddler is a shadow, fallback to using parseParams() to extract the list of links.
***/
//{{{
config.paramifiers.story = {
onstart: function(v) {
var t=store.getTiddler(v); if (t) t.changed();
var list=t?t.links:store.getTiddlerText(v,'').parseParams('open',null,false);
story.displayTiddlers(null,list);
}
};
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!664 Loose links (case-folded/space-folded wiki words)
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/664 - OPEN
This tweak matches non-WikiWord variations of mixed-case and/or added/omitted spaces within double-bracketed text with titles of //existing// tiddlers, using a 'loose' (case-folded/space-folded) comparison. This allows text that occurs in normal prose to be more easily linked to tiddler titles by using double-brackets without the full 'pretty link' syntax. For example:
{{{
[[CoreTweaks]], [[coreTweaks]], [[core tweaks]],
[[CORE TWEAKS]], [[CoRe TwEaKs]], [[coreTWEAKS]]
}}}
>[[CoreTweaks]], [[coreTweaks]], [[core tweaks]],
>[[CORE TWEAKS]], [[CoRe TwEaKs]], [[coreTWEAKS]]
Configuration:
><<option chkLooseLinks>> Allow case-folded and/or space-folded text to link to existing tiddler titles
>"""<<option chkLooseLinks>>"""
***/
//{{{
if (!config.options.chkLooseLinks)
config.options.chkLooseLinks=false; // default to standard behavior
window.caseFold_createTiddlyLink = window.createTiddlyLink;
window.createTiddlyLink = function(place,title,includeText,className) {
var btn=window.caseFold_createTiddlyLink.apply(this,arguments); // create core link
if (!config.options.chkLooseLinks) return btn;
if (store.getTiddlerText(title)) return btn; // matching tiddler (or shadow) exists
var target=title.toLowerCase().replace(/\s/g,'');
var tids=store.getTiddlers('title');
for (var t=0; t<tids.length; t++) {
if (tids[t].title.toLowerCase().replace(/\s/g,'')==target) {
var i=getTiddlyLinkInfo(tids[t].title,className);
btn.setAttribute('tiddlyLink',tids[t].title);
btn.title=i.subTitle;
btn.className=i.classes;
break;
}
}
return btn;
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!657 wrap tabs onto multiple lines
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/657 - OPEN
This tweak inserts an extra space element following each tab, allowing them to wrap onto multiple lines if needed.
***/
//{{{
config.macros.tabs.handler = function(place,macroName,params)
{
var cookie = params[0];
var numTabs = (params.length-1)/3;
var wrapper = createTiddlyElement(null,'div',null,'tabsetWrapper ' + cookie);
var tabset = createTiddlyElement(wrapper,'div',null,'tabset');
tabset.setAttribute('cookie',cookie);
var validTab = false;
for(var t=0; t<numTabs; t++) {
var label = params[t*3+1];
var prompt = params[t*3+2];
var content = params[t*3+3];
var tab = createTiddlyButton(tabset,label,prompt,this.onClickTab,'tab tabUnselected');
createTiddlyElement(tab,'span',null,null,' ',{style:'font-size:0pt;line-height:0px'}); // ELS
tab.setAttribute('tab',label);
tab.setAttribute('content',content);
tab.title = prompt;
if(config.options[cookie] == label)
validTab = true;
}
if(!validTab)
config.options[cookie] = params[1];
place.appendChild(wrapper);
this.switchTab(tabset,config.options[cookie]);
};
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!637 TiddlyLink tooltip - custom formatting
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/637 - OPEN
This tweak modifies the tooltip format that appears when you mouseover a link to a tiddler. It adds an option to control the date format, as well as displaying the size of the tiddler (in bytes)
Tiddler link tooltip format:
{{stretch{<<option txtTiddlerLinkTootip>>}}}
^^where: %0=title, %1=username, %2=modification date, %3=size in bytes, %4=description slice^^
Tiddler link tooltip date format:
{{stretch{<<option txtTiddlerLinkTooltipDate>>}}}
***/
//{{{
config.messages.tiddlerLinkTooltip='%0 - %1, %2 (%3 bytes) - %4';
config.messages.tiddlerLinkTooltipDate='DDD, MMM DDth YYYY 0hh12:0mm AM';
config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTootip=
config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTootip||config.messages.tiddlerLinkTooltip;
config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTooltipDate=
config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTooltipDate||config.messages.tiddlerLinkTooltipDate;
Tiddler.prototype.getSubtitle = function() {
var modifier = this.modifier;
if(!modifier) modifier = config.messages.subtitleUnknown;
var modified = this.modified;
if(modified) modified = modified.formatString(config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTooltipDate);
else modified = config.messages.subtitleUnknown;
var descr=store.getTiddlerSlice(this.title,'Description')||'';
return config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTootip.format([this.title,modifier,modified,this.text.length,descr]);
};
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!628 hide 'no such macro' errors
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/628 - OPEN
When invoking a macro that is not defined, this tweak prevents the display of the 'error in macro... no such macro' message. This is useful when rendering tiddler content or templates that reference macros that are defined by //optional// plugins that have not been installed in the current document.
<<option chkHideMissingMacros>> hide 'no such macro' error messages
***/
//{{{
if (config.options.chkHideMissingMacros===undefined)
config.options.chkHideMissingMacros=false;
window.coreTweaks_missingMacro_invokeMacro = window.invokeMacro;
window.invokeMacro = function(place,macro,params,wikifier,tiddler) {
if (!config.macros[macro] || !config.macros[macro].handler)
if (config.options.chkHideMissingMacros) return;
window.coreTweaks_missingMacro_invokeMacro.apply(this,arguments);
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!609/610 toolbars - separators and transclusion
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/609 - OPEN (separators)
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/610 - OPEN (wikify tiddler/slice/section content)
These tweaks extend the """<<toolbar>>""" macro to permit use of '|' as separators, as well as recognizing references to tiddlernames, slices, or sections and rendering their content inline within the toolbar
''see [[ToolbarCommands]] for examples of how these features can be used''
***/
//{{{
merge(config.macros.toolbar,{
separator: '|'
});
config.macros.toolbar.handler = function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler)
{
for(var t=0; t<params.length; t++) {
var c = params[t];
switch(c) {
case '|': // ELS - SEPARATOR
case '!': // ELS - SEPARATOR (alternative for use in tiddler slices)
createTiddlyText(place,this.separator); // ELS
break; // ELS
case '>':
var btn = createTiddlyButton(place,this.moreLabel,this.morePrompt,config.macros.toolbar.onClickMore);
addClass(btn,'moreCommand');
var e = createTiddlyElement(place,'span',null,'moreCommand');
e.style.display = 'none';
place = e;
break;
default:
var theClass = '';
switch(c.substr(0,1)) {
case '+':
theClass = 'defaultCommand';
c = c.substr(1);
break;
case '-':
theClass = 'cancelCommand';
c = c.substr(1);
break;
}
if(c in config.commands)
this.createCommand(place,c,tiddler,theClass);
else { // ELS - WIKIFY TIDDLER/SLICE/SECTION
if (c.substr(0,1)=='~') c=c.substr(1); // ignore leading ~
var txt=store.getTiddlerText(c);
if (txt) {
txt=txt.replace(/^\n*/,'').replace(/\n*$/,''); // trim any leading/trailing newlines
txt=txt.replace(/^\{\{\{\n/,'').replace(/\n\}\}\}$/,''); // trim PRE format wrapper if any
wikify(txt,createTiddlyElement(place,'span'),null,tiddler);
}
} // ELS - end WIKIFY CONTENT
break;
}
}
};
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!608 toolbar - more/less toggle
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/608 - OPEN
This tweak extends the """<<toolbar>>""" macro to make the '>' (more) a //toggle// between more/less with the additional toolbar commands displayed on a separate line.
***/
//{{{
merge(config.macros.toolbar,{
moreLabel: 'more',
morePrompt: 'Show additional commands',
lessLabel: 'less',
lessPrompt: 'Hide additional commands'
});
config.macros.toolbar.onClickMore = function(ev)
{
var e = this.nextSibling;
var showing=e.style.display=='block';
e.style.display = showing?'none':'block';
this.innerHTML=showing?config.macros.toolbar.moreLabel:config.macros.toolbar.lessLabel;
this.title=showing?config.macros.toolbar.morePrompt:config.macros.toolbar.lessPrompt;
return false;
};
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!607 add HREF link on permaview command
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/607 - OPEN
This tweak automatically sets the HREF for the 'permaview' sidebar command link so you can use the 'right click' context menu for faster, easier bookmarking. Note that this does ''not'' automatically set the permaview in the browser's current location URL... it just sets the HREF on the command link. You still have to click the link to apply the permaview.
***/
//{{{
config.macros.permaview.handler = function(place)
{
var btn=createTiddlyButton(place,this.label,this.prompt,this.onClick);
addEvent(btn,'mouseover',this.setHREF);
addEvent(btn,'focus',this.setHREF);
};
config.macros.permaview.setHREF = function(event){
var links = [];
story.forEachTiddler(function(title,element) {
links.push(String.encodeTiddlyLink(title));
});
var newURL=document.location.href;
var hashPos=newURL.indexOf('#');
if (hashPos!=-1) newURL=newURL.substr(0,hashPos);
this.href=newURL+'#'+encodeURIComponent(links.join(' '));
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!529 IE fixup - case-sensitive element lookup of tiddler elements
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/529 - OPEN
This tweak hijacks the standard browser function, document.getElementById(), to work-around the case-INsensitivity error in Internet Explorer (all versions up to and including IE7) //''Note: This tweak is only applied when using IE, and only for lookups of rendered tiddler elements within the containing 'tiddlerDisplay' element.''//
***/
//{{{
if (config.browser.isIE) {
document.coreTweaks_coreGetElementById=document.getElementById;
document.getElementById=function(id) {
var e=document.coreTweaks_coreGetElementById(id);
if (!e || !e.parentNode || e.parentNode.id!='tiddlerDisplay') return e;
for (var i=0; i<e.parentNode.childNodes.length; i++)
if (id==e.parentNode.childNodes[i].id) return e.parentNode.childNodes[i];
return null;
};
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!471 'creator' field for new tiddlers
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/471 - OPEN
This tweak HIJACKS the core's saveTiddler() function to automatically add a 'creator' field to a tiddler when it is FIRST created. You can use """<<view creator>>""" (or """<<view creator wikified>>""" if you prefer) to show this value embedded directly within the tiddler content, or {{{<span macro="view creator"></span>}}} in the ViewTemplate and/or EditTemplate to display the creator value in each tiddler.
***/
//{{{
// hijack saveTiddler()
TiddlyWiki.prototype.CoreTweaks_creatorSaveTiddler=TiddlyWiki.prototype.saveTiddler;
TiddlyWiki.prototype.saveTiddler=function(title,newTitle,newBody,modifier,modified,tags,fields)
{
var existing=store.tiddlerExists(title);
var tiddler=this.CoreTweaks_creatorSaveTiddler.apply(this,arguments);
if (!existing) store.setValue(title,'creator',config.options.txtUserName);
return tiddler;
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!458 add permalink-like HREFs on internal TiddlyLinks
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/458 - CLOSED: WON'T FIX
This tweak assigns a permalink-like HREF to internal Tiddler links (which normally do not have any HREF defined). This permits the link's context menu (right-click) to include 'open link in another window/tab' command. Based on a request from Dustin Spicuzza.
***/
//{{{
window.coreTweaks_createTiddlyLink=window.createTiddlyLink;
window.createTiddlyLink=function(place,title,includeText,theClass,isStatic,linkedFromTiddler,noToggle)
{
// create the core button, then add the HREF (to internal links only)
var link=window.coreTweaks_createTiddlyLink.apply(this,arguments);
if (!isStatic)
link.href=document.location.href.split('#')[0]+'#'+encodeURIComponent(String.encodeTiddlyLink(title));
return link;
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!444 'tiddler' and 'place' - global variables for use in computed macro parameters
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/444 - OPEN
When invoking a macro, this tweak makes the current containing tiddler object and DOM rendering location available as global variables (window.tiddler and window.place, respectively). These globals can then be used within //computed macro parameters// to retrieve tiddler-relative and/or DOM-relative values or perform tiddler-specific side-effect functionality.
***/
//{{{
window.coreTweaks_invokeMacro = window.invokeMacro;
window.invokeMacro = function(place,macro,params,wikifier,tiddler) {
var here=story.findContainingTiddler(place);
window.tiddler=here?store.getTiddler(here.getAttribute('tiddler')):tiddler;
window.place=place;
window.coreTweaks_invokeMacro.apply(this,arguments);
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!067 Missing links - ignore non-wiki syntax source content
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/67 - OPEN
The missing links list includes items contained within quoted text (i.e., content that will not render as wiki-syntax, and so CANNOT create any tiddler links, even if the quoted text matches valid link syntax). This tweak removes content contained between certain delimiters before scanning tiddler source for possible links.
Delimiters include:
{{{
/%...%/
{{{...}}}
"""..."""
<nowiki>...</nowiki>
<html>...</html>
<script>...</script>
}}}
***/
//{{{
Tiddler.prototype.coreTweaks_changed = Tiddler.prototype.changed;
Tiddler.prototype.changed = function()
{
var savedtext=this.text;
// remove 'quoted' text before scanning tiddler source
this.text=this.text.replace(/\/%((?:.|\n)*?)%\//g,''); // /%...%/
this.text=this.text.replace(/\{{3}((?:.|\n)*?)\}{3}/g,''); // {{{...}}}
this.text=this.text.replace(/"{3}((?:.|\n)*?)"{3}/g,''); // """..."""
this.text=this.text.replace(/\<nowiki\>((?:.|\n)*?)\<\/nowiki\>/g,''); // <nowiki>...</nowiki>
this.text=this.text.replace(/\<html\>((?:.|\n)*?)\<\/html\>/g,''); // <html>...</html>
this.text=this.text.replace(/\<script((?:.|\n)*?)\<\/script\>/g,''); // <script>...</script>
this.coreTweaks_changed.apply(this,arguments);
// restore quoted text to tiddler source
this.text=savedtext;
};
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!(no ticket) """<<tag>>""" macro - sortby parameter
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/TBD - TBD
This tweak adds an optional 'sortby' parameter to the """<<tag tagname label tip sortby>>""" macro, as well as the """<<allTags excludeTag sortby>>""" macro used to generate the sidebar contents 'tags' list. Specify the field on which the contents of each tag popup is to be sorted, with a '+' or '-' prefix to indicate ascending/descending order, respectively.
Example: """<<tag systemConfig "plugins" "list plugins by date, most recent first" "-modified">>"""
Try it: <<tag systemConfig "plugins" "list plugins by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
Similarly, to change the sort order used by the popups from all tags shown in the sidebar contents, edit the [[TagTags]] shadow tiddler and enter: """<<allTags excludeLists -modified>>"""
***/
//{{{
// hijack tag handler() to add 'sortby' attribute to tag button
config.macros.tag.CoreTweaksSortTags_handler=config.macros.tag.handler;
config.macros.tag.handler = function(place,macroName,params)
{
this.CoreTweaksSortTags_handler.apply(this,arguments);
var btn=place.lastChild;
if (params[3]) btn.setAttribute('sortby',params[3]);
}
// tweak <<allTags>> macro to add 'sortby' attribute to each tag button
var fn=config.macros.allTags.handler;
var lines=fn.toString().split('\n');
lines.splice(lines.length-2,0,['if(params[1]) btn.setAttribute("sortby",params[1]);']);
fn=lines.join('\n');
eval('config.macros.allTags.handler='+fn);
// tweak tag event handler to:
// * use tag filtering (only if '[' is present in tag value)
// * use optional 'sortby' attribute
// * save 'sortby' value in 'open all' command (for displaying tiddlers in sorted order)
var fn=onClickTag;
fn=fn.toString().replace(
/store.getTaggedTiddlers\(tag\);/g,
'(tag.indexOf("[")==-1?store.getTaggedTiddlers(tag):store.filterTiddlers(tag));'
+'var sortby=this.getAttribute("sortby");'
+'if(sortby&&sortby.length) store.sortTiddlers(tagged,sortby);'
);
fn=fn.toString().replace(
/openAll.setAttribute\("tag",\s*tag\);/g,
'openAll.setAttribute("tag",tag); openAll.setAttribute("sortby",sortby);'
);
eval(fn);
// tweak 'open all' event handler to use 'sortby' attribute
var fn=onClickTagOpenAll;
fn=fn.toString().replace(
/story.displayTiddlers\(this,\s*tiddlers\);/g,
'var sortby=this.getAttribute("sortby");'
+'if(sortby&&sortby.length) store.sortTiddlers(tiddlers,sortby);'
+'story.displayTiddlers(this,tiddlers);'
);
eval(fn);
//}}}
// // }}}}}}// // {{block{
/***
!!!(no ticket) backslash-quoting for embedding newlines in 'line-mode' formats
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/TBD - TBD
This tweak pre-processes source content to convert 'double-backslash-newline' into {{{<br>}}} before wikify(), so that literal newlines can be embedded in line-mode wiki syntax (e.g., tables, bullets, etc.)
***/
//{{{
window.coreWikify = wikify;
window.wikify = function(source,output,highlightRegExp,tiddler)
{
if (source) arguments[0]=source.replace(/\\\\\n/mg,'<br>');
coreWikify.apply(this,arguments);
}
//}}}
// // }}}}}}
// // <<foldHeadings>>
{{twocolumns{
<html>
<img src="http://pubs.acs.org/cen/_img/88/i27/8827NOTWp5_group.jpg" alt="MOF-210 and MOF-200 images" title="Made from a combination of zinc clusters and organic linkers, these materials set new records for surface area and gas uptake. MOF-210 (left): C is black, O is red, and Zn is blue. MOF-200 (right): C is purple, O is yellow, and Zn is not visible. Credit: Hiroyasu Furukawa/UCLA" width="95%"/>
</html>
Chemists from UCLA and South Korea ''report the "ultimate porosity of a nano-material," achieving world records for both porosity and carbon dioxide storage capacity'' in an important class of materials known as MOFs, or metal–organic frameworks.
MOFs, sometimes described as crystal sponges, have pores — openings on the nanoscale which can store gases that are usually difficult to store and transport. Porosity is crucial for compacting large amounts of gases into small volumes and is an essential property for capturing carbon dioxide.
The research could lead to cleaner energy and the ability to capture heat-trapping carbon dioxide emissions before they reach the atmosphere and contribute to global warming, rising sea levels and the increased acidity of oceans.
"We are reporting the ultimate porosity of a nano-material; we believe this to be the upper limit or very near the upper limit for porosity in materials," said the paper's senior author, [[Omar Yaghi|http://www.cnsi.ucla.edu/institution/personnel?personnel_id=148021]], a UCLA professor of chemistry and biochemistry and a member of both the [[California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI)|http://www.cnsi.ucla.edu/]] at UCLA and the UCLA–Department of Energy Institute of Genomics and Proteomics.
With lead author Hiroyasu (Hiro) Furukawa, co-author Jaheon Kim and colleagues, Yaghi reports on two materials that not only break the porosity record, but do so by an extremely large margin. The materials are MOF-200, made at UCLA by Furukawa, a postdoctoral scholar in Yaghi's laboratory, and MOF-210, made at Seoul's Soongsil University in South Korea by Kim, a chemistry professor and former graduate student in Yaghi's laboratory, and colleagues.
''Invented by Yaghi the early 1990s, [[MOFs|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-organic_framework]] are like scaffolds made of linked rods, with nanoscale pores that are the right size to trap carbon dioxide.'' The components of MOFs can be changed nearly at will, and Yaghi's laboratory has made several hundred MOFs, with a variety of properties and structures.
Since 1999, MOFs have held the record for having the highest porosity of any material. MOFs can be made from low-cost ingredients, such as zinc oxide, a common ingredient in sunscreen, and terephthalate, which is found in plastic soda bottles.''"If I take a gram of MOF-200 and unravel it, it will cover many football fields'', and that is the space you have for gases to assemble," Yaghi said. "It's like magic. Forty tons of MOFs is equal to the entire surface area of California."
Yaghi, Furukawa and Kim also report a record for carbon dioxide storage capacity. ''MOF-200 and MOF-210 take up the highest amount of hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide, by weight, ever achieved''. Source: ''[[World records by UCLA chemists, Korean colleagues enhance ability to capture CO2|http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/world-records-by-ucla-chemists-163439.aspx]]'' by Stuart Wolpert. This work is detailed in the paper [[Ultra-High Porosity in Metal-Organic Frameworks|http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;science.1192160v1?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Yaghi&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=date&resourcetype=HWCIT]] by Hiroyasu Furukawa, Nakeun Ko, Yong Bok Go, Naoki Aratani, Sang Beom Choi, Eunwoo Choi, A. Özgür Yazaydin, <html><a href="http://zeolites.cqe.northwestern.edu/" title="We are researching how nanoporous materials can (help to) save the world. Many of the projects in our group are aimed at solving environmental problems">Randall Q. Snurr</a></html>, Michael O’Keeffe, Jaheon Kim, Omar M. Yaghi
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanomaterial "nanomaterial" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag climate "climate" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag energy "energy" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
}}}
{{{
// Specify your account number here!
_uacct = "UA-4519803-1";
// CustomTracker as a namespace for tracking related functions
var CustomTracker = {
// store a reference to the original displayTiddler function
displayTiddler: story.displayTiddler
};
CustomTracker.track = function() {
if (readOnly) {
urchinTracker.apply(this, arguments);
}
};
CustomTracker.trackAndDisplayTiddler = function(srcElement, titles) {
// log with the tracker
CustomTracker.track('/' + titles);
// call the original displayTiddler function
CustomTracker.displayTiddler.apply(this,arguments);
};
// replace the default displayTiddler function with a tracking version
story.displayTiddler = CustomTracker.trackAndDisplayTiddler;
// Call once for the initial page load
CustomTracker.track();
}}}
''Researchers give a major boost to nanorobotics: Rotaxane molecules made of genetic material''. There is fresh buzz in nanomechanics. Scientists at the University of Bonn have succeeded for the first time in making, out of DNA double stands, an interlocked molecule (rotaxane) with freely moveable components. This opens up exciting possibilities for nanorobotics and synthetic biology.
Chemists have long been tinkering with rotaxanes. The name, derived from the Greek, basically means "wheel axle" – and not without reason. For a rotaxane molecule consists essentially of an axle and a ring, or hoop, threaded over it. To prevent the hoop from slipping off the axle, bulky "stoppers" are placed at each end. These, in turn, consist of intertwined rings. The whole construction looks rather like a dumbbell with a hoop around its handle. All previous DNA rotaxanes are products of organic chemistry. They are also much smaller in size and therefore exhibit shorter margins of mechanical movement at the nanoscale. Moreover, the new DNA alternative can easily be equipped with additional functions, so that sophisticated mechanical systems can be quickly developed.
Building blocks of life as machine components
To build the new rotaxanes, the research team around Dr. Damian Ackermann and Prof. Michael Famulok from the [[Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute|http://www.limes-zentrum.uni-bonn.de/]] at the University of Bonn made use of a material that is normally known for constituting the building blocks of life itself: DNA. But the researchers are not primarily interested in DNA's function as a genetic carrier. Rather, their focus of interest lies in using the principles of base-pairing of DNA double-strands for constructing sophisticated architectures at the nanoscale. The double-helix forms a very stable scaffold. Moreover, a part of one strand can be removed at any chosen position to serve as a connecting point for other components of a nanomachine. " The specificity of individual strands makes DNA highly suitable. It offers us quite a lot of possibilities," explains Damian Ackermann. ''"DNA is like a Lego brick, It's the ideal material for nano-architecture,"'' adds Professor Famulok.
Wheels for the nanomachine
The Bonn-based biochemists have created a completely new kind of rotaxane. It forms a stable mechanical unit, with a freely moving inner hoop. A great deal can be done with this wheel. "We envisage quite a few things," says Professor Famulok. "Our initial aim is to construct systems in which movement can be controlled at the nano-level. The axle and wheels are now available, and we have some ideas for how to get the wheels turning." These nanoengines might then also be combined with other biological systems, such as proteins.
The researchers now realize that, with their DNA rotaxanes, they have laid the foundations for developing all sorts of different nano-mechanical systems based on mechanically interlocked double-stranded DNA. It remains open what will finally emerge from these efforts, but the important breakthrough has been made. "What matters is that we now have a set of novel components with which we can build things that were previously impossible," says Ackermann: "The boundaries of our imagination have, in a sense, been pushed a little further." Source: ''[[DNA construction kit for nanoengines|http://www3.uni-bonn.de/Press-releases/dna-construction-kit-for-nanoengines]]''. This work is detailed in the paper ''[[A double-stranded DNA rotaxane|http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/pubmed/nnano.2010.65.html]]'' by Damian Ackermann , Thorsten L. Schmidt , Jeffrey S. Hannam , Chandra S. Purohit , Alexander Heckel & Michael Famulok
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanodevice "nanodevice" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanomachinery "nanomachinery" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag [[dna nanotechnology]] "dna nanotechnology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
/***
|Name|[[DatePlugin]]|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#DatePlugin|
|Documentation|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#DatePluginInfo|
|Version|2.7.1|
|Author|Eric Shulman|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Description|formatted dates plus popup menu with 'journal' link, changes and (optional) reminders|
This plugin provides a general approach to displaying formatted dates and/or links and popups that permit easy navigation and management of tiddlers based on their creation/modification dates.
!!!!!Documentation
>see [[DatePluginInfo]]
!!!!!Configuration
<<<
<<option chkDatePopupHideCreated>> omit 'created' section from date popups
<<option chkDatePopupHideChanged>> omit 'changed' section from date popups
<<option chkDatePopupHideTagged>> omit 'tagged' section from date popups
<<option chkDatePopupHideReminders>> omit 'reminders' section from date popups
<<option chkShowJulianDate>> display Julian day number (1-365) below current date
see [[DatePluginConfig]] for additional configuration settings, for use in calendar displays, including:
*date formats
*color-coded backgrounds
*annual fixed-date holidays
*weekends
<<<
!!!!!Revisions
<<<
2009.05.31 [2.7.1] in addRemindersToPopup(), 'new reminder....' command now uses {{{<<newTiddler>>}}} macro. Also, general code reduction/cleanup.
|please see [[DatePluginInfo]] for additional revision details|
2005.10.30 [0.9.0] pre-release
<<<
!!!!!Code
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.DatePlugin= {major: 2, minor: 7, revision: 1, date: new Date(2009,5,31)};
config.macros.date = {
format: 'YYYY.0MM.0DD', // default date display format
linkformat: 'YYYY.0MM.0DD', // 'dated tiddler' link format
linkedbg: '#babb1e', // 'babble'
todaybg: '#ffab1e', // 'fable'
weekendbg: '#c0c0c0', // 'cocoa'
holidaybg: '#ffaace', // 'face'
createdbg: '#bbeeff', // 'beef'
modifiedsbg: '#bbeeff', // 'beef'
remindersbg: '#c0ffee', // 'coffee'
weekend: [ 1,0,0,0,0,0,1 ], // [ day index values: sun=0, mon=1, tue=2, wed=3, thu=4, fri=5, sat=6 ],
holidays: [ '01/01', '07/04', '07/24', '11/24' ]
// NewYearsDay, IndependenceDay(US), Eric's Birthday (hooray!), Thanksgiving(US)
};
config.macros.date.handler = function(place,macroName,params)
{
// default: display current date
var now =new Date();
var date=now;
var mode='display';
if (params[0]&&['display','popup','link'].contains(params[0].toLowerCase()))
{ mode=params[0]; params.shift(); }
if (!params[0] || params[0]=='today')
{ params.shift(); }
else if (params[0]=='filedate')
{ date=new Date(document.lastModified); params.shift(); }
else if (params[0]=='tiddler')
{ date=store.getTiddler(story.findContainingTiddler(place).id.substr(7)).modified; params.shift(); }
else if (params[0].substr(0,8)=='tiddler:')
{ var t; if ((t=store.getTiddler(params[0].substr(8)))) date=t.modified; params.shift(); }
else {
var y = eval(params.shift().replace(/Y/ig,(now.getYear()<1900)?now.getYear()+1900:now.getYear()));
var m = eval(params.shift().replace(/M/ig,now.getMonth()+1));
var d = eval(params.shift().replace(/D/ig,now.getDate()+0));
date = new Date(y,m-1,d);
}
// date format with optional custom override
var format=this.format; if (params[0]) format=params.shift();
var linkformat=this.linkformat; if (params[0]) linkformat=params.shift();
showDate(place,date,mode,format,linkformat);
}
window.showDate=showDate;
function showDate(place,date,mode,format,linkformat,autostyle,weekend)
{
mode =mode||'display';
format =format||config.macros.date.format;
linkformat=linkformat||config.macros.date.linkformat;
// format the date output
var title=date.formatString(format);
var linkto=date.formatString(linkformat);
// just show the formatted output
if (mode=='display') { place.appendChild(document.createTextNode(title)); return; }
// link to a 'dated tiddler'
var link = createTiddlyLink(place, linkto, false);
link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(title));
link.title = linkto;
link.date = date;
link.format = format;
link.linkformat = linkformat;
// if using a popup menu, replace click handler for dated tiddler link
// with handler for popup and make link text non-italic (i.e., an 'existing link' look)
if (mode=='popup') {
link.onclick = onClickDatePopup;
link.style.fontStyle='normal';
}
// format the popup link to show what kind of info it contains (for use with calendar generators)
if (autostyle) setDateStyle(place,link,weekend);
}
//}}}
//{{{
// NOTE: This function provides default logic for setting the date style when displayed in a calendar
// To customize the date style logic, please see[[DatePluginConfig]]
function setDateStyle(place,link,weekend) {
// alias variable names for code readability
var date=link.date;
var fmt=link.linkformat;
var linkto=date.formatString(fmt);
var cmd=config.macros.date;
if ((weekend!==undefined?weekend:isWeekend(date))&&(cmd.weekendbg!=''))
{ place.style.background = cmd.weekendbg; }
if (hasModifieds(date)||hasCreateds(date)||hasTagged(date,fmt))
{ link.style.fontStyle='normal'; link.style.fontWeight='bold'; }
if (hasReminders(date))
{ link.style.textDecoration='underline'; }
if (isToday(date))
{ link.style.border='1px solid black'; }
if (isHoliday(date)&&(cmd.holidaybg!=''))
{ place.style.background = cmd.holidaybg; }
if (hasCreateds(date)&&(cmd.createdbg!=''))
{ place.style.background = cmd.createdbg; }
if (hasModifieds(date)&&(cmd.modifiedsbg!=''))
{ place.style.background = cmd.modifiedsbg; }
if ((hasTagged(date,fmt)||store.tiddlerExists(linkto))&&(cmd.linkedbg!=''))
{ place.style.background = cmd.linkedbg; }
if (hasReminders(date)&&(cmd.remindersbg!=''))
{ place.style.background = cmd.remindersbg; }
if (isToday(date)&&(cmd.todaybg!=''))
{ place.style.background = cmd.todaybg; }
if (config.options.chkShowJulianDate) { // optional display of Julian date numbers
var m=[0,31,59,90,120,151,181,212,243,273,304,334];
var d=date.getDate()+m[date.getMonth()];
var y=date.getFullYear();
if (date.getMonth()>1 && (y%4==0 && y%100!=0) || y%400==0)
d++; // after February in a leap year
wikify('@@font-size:80%;<br>'+d+'@@',place);
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
function isToday(date) // returns true if date is today
{ var now=new Date(); return ((now-date>=0) && (now-date<86400000)); }
function isWeekend(date) // returns true if date is a weekend
{ return (config.macros.date.weekend[date.getDay()]); }
function isHoliday(date) // returns true if date is a holiday
{
var longHoliday = date.formatString('0MM/0DD/YYYY');
var shortHoliday = date.formatString('0MM/0DD');
for(var i = 0; i < config.macros.date.holidays.length; i++) {
var holiday=config.macros.date.holidays[i];
if (holiday==longHoliday||holiday==shortHoliday) return true;
}
return false;
}
//}}}
//{{{
// Event handler for clicking on a day popup
function onClickDatePopup(e) { e=e||window.event;
var p=Popup.create(this); if (!p) return false;
// always show dated tiddler link (or just date, if readOnly) at the top...
if (!readOnly || store.tiddlerExists(this.date.formatString(this.linkformat)))
createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'),this.date.formatString(this.linkformat),true);
else
createTiddlyText(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'),this.date.formatString(this.linkformat));
if (!config.options.chkDatePopupHideCreated)
addCreatedsToPopup(p,this.date,this.format);
if (!config.options.chkDatePopupHideChanged)
addModifiedsToPopup(p,this.date,this.format);
if (!config.options.chkDatePopupHideTagged)
addTaggedToPopup(p,this.date,this.linkformat);
if (!config.options.chkDatePopupHideReminders)
addRemindersToPopup(p,this.date,this.linkformat);
Popup.show(); e.cancelBubble=true; if(e.stopPropagation)e.stopPropagation(); return false;
}
//}}}
//{{{
function indexCreateds() // build list of tiddlers, hash indexed by creation date
{
var createds= { };
var tiddlers = store.getTiddlers('title','excludeLists');
for (var t = 0; t < tiddlers.length; t++) {
var date = tiddlers[t].created.formatString('YYYY0MM0DD')
if (!createds[date])
createds[date]=new Array();
createds[date].push(tiddlers[t].title);
}
return createds;
}
function hasCreateds(date) // returns true if date has created tiddlers
{
if (!config.macros.date.createds) config.macros.date.createds=indexCreateds();
return (config.macros.date.createds[date.formatString('YYYY0MM0DD')]!=undefined);
}
function addCreatedsToPopup(p,when,format)
{
var force=(store.isDirty() && when.formatString('YYYY0MM0DD')==new Date().formatString('YYYY0MM0DD'));
if (force || !config.macros.date.createds) config.macros.date.createds=indexCreateds();
var indent=String.fromCharCode(160)+String.fromCharCode(160);
var createds = config.macros.date.createds[when.formatString('YYYY0MM0DD')];
if (createds) {
createds.sort();
var e=createTiddlyElement(p,'div',null,null,'created ('+createds.length+')');
for(var t=0; t<createds.length; t++) {
var link=createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'),createds[t],false);
link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(indent+createds[t]));
}
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
function indexModifieds() // build list of tiddlers, hash indexed by modification date
{
var modifieds= { };
var tiddlers = store.getTiddlers('title','excludeLists');
for (var t = 0; t < tiddlers.length; t++) {
var date = tiddlers[t].modified.formatString('YYYY0MM0DD')
if (!modifieds[date])
modifieds[date]=new Array();
modifieds[date].push(tiddlers[t].title);
}
return modifieds;
}
function hasModifieds(date) // returns true if date has modified tiddlers
{
if (!config.macros.date.modifieds) config.macros.date.modifieds = indexModifieds();
return (config.macros.date.modifieds[date.formatString('YYYY0MM0DD')]!=undefined);
}
function addModifiedsToPopup(p,when,format)
{
var date=when.formatString('YYYY0MM0DD');
var force=(store.isDirty() && date==new Date().formatString('YYYY0MM0DD'));
if (force || !config.macros.date.modifieds) config.macros.date.modifieds=indexModifieds();
var indent=String.fromCharCode(160)+String.fromCharCode(160);
var mods = config.macros.date.modifieds[date];
if (mods) {
// if a tiddler was created on this date, don't list it in the 'changed' section
if (config.macros.date.createds && config.macros.date.createds[date]) {
var temp=[];
for(var t=0; t<mods.length; t++)
if (!config.macros.date.createds[date].contains(mods[t]))
temp.push(mods[t]);
mods=temp;
}
mods.sort();
var e=createTiddlyElement(p,'div',null,null,'changed ('+mods.length+')');
for(var t=0; t<mods.length; t++) {
var link=createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'),mods[t],false);
link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(indent+mods[t]));
}
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
function hasTagged(date,format) // returns true if date is tagging other tiddlers
{
return store.getTaggedTiddlers(date.formatString(format)).length>0;
}
function addTaggedToPopup(p,when,format)
{
var indent=String.fromCharCode(160)+String.fromCharCode(160);
var tagged=store.getTaggedTiddlers(when.formatString(format));
if (tagged.length) var e=createTiddlyElement(p,'div',null,null,'tagged ('+tagged.length+')');
for(var t=0; t<tagged.length; t++) {
var link=createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'),tagged[t].title,false);
link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(indent+tagged[t].title));
}
}
//}}}
//{{{
function indexReminders(date,leadtime) // build list of tiddlers with reminders, hash indexed by reminder date
{
var reminders = { };
if(window.findTiddlersWithReminders!=undefined) { // reminder plugin is installed
var t = findTiddlersWithReminders(date, [0,leadtime], null, null, 1);
for(var i=0; i<t.length; i++) reminders[t[i].matchedDate]=true;
}
return reminders;
}
function hasReminders(date) // returns true if date has reminders
{
if (window.reminderCacheForCalendar)
return window.reminderCacheForCalendar[date]; // use calendar cache
if (!config.macros.date.reminders)
config.macros.date.reminders = indexReminders(date,90); // create a 90-day leadtime reminder cache
return (config.macros.date.reminders[date]);
}
function addRemindersToPopup(p,when,format)
{
if(window.findTiddlersWithReminders==undefined) return; // reminder plugin not installed
var indent = String.fromCharCode(160)+String.fromCharCode(160);
var reminders=findTiddlersWithReminders(when, [0,31],null,null,1);
createTiddlyElement(p,'div',null,null,'reminders ('+(reminders.length||'none')+')');
for(var t=0; t<reminders.length; t++) {
link = createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'),reminders[t].tiddler,false);
var diff=reminders[t].diff;
diff=(diff<1)?'Today':((diff==1)?'Tomorrow':diff+' days');
var txt=(reminders[t].params['title'])?reminders[t].params['title']:reminders[t].tiddler;
link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(indent+diff+' - '+txt));
}
if (readOnly) return; // readonly... omit 'new reminder...' command
var rem='\\<\\<reminder day:%0 month:%1 year:%2 title:"Enter a reminder title here"\\>\\>';
rem=rem.format([when.getDate(),when.getMonth()+1,when.getYear()+1900]);
var cmd="<<newTiddler label:[["+indent+"new reminder...]] prompt:[[add a reminder to '%0']]"
+" title:[[%0]] text:{{var t=store.getTiddlerText('%0','');t+(t.length?'\\n':'')+'%1'}} tag:%2>>";
wikify(cmd.format([when.formatString(format),rem,config.options.txtCalendarReminderTags||'']),
createTiddlyElement(p,'li'));
}
//}}}
[[table of contents]]
[[reminder]]
[[nanocenters map]]
{{twocolumns{
Peering through a transmission electron microscope (TEM), researchers from Germany, Spain, and the UK have observed [[graphene|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene]] sheets transforming into spherical [[fullerenes|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene]], better known as buckyballs, for the first time. The experiment could shed light on the process of ''how fullerenes are formed'', which has so far remained mysterious on the atomic scale. Source: [[For the first time, researchers observe graphene sheets becoming buckyballs (w/ Video)|http://www.physorg.com/news195468858.html]] by Lisa Zyga, PhysOrg.com. This work is detailed in the paper ''[[Direct transformation of graphene to fullerene|http://www.nature.com/nchem/journal/v2/n6/abs/nchem.644.html]]'' by [[Andrey Chuvilin|http://www.nanogune.eu/en/research/]], [[Ute Kaiser|http://www.uni-ulm.de/en/einrichtungen/materialwissenschaftliche-elektronenmikroskopie/members/kaiser.html]], [[Elena Bichoutskaia|http://bichoutskaia.chem.nottingham.ac.uk/]], [[Nicholas A. Besley|http://besley.chem.nottingham.ac.uk/]] & [[Andrei N. Khlobystov|http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/Chemistry/People/andrei.khlobystov]]. "Although fullerenes can be efficiently generated from graphite in high yield, the route to the formation of these symmetrical and aesthetically pleasing carbon cages from a flat graphene sheet remains a mystery. The most widely accepted mechanisms postulate that the graphene structure dissociates to very small clusters of carbon atoms such as C2, which subsequently coalesce to form fullerene cages through a series of intermediates. In this Article, aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy directly visualizes, in real time, a process of fullerene formation from a graphene sheet. Quantum chemical modelling explains four critical steps in a top-down mechanism of fullerene formation: (i) loss of carbon atoms at the edge of graphene, leading to (ii) the formation of pentagons, which (iii) triggers the curving of graphene into a bowl-shaped structure and which (iv) subsequently zips up its open edges to form a closed fullerene structure."
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag graphene "graphene" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag fullerene "fullerene" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag images "images" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag microscope "microscope" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
}}}
<html>
<img src="/img/graphene2fullerene.jpg" alt="Images from a transmission electron microscope show the formation of fullerene from graphene" title="These images from a transmission electron microscope show the formation of fullerene from graphene. In (a), the edges of the graphene sheet continuously change shape when exposed to the e-beam. (b) shows the final product, while (c)-(h) show close-ups of the sequence of a graphene flake transforming into a fullerene. Image credit: Andrey Chuvilin, et al." width="100%"/>
</html>
/***
|Name|DisableWikiLinksPlugin|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#DisableWikiLinksPlugin|
|Version|1.6.0|
|Author|Eric Shulman|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Description|selectively disable TiddlyWiki's automatic ~WikiWord linking behavior|
This plugin allows you to disable TiddlyWiki's automatic ~WikiWord linking behavior, so that WikiWords embedded in tiddler content will be rendered as regular text, instead of being automatically converted to tiddler links. To create a tiddler link when automatic linking is disabled, you must enclose the link text within {{{[[...]]}}}.
!!!!!Usage
<<<
You can block automatic WikiWord linking behavior for any specific tiddler by ''tagging it with<<tag excludeWikiWords>>'' (see configuration below) or, check a plugin option to disable automatic WikiWord links to non-existing tiddler titles, while still linking WikiWords that correspond to existing tiddlers titles or shadow tiddler titles. You can also block specific selected WikiWords from being automatically linked by listing them in [[DisableWikiLinksList]] (see configuration below), separated by whitespace. This tiddler is optional and, when present, causes the listed words to always be excluded, even if automatic linking of other WikiWords is being permitted.
Note: WikiWords contained in default ''shadow'' tiddlers will be automatically linked unless you select an additional checkbox option lets you disable these automatic links as well, though this is not recommended, since it can make it more difficult to access some TiddlyWiki standard default content (such as AdvancedOptions or SideBarTabs)
<<<
!!!!!Configuration
<<<
<<option chkDisableWikiLinks>> Disable ALL automatic WikiWord tiddler links
<<option chkAllowLinksFromShadowTiddlers>> ... except for WikiWords //contained in// shadow tiddlers
<<option chkDisableNonExistingWikiLinks>> Disable automatic WikiWord links for non-existing tiddlers
Disable automatic WikiWord links for words listed in: <<option txtDisableWikiLinksList>>
Disable automatic WikiWord links for tiddlers tagged with: <<option txtDisableWikiLinksTag>>
<<<
!!!!!Revisions
<<<
2008.07.22 [1.6.0] hijack tiddler changed() method to filter disabled wiki words from internal links[] array (so they won't appear in the missing tiddlers list)
2007.06.09 [1.5.0] added configurable txtDisableWikiLinksTag (default value: "excludeWikiWords") to allows selective disabling of automatic WikiWord links for any tiddler tagged with that value.
2006.12.31 [1.4.0] in formatter, test for chkDisableNonExistingWikiLinks
2006.12.09 [1.3.0] in formatter, test for excluded wiki words specified in DisableWikiLinksList
2006.12.09 [1.2.2] fix logic in autoLinkWikiWords() (was allowing links TO shadow tiddlers, even when chkDisableWikiLinks is TRUE).
2006.12.09 [1.2.1] revised logic for handling links in shadow content
2006.12.08 [1.2.0] added hijack of Tiddler.prototype.autoLinkWikiWords so regular (non-bracketed) WikiWords won't be added to the missing list
2006.05.24 [1.1.0] added option to NOT bypass automatic wikiword links when displaying default shadow content (default is to auto-link shadow content)
2006.02.05 [1.0.1] wrapped wikifier hijack in init function to eliminate globals and avoid FireFox 1.5.0.1 crash bug when referencing globals
2005.12.09 [1.0.0] initial release
<<<
!!!!!Code
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.DisableWikiLinksPlugin= {major: 1, minor: 6, revision: 0, date: new Date(2008,7,22)};
if (config.options.chkDisableNonExistingWikiLinks==undefined) config.options.chkDisableNonExistingWikiLinks= false;
if (config.options.chkDisableWikiLinks==undefined) config.options.chkDisableWikiLinks=false;
if (config.options.txtDisableWikiLinksList==undefined) config.options.txtDisableWikiLinksList="DisableWikiLinksList";
if (config.options.chkAllowLinksFromShadowTiddlers==undefined) config.options.chkAllowLinksFromShadowTiddlers=true;
if (config.options.txtDisableWikiLinksTag==undefined) config.options.txtDisableWikiLinksTag="excludeWikiWords";
// find the formatter for wikiLink and replace handler with 'pass-thru' rendering
initDisableWikiLinksFormatter();
function initDisableWikiLinksFormatter() {
for (var i=0; i<config.formatters.length && config.formatters[i].name!="wikiLink"; i++);
config.formatters[i].coreHandler=config.formatters[i].handler;
config.formatters[i].handler=function(w) {
// supress any leading "~" (if present)
var skip=(w.matchText.substr(0,1)==config.textPrimitives.unWikiLink)?1:0;
var title=w.matchText.substr(skip);
var exists=store.tiddlerExists(title);
var inShadow=w.tiddler && store.isShadowTiddler(w.tiddler.title);
// check for excluded Tiddler
if (w.tiddler && w.tiddler.isTagged(config.options.txtDisableWikiLinksTag))
{ w.outputText(w.output,w.matchStart+skip,w.nextMatch); return; }
// check for specific excluded wiki words
var t=store.getTiddlerText(config.options.txtDisableWikiLinksList);
if (t && t.length && t.indexOf(w.matchText)!=-1)
{ w.outputText(w.output,w.matchStart+skip,w.nextMatch); return; }
// if not disabling links from shadows (default setting)
if (config.options.chkAllowLinksFromShadowTiddlers && inShadow)
return this.coreHandler(w);
// check for non-existing non-shadow tiddler
if (config.options.chkDisableNonExistingWikiLinks && !exists)
{ w.outputText(w.output,w.matchStart+skip,w.nextMatch); return; }
// if not enabled, just do standard WikiWord link formatting
if (!config.options.chkDisableWikiLinks)
return this.coreHandler(w);
// just return text without linking
w.outputText(w.output,w.matchStart+skip,w.nextMatch)
}
}
Tiddler.prototype.coreAutoLinkWikiWords = Tiddler.prototype.autoLinkWikiWords;
Tiddler.prototype.autoLinkWikiWords = function()
{
// if all automatic links are not disabled, just return results from core function
if (!config.options.chkDisableWikiLinks)
return this.coreAutoLinkWikiWords.apply(this,arguments);
return false;
}
Tiddler.prototype.disableWikiLinks_changed = Tiddler.prototype.changed;
Tiddler.prototype.changed = function()
{
this.disableWikiLinks_changed.apply(this,arguments);
// remove excluded wiki words from links array
var t=store.getTiddlerText(config.options.txtDisableWikiLinksList,"").readBracketedList();
if (t.length) for (var i=0; i<t.length; i++)
if (this.links.contains(t[i]))
this.links.splice(this.links.indexOf(t[i]),1);
};
//}}}
In 1964, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910-1994) became only the second woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The award was made for her pioneering work on two of the most important complex molecular structures solved up to that time using X-ray crystallographic methods: penicillin and vitamin B~~12~~.
While Hodgkin traced her love of chemistry to growing sparkling crystals in school when she was 10 [1], she had a wide range of talents and a broad, eclectic and idiosyncratic education that could have led her into many other professions, including archaeology or the arts. The
child of archaeologists, Hodgkin was home schooled by her mother, Molly Crowfoot, when the family was in Africa and the Middle East. Crowfoot was a talented amateur artist and botanist who became a world authority on Sudanese flowers, ancient textiles and weaving techniques [2]. Hodgkin and her younger sisters were taught to sew, weave, draw, paint and act, activities they pursued into adulthood. They learned botany, archaeology and geology in the field with their parents, and recorded their lessons in reports with pen and watercolor illustrations that show astonishing competence for 10- and 12-year-olds [3]. They learned history similarly by writing their own illustrated books [4], and Hodgkin also wrote and illustrated stories for her sisters.
Hodgkin missed out on the usual foundations in mathematics and languages that her intellectual peers in preparatory schools received, and she only partially made up for it in her teenage years at school in England. The result was a mind later described by her coworkers as neither mathematical nor symbolic, but unusually strong in three-dimensional pattern recognition, imaging and mapping [5]. Hodgkin's talents in these areas were developed further by the technical illustrations she did for her father in her late teen years. Her specialty appears to have been mosaics, whose depictions required her to analyze and accurately record the underlying repetitions within their patterns. From this activity, Hodgkin learned the fundamental principles of two-dimensional symmetries. In a year in Jerusalem (1929) between leaving school and entering Oxford, these insights about structure began to crystallize into formal knowledge: "I began to think of the restraints imposed by two-dimensional order in a plane" [6]. The drawings she began for her father that summer were eventually completed and published (see Article Frontispiece) [7] during her years as a chemistry major at Oxford, where she began to think about the restraints imposed by 3D orders in space as well. She pursued these interests by drawing, photographing and analyzing other forms of art as well, including Celtic knots she observed at the British Museum, Byzantine decoration in Ravenna and church architecture in Spain [8].
Art remained an important, if subsidiary, avocation throughout Hodgkin's life. She learned new techniques for accurately recording crystal structures [9], and took joy in transforming X-ray data into structural pictures. In one letter to her parents written during her years as a graduate student at Cambridge, she remarked, "It really is a relief to have the chemical work mixed up with so much drawing" [10]. During this period, she also went on weekend painting expeditions with the biologists C.H. Waddington and Robin Hill [11]. Her son, Luke Hodgkin, reports that she continued to draw and paint on holiday throughout her life, but rarely finished anything [12]. A severe case of rheumatoid arthritis [13] undoubtedly interfered. What she finished instead were stunning images of natural structures too small for the naked eye to perceive - surely a form of art as creative and inspiring as the mosaics, Celtic knots and architectural innovations she recorded in her earlier years.
{{twocolumns{
''References''
^^1. E. Ferry, //Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life// (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1998) p. 8.
2. Ferry [1] pp. 15-35.
3. Hodgkin supplementary material, shelfmarks A16-18, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.
4. Hodgkin [3] shelfmarks A12-15.
5. Ferry [1] pp. 244, 254, 310, 312.
6. Ferry [1] p. 39.
7. J.W. Crowfoot, //Churches at Jerash//
(London: British School of Archeology in Jerusalem, Supplementary Papers 3, 1931).
8. Ferry [1] pp. 69, 80, 118.
9. Ferry [1] p. 68.
10. Ferry [1] p. 66.
11. Ferry [1] pp. 98-99.
12. Luke Hodgkin, personal communication, 23 November 2005.
13. Ferry [1] pp. 177-179.
14. Crowfoot [7]^^
}}}
ROBERT ROOT-BERNSTEIN
Department of Physiology
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI 48824
U.S.A.
E-mail: <rootbern@msu.edu>
''Source:'' [[DOROTHY CROWFOOT HODGKIN: STRUCTURE AS ART|http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/leon.2007.40.3.259?prevSearch=allfield%253A%2528nano%2529&searchHistoryKey=]]. June 2007, Vol. 40, No. 3, Pages 259-261 © 2007 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Post by permision of Roger Malina
{{twocolumns{
<html><iframe class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="100%" height="268" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/vS1C_O8DS0k" frameborder="0">
</iframe></html>
[[DragonflyTV|http://www.pbs.org/parents/dragonflytv/about_program.html?anchor=1]] is a PBS science series for children, broadcast nationwide and on the internet.
[[DragonflyTV|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonflyTV]] models authentic science inquiry through its unique approach: In each episode, ordinary kids conduct their own inquiry-based investigations, modeling the inquiry process and communicating the infectious enthusiasm that comes with making their own discoveries. The new season of six half hours focused entirely on nanoscience and nanotechnology.
''[[“DragonflyTV Nano”|http://pbskids.org/dragonflytv/nano/]] is the first television science series to explore this challenging subject area''. Based in recent research into how to teach basic concepts in nanoscience at the middle-school level, the series follows a designed scope and sequence.
The seminar present previews of the new series and describe the production process, as well as the companion educational materials.
Presenters include Dr. Richard Hudson, Executive Producer; Dr. Lisa Regalla, Science Editor, and Joan Freese, Editor of Publications. More information, including a list of partners and the subjects covered in the series, can be found at: http://www.dftvpress.org.
[[A selection of videos can be viewed online|http://www.tpt.org/dragonflytv/nano/nano_video_promo.php]]. Source: ''[[DragonflyTV Nano – Using the Power of Television to Introduce Middle School Children to Nanotechnology|http://nanohub.org/resources/6123]]''
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag educational "educational" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag dissemination "dissemination" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag video "video" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
}}}
Bombarding DNA nucleotides and mammalian meat with ‘femto-neutrons’ has opened up the path to femtomedicine, an entirely new cancer diagnostics, it was reported at [[First Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology|http://www.asmeconferences.org/nemb2010/]]. ''Femto-neutrons or ‘femtons’ are fast neutrons of femto-meter wave-length, a million times shorter than the current nanotechnology medical diagnostic probes that operate on nanometer scale''. In the first experiment of the kind, a collaboration of California Science & Engineering Corp. ([[CALSEC|http://www.calseco.com/]]) and University of California, Irvine ([[UCI|http://www.uci.edu/]]) College of Medicine, was able to detect oxygen differences as tiny as 1 atom of oxygen per molecule, one foot away, it is claimed. Since ‘hypoxic’ cancerous tumors contain 50% to 90% less oxygen than healthy tissue, if you find an oxygen difference between a tumor and the adjacent healthy tissue – you have diagnosed cancer! The principle is named ‘Differential Femto Oximetry’ or DFO, and the patented diagnostic probe ‘Oncosensor’. “We are ready to test DFO in vivo using double blind animal trials at our center”, said co-author [[Orhan Nalcioglu|http://www.faculty.uci.edu/profile.cfm?faculty_id=2082]], Professor and Director of the Center for Functional Onco Imaging of the UCI College of Medicine, which specializes in evaluation of diagnostic devices.
''“Oncosensor’s mission is to provide needleless biopsy with negligible ‘ false negatives’ that is a quantum leap over the current technologies''. It should facilitate an early warning, walk-in, painless, instant cancer diagnosis from outside the body, without intravenous fluid” - says Dr. Bogdan Maglich, CALSEC’s Chief Technology Officer and the developer of the core technology that was originally used for defense, one of “50 Champions of Innovation” elected by Fast Company Magazine. The Oncosensor is not an imager. It will be used in tandem with any one of the imaging systems that have achieved very high sensitivity, almost 98%, in detecting tumors; but have a low ‘specificity’, about 70%, in differentiating healthy from malignant ones, thus missing an unacceptably large number of malignancies. CALSEC scientists predict Oncosensor’s specificity will reach 98%, which is equal to or better than the surgical biopsy. This will be accomplished by making patients inhale ‘carbogen’, an oxygen enriched gas, the authors claim. Dr. Nisar Syed, Chancellor of American College of Radiation Oncology emphasized:”Oncosensor has the potential to significantly improve the eradication of malignant tumors by hyperthermia, the heat treatment by pointing to the least oxygenated tissue.”
“The method has also the potential for the forewarning of stroke, Alzheimer’s and cardiovascular diseases which, too, are marked by oxygen change,” says co-author Dr. Anna Radovic, a molecular biologist. Source: [[EMERGENCE OF “FEMTOMEDICINE”- NEW FRONTIER OF BIOMED SCIENCES - REPORTED AT FIRST GLOBAL CONGRESS ON NANO MEDICINE|http://www.calseco.com/]]. More information in the [[presentation|http://www.calseco.com/index_files/DrMaglich_Presentation.pdf]] by [[Dr. Bogdan C. Maglich|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Maglich]]
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanomedicine "nanomedicine" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nano-oncology "nano-oncology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
<html>
<div id="hcard-eudald-casals" class="vcard">
<img style="float:left; margin-right:4px" src="http://nanocat.uab.cat/images/personal/Eudald%20Casals.jpg" width="150" alt="eudald casals photo" class="photo"/>
<a class="url fn n" href="http://www.transcultural.es/"> <span class="given-name">eudald</span>
<span class="family-name">casals</span>
</a>
<div class="org">institut català de nanotecnologia</div>
<a class="email" href="mailto:eudald.casals.icn(at)uab.es">eudald.casals.icn(at)uab.es</a>
</div>
<span class="badge"
style="float: left; font: 9px Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; padding: 0 1em 1px 0;
border: 1px solid #000; background: #D1940C; color: #fff; text-decoration: none;
text-align: center;">
<span style="background: #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; color: #fff; padding: 1px 0.75em;
margin-right: 0.1em;">
›››
</span>
hCard
</span>
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<html>
<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-Feynman Anniversary Symposium"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20100212">February 12th</abbr>— <abbr class="dtend" title="20100213">13th, 2010</abbr> — <span class="summary">Feynman Anniversary Symposium</span>— at <span class="location">University of South Carolina</span> </a> <div class="description">The University of South Carolina will convene a symposium to consider the talk, the man, and the field of nanotechnology during the past fifty years.</div>
</html>
<html><object style="width:600px;height:388px" ><param name="movie" value="http://static.issuu.com/webembed/viewers/style1/v1/IssuuViewer.swf?mode=embed&layout=http%3A%2F%2Fskin.issuu.com%2Fv%2Flight%2Flayout.xml&showFlipBtn=true&documentId=100121120532-2f8cdb83ffec45aca492319b90b607fc&docName=fas_program&username=josep_saldana&loadingInfoText=Feynman%20Anniversary%20Symposium&et=1264075798900&er=81" /><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true"/><param name="menu" value="false"/><embed src="http://static.issuu.com/webembed/viewers/style1/v1/IssuuViewer.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" menu="false" style="width:600px;height:388px" flashvars="mode=embed&layout=http%3A%2F%2Fskin.issuu.com%2Fv%2Flight%2Flayout.xml&showFlipBtn=true&documentId=100121120532-2f8cdb83ffec45aca492319b90b607fc&docName=fas_program&username=josep_saldana&loadingInfoText=Feynman%20Anniversary%20Symposium&et=1264075798900&er=81" /></object></html>
''Context:'' [[Richard Feynman and Nanotechnology]]
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag dissemination "dissemination" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
<html><a href="http://www.magforce.de/english/company/about-us.html" title="two decades of research and five years of clinical experience">MagForce Nanotechnologies AG</a></html>, the Berlin-based medical technology company majority owned by Nanostart AG, announce the successful completion of final trials demonstrating the efficacy of its [[Nano-Cancer® therapy|http://www.nanostart.de/magforce2/en/dienano-krebs-therapie2/index.html]] in patients with recurrent glioblastoma, a frequent form of brain tumor which is highly malignant. The actual study results significantly exceeded the study objective.
According to a previous study among a large patient population, the median survival time following diagnosis of a glioblastoma recurrence and treatment with conventional therapy (surgery, chemotherapy and radiation) is 6.2 months. The primary objective for the <html><a href="http://www.magforce.de/english/clinical-trials/publications/" title="scientific publications about Nano-Cancer® therapy">Nano-Cancer® therapy</a></html> study was to demonstrate an extension of the median survival time in the recruited patient group by three months compared to this historical control group.
In fact, the median survival time of the 59 patients participating in the final trials was 13.4 months following treatment with ~Nano-Cancer® therapy in conjunction with radiation. The median survival time was thus significantly greater, more than double that of the control population.
The results were even more remarkable in that ~Nano-Cancer® therapy was tested not on newly diagnosed patients with primary tumors but rather as a study involving patients who had already endured treatment with conventional therapies, as well as the unpleasant effects generally associated with these. Following regulatory approval of the new therapy, it is expected that it will also be available for use in treating other types of localized tumors, as these are generally responsive to the same principle of using warmth to destroy or degrade cancer cells.
~MagForce founder and chief scientific officer [[Dr. Andreas Jordan|http://www.nanotech.net/speaker/andreas-jordan]] commented, “The results demonstrate the potential of ~Nano-Cancer® therapy, which at the same time has minimal patient side effects. ''Our vision is to establish this new technology alongside surgery, chemotherapy and radiation as an additional pillar of cancer therapy''.”
Marco Beckmann, CEO of Nanostart AG, went on to add, “We enthusiastically congratulate Dr. Jordan and his team on the superb study results. It is my belief that ''we may thank nanotechnology for a historical advance in medical science''.”
In addition to its high efficacy of which has now been conclusively demonstrated, ~Nano-Cancer® therapy offers an additional and very significant advantage compared to the existing conventional therapy alternatives of surgical intervention, chemotherapy and radiation: ~Nano-Cancer® therapy is tolerated extremely well by patients and, despite its high efficacy, has no serious or unpleasant side effects.
The results of these clinical trials will now form the basis of application for EU regulatory approval for the new therapy, which will be submitted before the end of this year. Once EU regulatory approval has been obtained, ~MagForce will be able to market its <html><a href="http://www.magforce.de/english/clinical-trials/physicians-information.html" title="physicians information">Nano-Cancer® therapy</a></html> throughout the European Union. The detailed study results will be published shortly in a medical journal.
~Nano-Cancer® therapy represents a completely new way to fight cancer and is world’s first approach to use magnetic nanoparticles to treat tumors with virtually no side effects. This is done by injecting specially coated iron oxide nanoparticles directly and precisely into the tumor so that they remain concentrated in the tumor and do not diffuse into the surrounding healthy tissue. The nanoparticles within the tumor are then heated to an exact temperature by externally applying an external magnetic field. In this way, tumor temperatures of up to 70°C (158°F) can be precisely attained within a fraction of a degree. This heat damages the tumor or destroys it completely. During the treatment procedure, patients feel only a moderate warming sensation. Source: ''[[Nanostart majority-owned MagForce announces successful completion of final clinical trials for Nano-Cancer® therapy|http://www.nanostart.de/en/presscenter/pressreleases/2009/2506.November__.html]]''
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanomedicine "nanomedicine" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nano-oncology "nano-oncology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoparticles "nanoparticles" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
A global database of government documents on nanotechnology is being launched by three law professors at Arizona State University who, with their colleagues of the [[Centre of Regulatory Studies at Monash University Law School|http://www.law.monash.edu.au/regstudies/]] in Australia and the [[Institute of Environmental and Energy Law at K.U. Leuven|http://www.law.kuleuven.be/imer/english/pages/index%20english-1.html]] in Belgium, have corralled and organized a massive number of regulatory documents dealing with the rapidly advancing technology.
''[[The Nanotech Regulatory Document Archive|http://nanotech.law.asu.edu]]'' is a free resource built and maintained by the [[Center for the Study of Law, Science, & Technology at the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law|http://www.law.asu.edu/?id=389]]. Over the past year, [[Gary Marchant|http://www.law.asu.edu/apps/faculty/faculty.aspx?individual_id=6]], the center's executive director, and center Faculty Fellows [[Douglas Sylvester|http://www.law.asu.edu/Apps/Faculty/Faculty.aspx?individual_id=4637]] and [[Kenneth Abbott|http://www.law.asu.edu/apps/faculty/faculty.aspx?individual_id=45983]], developed the database as part of a multiyear grant from the U.S. Department of Energy's Genomic Science Program.
''The archive will enable government regulators, industry officials, public-interest groups, educators, students and the public to search for a variety of documents from every country in the world, and from every level of government''. Its creation comes at a time when the worldwide regulation of nanotechnology is expected to ramp up considerably, in an attempt to keep pace with the science
In the database, each entry provides a direct link and/or an attached copy of a specific document, an abstract of that document prepared for the database, and a listing of other pertinent information including author, date and document type. Documents for a specific jurisdiction can be accessed by clicking on a map or on a region, nation or entity.
"The Web site is intended to operate as an edited wiki, and we urge users from around the globe to edit, add, delete and comment on the Web site," Sylvester said. Source: From ''[[LST builds first global regulation database|http://asunews.asu.edu/2009122_LSTNanotechnology]]'' by Janie Magruder.
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag regulation "regulation" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
{{twocolumns{
<html>
<img title="The different shape and appearance of these individual cobalt atoms is caused by the different spin directions. (Image courtesy Saw-Wai Hla, Ohio University" src="http://www.ohio.edu/research/communications/images/spin_1.jpg" width="95%"/>
</html>
Though scientists argue that the emerging technology of spintronics may trump conventional electronics for building the next generation of faster, smaller, more efficient computers and high-tech devices, no one has actually seen the spin—a quantum mechanical property of electrons—in individual atoms until now.
Physicists presented the first images of spin in action. The researchers used a custom-built microscope with an iron-coated tip to manipulate cobalt atoms on a plate of manganese. Through scanning tunneling microscopy, the team repositioned individual cobalt atoms on a surface that changed the direction of the electrons’ spin. Images captured by the scientists showed that the atoms appeared as a single protrusion if the spin direction was upward, and as double protrusions with equal heights when the spin direction was downward.
The study suggests that scientists can observe and manipulate spin, a finding that may impact future development of nanoscale magnetic storage, quantum computers and spintronic devices.
“Different directions in spin can mean different states for data storage,” said Saw-Wai Hla, an associate professor of physics and astronomy in [[Ohio University’s Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute|http://www.ounqpi.org/]] and one of the primary investigators on the study. “The memory devices of current computers involve tens of thousands of atoms. In the future, we may be able to use one atom and change the power of the computer by the thousands.”
Unlike electronic devices, which give off heat, spintronic-based devices are expected to experience less power dissipation.
The experiments were conducted in an ultra-high vacuum at the low temperature of 10 Kelvin, with the use of liquid helium. Researchers will need to observe the phenomenon at room temperature before it can be used in computer hard drives.
But the new study suggests a path to that application, said study lead author [[Andre Kubetzka|http://www.nanoscience.de/group_r/stm-spstm/team/]] of the University of Hamburg. To image spin direction, the team not only used a new technique but also a manganese surface with a spin that, in turn, allowed the scientists to manipulate the spin of the cobalt atoms under study.
“The combination of atom manipulation and spin sensitivity gives a new perspective of constructing atomic-scale structures and investigating their magnetic properties,” Kubetzka said.
The research is the result of a collaboration among three research teams: a spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy group of [[Professor Roland Wiesendanger|http://www.nanoscience.de/group_r/index.shtml]] led by Kubetzka at the University of Hamburg, Germany; Hla, an expert in atom manipulation at Ohio University; and two theorists, Professor Stefan Heinze and Paolo Ferriani, now at the [[Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel|http://www.theo-physik.uni-kiel.de/]], in Germany. Source: From ''[[Physicists capture first images of atomic spin|http://www.ohio.edu/research/communications/spin.cfm]]''. Discovery supports development of nanoscale magnetic storage devices. This work is detailed in the paper ''[[Imaging and manipulating the spin direction of individual atoms|http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nnano.2010.64.html]]'' by [[David Serrate|http://ina.unizar.es/]], Paolo Ferriani, Yasuo Yoshida, Saw-Wai Hla, Matthias Menzel, Kirsten von Bergmann, Stefan Heinze, Andre Kubetzka & Roland Wiesendanger
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag milestone "milestone" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoelectronics "nanoelectronics" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag microscope "microscope" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag images "images" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
}}}
A team led by Yale University researchers has ''used nanosensors to measure cancer biomarkers in whole blood for the first time''. Their findings could dramatically simplify the way physicians test for biomarkers of cancer and other diseases.
The team—led by [[Mark Reed|http://www.seas.yale.edu/faculty-detail.php?id=93]], Yale’s Harold Hodgkinson Professor of Engineering & Applied Science, and [[Tarek Fahmy|http://www.seas.yale.edu/faculty-detail.php?id=34]], an associate professor of biomedical and chemical engineering—used nanowire sensors to detect and measure concentrations of two specific biomarkers: one for prostate cancer and the other for breast cancer.
''“Nanosensors have been around for the past decade, but they only worked in controlled, laboratory settings,” Reed said. “This is the first time we’ve been able to use them with whole blood, which is a complicated solution containing proteins and ions and other things that affect detection.”''
To overcome the challenge of whole blood detection, the researchers developed a novel device that acts as a filter, catching the biomarkers—in this case, antigens specific to prostate and breast cancer—on a chip while washing away the rest of the blood. Creating a buildup of the antigens on the chip allows for detection down to extremely small concentrations, on the order of picograms per milliliter, to within an accuracy of plus or minus 10 percent. This is the equivalent of being able to detect the concentration of a single grain of salt dissolved in a large swimming pool.
Until now, detection methods have only been able to determine whether or not a certain biomarker is present in the blood at sufficiently high concentrations for the detection equipment to give reliable estimates of its presence. “This new method is much more precise in reading out concentrations, and is much less dependent on the individual operator’s interpretation,” Fahmy said.
In addition to relying on somewhat subjective interpretations, current tests are also labor intensive. They involve taking a blood sample, sending it to a lab, using a centrifuge to separate the different components, isolating the plasma and putting it through an hours-long chemical analysis. The whole process takes several days. In comparison, the new device is able to read out biomarker concentrations in just a few minutes.
''“Doctors could have these small, portable devices in their offices and get nearly instant readings,” Fahmy said. “They could also carry them into the field and test patients on site.”''
The new device could also be used to test for a wide range of biomarkers at the same time, from ovarian cancer to cardiovascular disease, Reed said. “The advantage of this technology is that it takes the same effort to make a million devices as it does to make just one. We’ve brought the power of modern microelectronics to cancer detection.” Source: From ''[[Scientists Use Nanosensors for First Time to Measure Cancer Biomarkers in Blood|http://opa.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=7160]]''. This work is detailed in the paper ''[[Label-free biomarker detection from whole blood|http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nnano.2009.353.html]]'' by Eric Stern, Aleksandar Vacic, Nitin Rajan, Jason Criscione, Jason Park, Mark Reed and Tarek Fahmy (all of Yale University); Bojan Ilic (Cornell University); David Mooney (Harvard University).
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanomedicine "nanomedicine" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nano-oncology "nano-oncology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag detection "detection" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoelectronics "nanoelectronics" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
/***
|''Name:''|ForEachTiddlerPlugin|
|''Version:''|1.0.8 (2007-04-12)|
|''Source:''|http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#ForEachTiddlerPlugin|
|''Author:''|UdoBorkowski (ub [at] abego-software [dot] de)|
|''Licence:''|[[BSD open source license (abego Software)|http://www.abego-software.de/legal/apl-v10.html]]|
|''Copyright:''|© 2005-2007 [[abego Software|http://www.abego-software.de]]|
|''TiddlyWiki:''|1.2.38+, 2.0|
|''Browser:''|Firefox 1.0.4+; Firefox 1.5; InternetExplorer 6.0|
!Description
Create customizable lists, tables etc. for your selections of tiddlers. Specify the tiddlers to include and their order through a powerful language.
''Syntax:''
|>|{{{<<}}}''forEachTiddler'' [''in'' //tiddlyWikiPath//] [''where'' //whereCondition//] [''sortBy'' //sortExpression// [''ascending'' //or// ''descending'']] [''script'' //scriptText//] [//action// [//actionParameters//]]{{{>>}}}|
|//tiddlyWikiPath//|The filepath to the TiddlyWiki the macro should work on. When missing the current TiddlyWiki is used.|
|//whereCondition//|(quoted) JavaScript boolean expression. May refer to the build-in variables {{{tiddler}}} and {{{context}}}.|
|//sortExpression//|(quoted) JavaScript expression returning "comparable" objects (using '{{{<}}}','{{{>}}}','{{{==}}}'. May refer to the build-in variables {{{tiddler}}} and {{{context}}}.|
|//scriptText//|(quoted) JavaScript text. Typically defines JavaScript functions that are called by the various JavaScript expressions (whereClause, sortClause, action arguments,...)|
|//action//|The action that should be performed on every selected tiddler, in the given order. By default the actions [[addToList|AddToListAction]] and [[write|WriteAction]] are supported. When no action is specified [[addToList|AddToListAction]] is used.|
|//actionParameters//|(action specific) parameters the action may refer while processing the tiddlers (see action descriptions for details). <<tiddler [[JavaScript in actionParameters]]>>|
|>|~~Syntax formatting: Keywords in ''bold'', optional parts in [...]. 'or' means that exactly one of the two alternatives must exist.~~|
See details see [[ForEachTiddlerMacro]] and [[ForEachTiddlerExamples]].
!Revision history
* v1.0.8 (2007-04-12)
** Adapted to latest TiddlyWiki 2.2 Beta importTiddlyWiki API (introduced with changeset 2004). TiddlyWiki 2.2 Beta builds prior to changeset 2004 are no longer supported (but TiddlyWiki 2.1 and earlier, of cause)
* v1.0.7 (2007-03-28)
** Also support "pre" formatted TiddlyWikis (introduced with TW 2.2) (when using "in" clause to work on external tiddlers)
* v1.0.6 (2006-09-16)
** Context provides "viewerTiddler", i.e. the tiddler used to view the macro. Most times this is equal to the "inTiddler", but when using the "tiddler" macro both may be different.
** Support "begin", "end" and "none" expressions in "write" action
* v1.0.5 (2006-02-05)
** Pass tiddler containing the macro with wikify, context object also holds reference to tiddler containing the macro ("inTiddler"). Thanks to SimonBaird.
** Support Firefox 1.5.0.1
** Internal
*** Make "JSLint" conform
*** "Only install once"
* v1.0.4 (2006-01-06)
** Support TiddlyWiki 2.0
* v1.0.3 (2005-12-22)
** Features:
*** Write output to a file supports multi-byte environments (Thanks to Bram Chen)
*** Provide API to access the forEachTiddler functionality directly through JavaScript (see getTiddlers and performMacro)
** Enhancements:
*** Improved error messages on InternetExplorer.
* v1.0.2 (2005-12-10)
** Features:
*** context object also holds reference to store (TiddlyWiki)
** Fixed Bugs:
*** ForEachTiddler 1.0.1 has broken support on win32 Opera 8.51 (Thanks to BrunoSabin for reporting)
* v1.0.1 (2005-12-08)
** Features:
*** Access tiddlers stored in separated TiddlyWikis through the "in" option. I.e. you are no longer limited to only work on the "current TiddlyWiki".
*** Write output to an external file using the "toFile" option of the "write" action. With this option you may write your customized tiddler exports.
*** Use the "script" section to define "helper" JavaScript functions etc. to be used in the various JavaScript expressions (whereClause, sortClause, action arguments,...).
*** Access and store context information for the current forEachTiddler invocation (through the build-in "context" object) .
*** Improved script evaluation (for where/sort clause and write scripts).
* v1.0.0 (2005-11-20)
** initial version
!Code
***/
//{{{
//============================================================================
//============================================================================
// ForEachTiddlerPlugin
//============================================================================
//============================================================================
// Only install once
if (!version.extensions.ForEachTiddlerPlugin) {
if (!window.abego) window.abego = {};
version.extensions.ForEachTiddlerPlugin = {
major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 8,
date: new Date(2007,3,12),
source: "http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#ForEachTiddlerPlugin",
licence: "[[BSD open source license (abego Software)|http://www.abego-software.de/legal/apl-v10.html]]",
copyright: "Copyright (c) abego Software GmbH, 2005-2007 (www.abego-software.de)"
};
// For backward compatibility with TW 1.2.x
//
if (!TiddlyWiki.prototype.forEachTiddler) {
TiddlyWiki.prototype.forEachTiddler = function(callback) {
for(var t in this.tiddlers) {
callback.call(this,t,this.tiddlers[t]);
}
};
}
//============================================================================
// forEachTiddler Macro
//============================================================================
version.extensions.forEachTiddler = {
major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 8, date: new Date(2007,3,12), provider: "http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de"};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Configurations and constants
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
config.macros.forEachTiddler = {
// Standard Properties
label: "forEachTiddler",
prompt: "Perform actions on a (sorted) selection of tiddlers",
// actions
actions: {
addToList: {},
write: {}
}
};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// The forEachTiddler Macro Handler
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
config.macros.forEachTiddler.getContainingTiddler = function(e) {
while(e && !hasClass(e,"tiddler"))
e = e.parentNode;
var title = e ? e.getAttribute("tiddler") : null;
return title ? store.getTiddler(title) : null;
};
config.macros.forEachTiddler.handler = function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) {
// config.macros.forEachTiddler.traceMacroCall(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler);
if (!tiddler) tiddler = config.macros.forEachTiddler.getContainingTiddler(place);
// --- Parsing ------------------------------------------
var i = 0; // index running over the params
// Parse the "in" clause
var tiddlyWikiPath = undefined;
if ((i < params.length) && params[i] == "in") {
i++;
if (i >= params.length) {
this.handleError(place, "TiddlyWiki path expected behind 'in'.");
return;
}
tiddlyWikiPath = this.paramEncode((i < params.length) ? params[i] : "");
i++;
}
// Parse the where clause
var whereClause ="true";
if ((i < params.length) && params[i] == "where") {
i++;
whereClause = this.paramEncode((i < params.length) ? params[i] : "");
i++;
}
// Parse the sort stuff
var sortClause = null;
var sortAscending = true;
if ((i < params.length) && params[i] == "sortBy") {
i++;
if (i >= params.length) {
this.handleError(place, "sortClause missing behind 'sortBy'.");
return;
}
sortClause = this.paramEncode(params[i]);
i++;
if ((i < params.length) && (params[i] == "ascending" || params[i] == "descending")) {
sortAscending = params[i] == "ascending";
i++;
}
}
// Parse the script
var scriptText = null;
if ((i < params.length) && params[i] == "script") {
i++;
scriptText = this.paramEncode((i < params.length) ? params[i] : "");
i++;
}
// Parse the action.
// When we are already at the end use the default action
var actionName = "addToList";
if (i < params.length) {
if (!config.macros.forEachTiddler.actions[params[i]]) {
this.handleError(place, "Unknown action '"+params[i]+"'.");
return;
} else {
actionName = params[i];
i++;
}
}
// Get the action parameter
// (the parsing is done inside the individual action implementation.)
var actionParameter = params.slice(i);
// --- Processing ------------------------------------------
try {
this.performMacro({
place: place,
inTiddler: tiddler,
whereClause: whereClause,
sortClause: sortClause,
sortAscending: sortAscending,
actionName: actionName,
actionParameter: actionParameter,
scriptText: scriptText,
tiddlyWikiPath: tiddlyWikiPath});
} catch (e) {
this.handleError(place, e);
}
};
// Returns an object with properties "tiddlers" and "context".
// tiddlers holds the (sorted) tiddlers selected by the parameter,
// context the context of the execution of the macro.
//
// The action is not yet performed.
//
// @parameter see performMacro
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.getTiddlersAndContext = function(parameter) {
var context = config.macros.forEachTiddler.createContext(parameter.place, parameter.whereClause, parameter.sortClause, parameter.sortAscending, parameter.actionName, parameter.actionParameter, parameter.scriptText, parameter.tiddlyWikiPath, parameter.inTiddler);
var tiddlyWiki = parameter.tiddlyWikiPath ? this.loadTiddlyWiki(parameter.tiddlyWikiPath) : store;
context["tiddlyWiki"] = tiddlyWiki;
// Get the tiddlers, as defined by the whereClause
var tiddlers = this.findTiddlers(parameter.whereClause, context, tiddlyWiki);
context["tiddlers"] = tiddlers;
// Sort the tiddlers, when sorting is required.
if (parameter.sortClause) {
this.sortTiddlers(tiddlers, parameter.sortClause, parameter.sortAscending, context);
}
return {tiddlers: tiddlers, context: context};
};
// Returns the (sorted) tiddlers selected by the parameter.
//
// The action is not yet performed.
//
// @parameter see performMacro
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.getTiddlers = function(parameter) {
return this.getTiddlersAndContext(parameter).tiddlers;
};
// Performs the macros with the given parameter.
//
// @param parameter holds the parameter of the macro as separate properties.
// The following properties are supported:
//
// place
// whereClause
// sortClause
// sortAscending
// actionName
// actionParameter
// scriptText
// tiddlyWikiPath
//
// All properties are optional.
// For most actions the place property must be defined.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.performMacro = function(parameter) {
var tiddlersAndContext = this.getTiddlersAndContext(parameter);
// Perform the action
var actionName = parameter.actionName ? parameter.actionName : "addToList";
var action = config.macros.forEachTiddler.actions[actionName];
if (!action) {
this.handleError(parameter.place, "Unknown action '"+actionName+"'.");
return;
}
var actionHandler = action.handler;
actionHandler(parameter.place, tiddlersAndContext.tiddlers, parameter.actionParameter, tiddlersAndContext.context);
};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// The actions
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Internal.
//
// --- The addToList Action -----------------------------------------------
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.actions.addToList.handler = function(place, tiddlers, parameter, context) {
// Parse the parameter
var p = 0;
// Check for extra parameters
if (parameter.length > p) {
config.macros.forEachTiddler.createExtraParameterErrorElement(place, "addToList", parameter, p);
return;
}
// Perform the action.
var list = document.createElement("ul");
place.appendChild(list);
for (var i = 0; i < tiddlers.length; i++) {
var tiddler = tiddlers[i];
var listItem = document.createElement("li");
list.appendChild(listItem);
createTiddlyLink(listItem, tiddler.title, true);
}
};
abego.parseNamedParameter = function(name, parameter, i) {
var beginExpression = null;
if ((i < parameter.length) && parameter[i] == name) {
i++;
if (i >= parameter.length) {
throw "Missing text behind '%0'".format([name]);
}
return config.macros.forEachTiddler.paramEncode(parameter[i]);
}
return null;
}
// Internal.
//
// --- The write Action ---------------------------------------------------
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.actions.write.handler = function(place, tiddlers, parameter, context) {
// Parse the parameter
var p = 0;
if (p >= parameter.length) {
this.handleError(place, "Missing expression behind 'write'.");
return;
}
var textExpression = config.macros.forEachTiddler.paramEncode(parameter[p]);
p++;
// Parse the "begin" option
var beginExpression = abego.parseNamedParameter("begin", parameter, p);
if (beginExpression !== null)
p += 2;
var endExpression = abego.parseNamedParameter("end", parameter, p);
if (endExpression !== null)
p += 2;
var noneExpression = abego.parseNamedParameter("none", parameter, p);
if (noneExpression !== null)
p += 2;
// Parse the "toFile" option
var filename = null;
var lineSeparator = undefined;
if ((p < parameter.length) && parameter[p] == "toFile") {
p++;
if (p >= parameter.length) {
this.handleError(place, "Filename expected behind 'toFile' of 'write' action.");
return;
}
filename = config.macros.forEachTiddler.getLocalPath(config.macros.forEachTiddler.paramEncode(parameter[p]));
p++;
if ((p < parameter.length) && parameter[p] == "withLineSeparator") {
p++;
if (p >= parameter.length) {
this.handleError(place, "Line separator text expected behind 'withLineSeparator' of 'write' action.");
return;
}
lineSeparator = config.macros.forEachTiddler.paramEncode(parameter[p]);
p++;
}
}
// Check for extra parameters
if (parameter.length > p) {
config.macros.forEachTiddler.createExtraParameterErrorElement(place, "write", parameter, p);
return;
}
// Perform the action.
var func = config.macros.forEachTiddler.getEvalTiddlerFunction(textExpression, context);
var count = tiddlers.length;
var text = "";
if (count > 0 && beginExpression)
text += config.macros.forEachTiddler.getEvalTiddlerFunction(beginExpression, context)(undefined, context, count, undefined);
for (var i = 0; i < count; i++) {
var tiddler = tiddlers[i];
text += func(tiddler, context, count, i);
}
if (count > 0 && endExpression)
text += config.macros.forEachTiddler.getEvalTiddlerFunction(endExpression, context)(undefined, context, count, undefined);
if (count == 0 && noneExpression)
text += config.macros.forEachTiddler.getEvalTiddlerFunction(noneExpression, context)(undefined, context, count, undefined);
if (filename) {
if (lineSeparator !== undefined) {
lineSeparator = lineSeparator.replace(/\\n/mg, "\n").replace(/\\r/mg, "\r");
text = text.replace(/\n/mg,lineSeparator);
}
saveFile(filename, convertUnicodeToUTF8(text));
} else {
var wrapper = createTiddlyElement(place, "span");
wikify(text, wrapper, null/* highlightRegExp */, context.inTiddler);
}
};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Helpers
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Internal.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.createContext = function(placeParam, whereClauseParam, sortClauseParam, sortAscendingParam, actionNameParam, actionParameterParam, scriptText, tiddlyWikiPathParam, inTiddlerParam) {
return {
place : placeParam,
whereClause : whereClauseParam,
sortClause : sortClauseParam,
sortAscending : sortAscendingParam,
script : scriptText,
actionName : actionNameParam,
actionParameter : actionParameterParam,
tiddlyWikiPath : tiddlyWikiPathParam,
inTiddler : inTiddlerParam, // the tiddler containing the <<forEachTiddler ...>> macro call.
viewerTiddler : config.macros.forEachTiddler.getContainingTiddler(placeParam) // the tiddler showing the forEachTiddler result
};
};
// Internal.
//
// Returns a TiddlyWiki with the tiddlers loaded from the TiddlyWiki of
// the given path.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.loadTiddlyWiki = function(path, idPrefix) {
if (!idPrefix) {
idPrefix = "store";
}
var lenPrefix = idPrefix.length;
// Read the content of the given file
var content = loadFile(this.getLocalPath(path));
if(content === null) {
throw "TiddlyWiki '"+path+"' not found.";
}
var tiddlyWiki = new TiddlyWiki();
// Starting with TW 2.2 there is a helper function to import the tiddlers
if (tiddlyWiki.importTiddlyWiki) {
if (!tiddlyWiki.importTiddlyWiki(content))
throw "File '"+path+"' is not a TiddlyWiki.";
tiddlyWiki.dirty = false;
return tiddlyWiki;
}
// The legacy code, for TW < 2.2
// Locate the storeArea div's
var posOpeningDiv = content.indexOf(startSaveArea);
var posClosingDiv = content.lastIndexOf(endSaveArea);
if((posOpeningDiv == -1) || (posClosingDiv == -1)) {
throw "File '"+path+"' is not a TiddlyWiki.";
}
var storageText = content.substr(posOpeningDiv + startSaveArea.length, posClosingDiv);
// Create a "div" element that contains the storage text
var myStorageDiv = document.createElement("div");
myStorageDiv.innerHTML = storageText;
myStorageDiv.normalize();
// Create all tiddlers in a new TiddlyWiki
// (following code is modified copy of TiddlyWiki.prototype.loadFromDiv)
var store = myStorageDiv.childNodes;
for(var t = 0; t < store.length; t++) {
var e = store[t];
var title = null;
if(e.getAttribute)
title = e.getAttribute("tiddler");
if(!title && e.id && e.id.substr(0,lenPrefix) == idPrefix)
title = e.id.substr(lenPrefix);
if(title && title !== "") {
var tiddler = tiddlyWiki.createTiddler(title);
tiddler.loadFromDiv(e,title);
}
}
tiddlyWiki.dirty = false;
return tiddlyWiki;
};
// Internal.
//
// Returns a function that has a function body returning the given javaScriptExpression.
// The function has the parameters:
//
// (tiddler, context, count, index)
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.getEvalTiddlerFunction = function (javaScriptExpression, context) {
var script = context["script"];
var functionText = "var theFunction = function(tiddler, context, count, index) { return "+javaScriptExpression+"}";
var fullText = (script ? script+";" : "")+functionText+";theFunction;";
return eval(fullText);
};
// Internal.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.findTiddlers = function(whereClause, context, tiddlyWiki) {
var result = [];
var func = config.macros.forEachTiddler.getEvalTiddlerFunction(whereClause, context);
tiddlyWiki.forEachTiddler(function(title,tiddler) {
if (func(tiddler, context, undefined, undefined)) {
result.push(tiddler);
}
});
return result;
};
// Internal.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.createExtraParameterErrorElement = function(place, actionName, parameter, firstUnusedIndex) {
var message = "Extra parameter behind '"+actionName+"':";
for (var i = firstUnusedIndex; i < parameter.length; i++) {
message += " "+parameter[i];
}
this.handleError(place, message);
};
// Internal.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.sortAscending = function(tiddlerA, tiddlerB) {
var result =
(tiddlerA.forEachTiddlerSortValue == tiddlerB.forEachTiddlerSortValue)
? 0
: (tiddlerA.forEachTiddlerSortValue < tiddlerB.forEachTiddlerSortValue)
? -1
: +1;
return result;
};
// Internal.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.sortDescending = function(tiddlerA, tiddlerB) {
var result =
(tiddlerA.forEachTiddlerSortValue == tiddlerB.forEachTiddlerSortValue)
? 0
: (tiddlerA.forEachTiddlerSortValue < tiddlerB.forEachTiddlerSortValue)
? +1
: -1;
return result;
};
// Internal.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.sortTiddlers = function(tiddlers, sortClause, ascending, context) {
// To avoid evaluating the sortClause whenever two items are compared
// we pre-calculate the sortValue for every item in the array and store it in a
// temporary property ("forEachTiddlerSortValue") of the tiddlers.
var func = config.macros.forEachTiddler.getEvalTiddlerFunction(sortClause, context);
var count = tiddlers.length;
var i;
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
var tiddler = tiddlers[i];
tiddler.forEachTiddlerSortValue = func(tiddler,context, undefined, undefined);
}
// Do the sorting
tiddlers.sort(ascending ? this.sortAscending : this.sortDescending);
// Delete the temporary property that holds the sortValue.
for (i = 0; i < tiddlers.length; i++) {
delete tiddlers[i].forEachTiddlerSortValue;
}
};
// Internal.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.trace = function(message) {
displayMessage(message);
};
// Internal.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.traceMacroCall = function(place,macroName,params) {
var message ="<<"+macroName;
for (var i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
message += " "+params[i];
}
message += ">>";
displayMessage(message);
};
// Internal.
//
// Creates an element that holds an error message
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.createErrorElement = function(place, exception) {
var message = (exception.description) ? exception.description : exception.toString();
return createTiddlyElement(place,"span",null,"forEachTiddlerError","<<forEachTiddler ...>>: "+message);
};
// Internal.
//
// @param place [may be null]
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.handleError = function(place, exception) {
if (place) {
this.createErrorElement(place, exception);
} else {
throw exception;
}
};
// Internal.
//
// Encodes the given string.
//
// Replaces
// "$))" to ">>"
// "$)" to ">"
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.paramEncode = function(s) {
var reGTGT = new RegExp("\\$\\)\\)","mg");
var reGT = new RegExp("\\$\\)","mg");
return s.replace(reGTGT, ">>").replace(reGT, ">");
};
// Internal.
//
// Returns the given original path (that is a file path, starting with "file:")
// as a path to a local file, in the systems native file format.
//
// Location information in the originalPath (i.e. the "#" and stuff following)
// is stripped.
//
config.macros.forEachTiddler.getLocalPath = function(originalPath) {
// Remove any location part of the URL
var hashPos = originalPath.indexOf("#");
if(hashPos != -1)
originalPath = originalPath.substr(0,hashPos);
// Convert to a native file format assuming
// "file:///x:/path/path/path..." - pc local file --> "x:\path\path\path..."
// "file://///server/share/path/path/path..." - FireFox pc network file --> "\\server\share\path\path\path..."
// "file:///path/path/path..." - mac/unix local file --> "/path/path/path..."
// "file://server/share/path/path/path..." - pc network file --> "\\server\share\path\path\path..."
var localPath;
if(originalPath.charAt(9) == ":") // pc local file
localPath = unescape(originalPath.substr(8)).replace(new RegExp("/","g"),"\\");
else if(originalPath.indexOf("file://///") === 0) // FireFox pc network file
localPath = "\\\\" + unescape(originalPath.substr(10)).replace(new RegExp("/","g"),"\\");
else if(originalPath.indexOf("file:///") === 0) // mac/unix local file
localPath = unescape(originalPath.substr(7));
else if(originalPath.indexOf("file:/") === 0) // mac/unix local file
localPath = unescape(originalPath.substr(5));
else // pc network file
localPath = "\\\\" + unescape(originalPath.substr(7)).replace(new RegExp("/","g"),"\\");
return localPath;
};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Stylesheet Extensions (may be overridden by local StyleSheet)
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
setStylesheet(
".forEachTiddlerError{color: #ffffff;background-color: #880000;}",
"forEachTiddler");
//============================================================================
// End of forEachTiddler Macro
//============================================================================
//============================================================================
// String.startsWith Function
//============================================================================
//
// Returns true if the string starts with the given prefix, false otherwise.
//
version.extensions["String.startsWith"] = {major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 0, date: new Date(2005,11,20), provider: "http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de"};
//
String.prototype.startsWith = function(prefix) {
var n = prefix.length;
return (this.length >= n) && (this.slice(0, n) == prefix);
};
//============================================================================
// String.endsWith Function
//============================================================================
//
// Returns true if the string ends with the given suffix, false otherwise.
//
version.extensions["String.endsWith"] = {major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 0, date: new Date(2005,11,20), provider: "http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de"};
//
String.prototype.endsWith = function(suffix) {
var n = suffix.length;
return (this.length >= n) && (this.right(n) == suffix);
};
//============================================================================
// String.contains Function
//============================================================================
//
// Returns true when the string contains the given substring, false otherwise.
//
version.extensions["String.contains"] = {major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 0, date: new Date(2005,11,20), provider: "http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de"};
//
String.prototype.contains = function(substring) {
return this.indexOf(substring) >= 0;
};
//============================================================================
// Array.indexOf Function
//============================================================================
//
// Returns the index of the first occurance of the given item in the array or
// -1 when no such item exists.
//
// @param item [may be null]
//
version.extensions["Array.indexOf"] = {major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 0, date: new Date(2005,11,20), provider: "http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de"};
//
Array.prototype.indexOf = function(item) {
for (var i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
if (this[i] == item) {
return i;
}
}
return -1;
};
//============================================================================
// Array.contains Function
//============================================================================
//
// Returns true when the array contains the given item, otherwise false.
//
// @param item [may be null]
//
version.extensions["Array.contains"] = {major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 0, date: new Date(2005,11,20), provider: "http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de"};
//
Array.prototype.contains = function(item) {
return (this.indexOf(item) >= 0);
};
//============================================================================
// Array.containsAny Function
//============================================================================
//
// Returns true when the array contains at least one of the elements
// of the item. Otherwise (or when items contains no elements) false is returned.
//
version.extensions["Array.containsAny"] = {major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 0, date: new Date(2005,11,20), provider: "http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de"};
//
Array.prototype.containsAny = function(items) {
for(var i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
if (this.contains(items[i])) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
};
//============================================================================
// Array.containsAll Function
//============================================================================
//
// Returns true when the array contains all the items, otherwise false.
//
// When items is null false is returned (even if the array contains a null).
//
// @param items [may be null]
//
version.extensions["Array.containsAll"] = {major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 0, date: new Date(2005,11,20), provider: "http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de"};
//
Array.prototype.containsAll = function(items) {
for(var i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
if (!this.contains(items[i])) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
};
} // of "install only once"
// Used Globals (for JSLint) ==============
// ... DOM
/*global document */
// ... TiddlyWiki Core
/*global convertUnicodeToUTF8, createTiddlyElement, createTiddlyLink,
displayMessage, endSaveArea, hasClass, loadFile, saveFile,
startSaveArea, store, wikify */
//}}}
/***
!Licence and Copyright
Copyright (c) abego Software ~GmbH, 2005 ([[www.abego-software.de|http://www.abego-software.de]])
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other
materials provided with the distribution.
Neither the name of abego Software nor the names of its contributors may be
used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific
prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT
SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
***/
/***
|''Name:''|GenerateRssByTagPlugin|
|''Description:''|Only tiddlers with a specific tag are inluded in the RSSFeed. If no tiddlers are selected then works as before. (see ticket #270: http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/tiddlywiki/ticket/270). <br>RssTag: <<option txtRssTag>>|
|''Version:''|1.0.3|
|''Date:''|May 17, 2007|
|''Source:''|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#GenerateRssByTagPlugin|
|''Author:''|BidiX (BidiX (at) bidix (dot) info)|
|''License:''|[[BSD open source license|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#%5B%5BBSD%20open%20source%20license%5D%5D ]]|
|''~CoreVersion:''|2.2.0 (Beta 5)|
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.GenerateRssByTagPlugin = {
major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 3,
date: new Date("May 17, 2007"),
source: 'http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#GenerateRssByTagPlugin',
author: 'BidiX (BidiX (at) bidix (dot) info',
coreVersion: '2.2.0 (Beta 5)'
};
if (!window.bidix) window.bidix = {}; // bidix namespace
bidix.generateRssByTag = function()
{
var s = [];
var d = new Date();
var u = store.getTiddlerText("SiteUrl");
// Assemble the header
s.push("<" + "?xml version=\"1.0\"" + " encoding='UTF-8' " + "?" + ">");
s.push("<rss version=\"2.0\">");
s.push("<channel>");
s.push("<title" + ">" + wikifyPlain("SiteTitle").htmlEncode() + "</title" + ">");
if(u)
s.push("<link>" + u.htmlEncode() + "</link>");
s.push("<description>" + wikifyPlain("SiteSubtitle").htmlEncode() + "</description>");
s.push("<language>en-us</language>");
s.push("<copyright>Copyright " + d.getFullYear() + " " + config.options.txtUserName.htmlEncode() + "</copyright>");
s.push("<pubDate>" + d.toGMTString() + "</pubDate>");
s.push("<lastBuildDate>" + d.toGMTString() + "</lastBuildDate>");
s.push("<docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>");
s.push("<generator>TiddlyWiki " + version.major + "." + version.minor + "." + version.revision + "</generator>");
// The body
var tiddlers;
if (config.options.txtRssTag && store.getTaggedTiddlers(config.options.txtRssTag).length > 0)
tiddlers = store.getTaggedTiddlers(config.options.txtRssTag,"modified");
else
tiddlers = store.getTiddlers("modified","excludeLists");
var n = config.numRssItems > tiddlers.length ? 0 : tiddlers.length-config.numRssItems;
for (var t=tiddlers.length-1; t>=n; t--)
s.push(tiddlers[t].saveToRss(u));
// And footer
s.push("</channel>");
s.push("</rss>");
// Save it all
return s.join("\n");
};
//
// Initializations
//
bidix.generateRss = generateRss; // backup core version
generateRss = bidix.generateRssByTag; // install new one
config.options.txtRssTag = "toRSS"; // default RssTag. use <<option txtRssTag>> to overwritte
merge(config.optionsDesc,{txtRssTag: "Only tiddlers with this tag will be included in the RSS Feed."});
//}}}
Already one of the largest global centers for nanotechnology, ''IBM’s Zurich Research Lab'' has a long-standing tradition of scientific collaboration and is ''the birthplace of nanotechnology''. [[Two milestone IBM inventions|Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope]] —the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) in 1981 and the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) in 1986—provided researchers around the world with the specialized tools they needed to explore the nano-cosmos and manipulate materials at the atomic level for the first time. Nanotechnology started with the development of the scanning tunneling microscope at the IBM Zurich Research Lab, for which Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. This instrument allowed the first look into the world of atoms. Shortly afterwards, an IBM researcher used this invention to become the first person to manipulate individual atoms. Source: [[IBM Research - Zurich|http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/08/nanotech.html]]
The ''Nanoscale Exploratory Technology Laboratory (NETL)'' will be a unique facility for exploratory research. NETL will not be a production or a pilot line with fixed processes or wafer sizes. Rather, it will be a state-of-the-art exploratory cleanroom fabrication facility combined with "noise-free" labs shielded against external vibrations, acoustic noise, electromagnetic fields and temperature fluctuations.
With the construction of this exciting new laboratory, IBM is leveraging its presence in Europe to attract and foster leading talent in nanotechnology. Bolstered in part by major ongoing initiatives of various government agencies, Europe is where at least one-third of worldwide investments are being made in nanotechnology in the next five years. NETL is at the leading edge of this exploratory research. Source: [[IBM Research - Zurich : Nanoscale Exploratory Technology Lab (NETL)|http://www.zurich.ibm.com/netl/]]
IBM Research GmbH
Säumerstrasse 4
8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
http://www.zurich.ibm.com
''Related news:'' [[Creating a common research site: Albany NanoTech, Applied Materials, IBM Announce Research Partnership|http://www.albany.edu/news/releases/2005/sep2005/sweeney_nanotech.shtml]]. Firms invest $300 million in R&D initiative. "An important milestone in establishing the IBM-Albany NanoTech Center for Semiconductor Research as ''the nation's premier facility for the study of nanotechnology''."
{{twocolumns{
''Researcher Says Simple Polymer-based Filter Successfully Cleans Water, Recovers Oil in Gulf of Mexico Tests''. Developed by University of Pittsburgh engineering professor Di Gao in response to the [["Deepwater Horizon" oil leak|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill]], the technique combines an ordinary cotton filter with a solution that repels oil while allowing water to pass through. The researcher reports that the filter was successfully tested off the coast of Louisiana and shown to simultaneously clean water and preserve the oil.
Gao's filter hinges on a polymer that is both hydrophilic-it bonds with the hydrogen molecules in water-and oleophobic, meaning that it repels oil. When the polymer is applied to an ordinary cotton filter, it allows water to pass through but not oil. The filter is produced by submerging the cotton in a liquid solution containing the polymer then drying it in an oven or in open air, Gao explained.
For the massive slick off the U.S. Gulf Coast, Gao envisions large, trough-shaped filters that could be dragged through the water to capture surface oil. The oil could be recovered and stored and the filter reused. Current cleanup methods range from giant containment booms and absorbent skimmers to controlled fires and chemical dispersants with questionable effects on human health and the environment.
[[Di Gao|http://www.gao.pitt.edu/]] focuses his research in the development and application of chemical nanostructures, including liquid-resistant coatings. In 2009, Gao reported his demonstration of [[a nanoparticle-based solution that can prevent the formation of ice on solid surfaces|http://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/?p=4206]], from power lines to airport runways and roads. Source: From [[Pitt Researcher Says Simple Polymer-based Filter Successfully Cleans Water, Recovers Oil in Gulf of Mexico Tests|http://www.news.pitt.edu/news/pitt-researcher-says-simple-polymer-based-filter-successfully-cleans-water-recovers-oil-gulf-me]] by Morgan Kelly.
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag water "water" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag waste "waste" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoremediation "nanoremediation" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag video "video" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
<html><iframe class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="100%" height="268" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/kfRKjiOXVWE" frameborder="0">
</iframe></html>
}}}
<<include "http://dl.dropbox.com/u/2575827/vp.html">>
<<include "http://dl.dropbox.com/u/2575827/nanowiki_2009.htm">>
/***
|''Name:''|abego.IncludePlugin|
|''Version:''|1.0.1 (2007-04-30)|
|''Type:''|plugin|
|''Source:''|http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#IncludePlugin|
|''Author:''|Udo Borkowski (ub [at] abego-software [dot] de)|
|''Documentation:''|[[IncludePlugin Documentation|http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#%5B%5BIncludePlugin%20Documentation%5D%5D]]|
|''Community:''|([[del.icio.us|http://del.icio.us/post?url=http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/index.html%23IncludePlugin]]) ([[Support|http://groups.google.com/group/TiddlyWiki]])|
|''Copyright:''|© 2007 [[abego Software|http://www.abego-software.de]]|
|''Licence:''|[[BSD open source license (abego Software)|http://www.abego-software.de/legal/apl-v10.html]]|
|''~CoreVersion:''|2.1.3|
|''Browser:''|Firefox 1.5.0.9 or better; Internet Explorer 6.0|
***/
/***
This plugin's source code is compressed (and hidden). Use this [[link|http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/archive/IncludePlugin/Plugin-Include-src.1.0.0.js]] to get the readable source code.
***/
///%
if(!window.abego){window.abego={};}var invokeLater=function(_1,_2,_3){return abego.invokeLater?abego.invokeLater(_1,_2,_3):setTimeout(_1,_2);};abego.loadFile=function(_4,_5,_6){var _7=function(_8,_9,_a,_b,_c){return _8?_5(_a,_b,_9):_5(undefined,_b,_9,"Error loading %0".format([_b]));};if(_4.search(/^((http(s)?)|(file)):/)!=0){if(_4.search(/^((.\:\\)|(\\\\)|(\/))/)==0){_4="file://"+_4;}else{var _d=document.location.toString();var i=_d.lastIndexOf("/");_4=_d.substr(0,i+1)+_4;}_4=_4.replace(/\\/mg,"/");}loadRemoteFile(_4,_7,_6);};abego.loadTiddlyWikiStore=function(_f,_10,_11,_12){var _13=function(_14,_15){if(_12){_12(_14,"abego.loadTiddlyWikiStore",_15,_f,_11);}};var _16=function(_17,_18){var _19=_18.indexOf(startSaveArea);var _1a=_18.indexOf("<!--POST-BODY-END--"+">");var _1b=_18.lastIndexOf(endSaveArea,_1a==-1?_18.length:_1a);if((_19==-1)||(_1b==-1)){return config.messages.invalidFileError.format([_f]);}var _1c="<html><body>"+_18.substring(_19,_1b+endSaveArea.length)+"</body></html>";var _1d=document.createElement("iframe");_1d.style.display="none";document.body.appendChild(_1d);var doc=_1d.document;if(_1d.contentDocument){doc=_1d.contentDocument;}else{if(_1d.contentWindow){doc=_1d.contentWindow.document;}}doc.open();doc.writeln(_1c);doc.close();var _1f=doc.getElementById("storeArea");_17.loadFromDiv(_1f,"store");_1d.parentNode.removeChild(_1d);return null;};var _20=function(_21){_13("Error when loading %0".format([_f]),"Failed");_10(undefined,_f,_11,_21);return _21;};var _22=function(_23){_13("Loaded %0".format([_f]),"Done");_10(_23,_f,_11);return null;};var _24=function(_25,_26,_27,_28){if(_25===undefined){_20(_28);return;}_13("Processing %0".format([_f]),"Processing");var _29=config.messages.invalidFileError;config.messages.invalidFileError="The file '%0' does not appear to be a valid TiddlyWiki file";try{var _2a=new TiddlyWiki();var _2b=_16(_2a,_25);if(_2b){_20(_2b);}else{_22(_2a);}}catch(ex){_20(exceptionText(ex));}finally{config.messages.invalidFileError=_29;}};_13("Start loading %0".format([_f]),"Started");abego.loadFile(_f,_24,_11);};(function(){if(abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder){return;}var _2c="waiting";var _2d="loading";var _2e=1000;var _2f=-200;var _30=-100;var _31=-300;var _32;var _33=[];var _34={};var _35=[];var _36;var _37=[];var _38;var _39=function(){if(_32===undefined){_32=config.options.chkUseInclude===undefined||config.options.chkUseInclude;}return _32;};var _3a=function(url){return "No include specified for %0".format([url]);};var _3c=function(){var _3d=_35;_35=[];if(_3d.length){for(var i=0;i<_37.length;i++){_37[i](_3d);}}};var _3f;var _40=function(){if(_36!==undefined){clearInterval(_36);}_3f=0;var _41=function(){abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.sendProgress("","","Done");};_36=setInterval(function(){_3f++;if(_3f<=10){return;}clearInterval(_36);_36=undefined;abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.sendProgress("Refreshing...","","");refreshDisplay();invokeLater(_41,0,_2f);},1);};var _42=function(_43){var _44;for(var i=0;i<_33.length;i++){var _46=abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.getStore(_33[i]);if(_46&&(_44=_43(_46,_33[i]))){return _44;}}};var _47=function(){if(!window.store){return invokeLater(_47,100);}var _48=store.fetchTiddler;store.fetchTiddler=function(_49){var t=_48.apply(this,arguments);if(t){return t;}if(config.shadowTiddlers[_49]!==undefined){return undefined;}if(_49==config.macros.newTiddler.title){return undefined;}return _42(function(_4b,url){var t=_4b.fetchTiddler(_49);if(t){t.includeURL=url;}return t;});};if(_33.length){_40();}};var _4e=function(){if(!window.store){return invokeLater(_4e,100);}var _4f=store.getTiddlerText("IncludeList");if(_4f){wikify(_4f,document.createElement("div"));}};var _50=function(_51){var _52=function(){var _53=store.forEachTiddler;var _54=function(_55){var _56={};var _57;var _58=function(_59,_5a){if(_56[_59]){return;}_56[_59]=1;if(_57){_5a.includeURL=_57;}_55.apply(this,arguments);};_53.call(store,_58);for(var n in config.shadowTiddlers){_56[n]=1;}_56[config.macros.newTiddler.title]=1;_42(function(_5c,url){_57=url;_5c.forEachTiddler(_58);});};store.forEachTiddler=_54;try{return _51.apply(this,arguments);}finally{store.forEachTiddler=_53;}};return _52;};var _5e=function(_5f,_60){return _5f[_60]=_50(_5f[_60]);};abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder={};abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.setProgressFunction=function(_61){_38=_61;};abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.getProgressFunction=function(_62){return _38;};abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.sendProgress=function(_63,_64,_65){if(_38){_38.apply(this,arguments);}};abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.onError=function(url,_67){displayMessage("Error when including '%0':\n%1".format([url,_67]));};abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.hasPendingIncludes=function(){for(var i=0;i<_33.length;i++){var _69=abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.getState(_33[i]);if(_69==_2c||_69==_2d){return true;}}return false;};abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.getIncludes=function(){return _33.slice();};abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.getState=function(url){var s=_34[url];if(!s){return _3a(url);}return typeof s=="string"?s:null;};abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.getStore=function(url){var s=_34[url];if(!s){return _3a(url);}return s instanceof TiddlyWiki?s:null;};abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.include=function(url,_6f){if(!_39()||_34[url]){return;}var _70=this;_33.push(url);_34[url]=_2c;var _71=function(_72,_73,_74,_75){if(_72===undefined){_34[url]=_75;_70.onError(url,_75);return;}_34[url]=_72;_35.push(url);invokeLater(_3c);};var _76=function(){_34[url]=_2d;abego.loadTiddlyWikiStore(url,_71,null,_38);};if(_6f){invokeLater(_76,_6f);}else{_76();}};abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.forReallyEachTiddler=function(_77){var _78=function(){store.forEachTiddler(_77);};_50(_78).call(store);};abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.getFunctionUsingForReallyEachTiddler=_50;abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.useForReallyEachTiddler=_5e;abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.addListener=function(_79){_37.push(_79);};abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.addListener(_40);if(config.options.chkUseInclude===undefined){config.options.chkUseInclude=true;}config.shadowTiddlers.AdvancedOptions+="\n<<option chkUseInclude>> Include ~TiddlyWikis (IncludeList | IncludeState | [[help|http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#%5B%5BIncludePlugin%20Documentation%5D%5D]])\n^^(Reload this ~TiddlyWiki to make changes become effective)^^";config.shadowTiddlers.IncludeState="<<includeState>>";var _7a=function(e,_7c,_7d){if(!anim||!abego.ShowAnimation){e.style.display=_7c?"block":"none";return;}anim.startAnimating(new abego.ShowAnimation(e,_7c,_7d));};abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.getDefaultProgressFunction=function(){setStylesheet(".includeProgressState{\n"+"background-color:#FFCC00;\n"+"position:absolute;\n"+"right:0.2em;\n"+"top:0.2em;\n"+"width:7em;\n"+"padding-left:0.2em;\n"+"padding-right:0.2em\n"+"}\n","abegoInclude");var _7e=function(){var e=document.createElement("div");e.className="includeProgressState";e.style.display="none";document.body.appendChild(e);return e;};var _80=_7e();var _81=function(_82){removeChildren(_80);createTiddlyText(_80,_82);_7a(_80,true,0);};var _83=function(){invokeLater(function(){_7a(_80,false,_2e);},100,_30);};var _84=function(_85,_86,_87,url,_89){if(_87=="Done"||_87=="Failed"){_83();return;}if(_86=="abego.loadTiddlyWikiStore"){_3f=0;if(_87=="Processing"){_81("Including...");}}else{_81(_85);}};return _84;};abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.setProgressFunction(abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.getDefaultProgressFunction());config.macros.include={};config.macros.include.handler=function(_8a,_8b,_8c,_8d,_8e,_8f){_8c=_8e.parseParams("url",null,true,false,true);var _90=parseInt(getParam(_8c,"delay","0"));var _91=_8c[0]["url"];var _92=getFlag(_8c,"hide",false);if(!_92){createTiddlyText(createTiddlyElement(_8a,"code"),_8d.source.substring(_8d.matchStart,_8d.nextMatch));}for(var i=0;_91&&i<_91.length;i++){abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.include(_91[i],_90);}};config.macros.includeState={};config.macros.includeState.handler=function(_94,_95,_96,_97,_98,_99){var _9a=function(){var s="";var _9c=abego.TiddlyWikiIncluder.getIncludes();if(!_9c.length){return "{{noIncludes{\nNo includes or 'include' is disabled (see AdvancedOptions)\n}}}\n";}s+="|!Address|!State|\n";for(var i=0;i<_9c.length;i++){var inc=_9c[i];s+="|{{{"+inc+"}}}|";var 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// List all hidden tiddlers of included TiddlyWikis
// see http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#[[How%20Tiddlers%20are%20found]]
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displayMessage("not found "+url);
continue;
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} else if (tiddler != foundTiddler) {
if (!ignoreShadowTiddlers || config.shadowTiddlers[[title]] == undefined) {
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}
});
}
return hiddenTiddlers.length
? "!Hidden Tiddlers\n# "+hiddenTiddlers.join("\n# ")+"]]\n"
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</script>
/***
|Name|InlineJavascriptPlugin|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#InlineJavascriptPlugin|
|Documentation|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#InlineJavascriptPluginInfo|
|Version|1.9.5|
|Author|Eric Shulman|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Description|Insert Javascript executable code directly into your tiddler content.|
''Call directly into TW core utility routines, define new functions, calculate values, add dynamically-generated TiddlyWiki-formatted output'' into tiddler content, or perform any other programmatic actions each time the tiddler is rendered.
!!!!!Documentation
>see [[InlineJavascriptPluginInfo]]
!!!!!Revisions
<<<
2009.04.11 [1.9.5] pass current tiddler object into wrapper code so it can be referenced from within 'onclick' scripts
2009.02.26 [1.9.4] in $(), handle leading '#' on ID for compatibility with JQuery syntax
|please see [[InlineJavascriptPluginInfo]] for additional revision details|
2005.11.08 [1.0.0] initial release
<<<
!!!!!Code
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.InlineJavascriptPlugin= {major: 1, minor: 9, revision: 5, date: new Date(2009,4,11)};
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handler: function(w) {
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// // GLOBAL FUNCTION: $(...) -- 'shorthand' convenience syntax for document.getElementById()
//{{{
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''Researchers have documented potential cellular damage from “fullerenes”''—soccer-ball-shaped, cage-like molecules composed of 60 carbon atoms. They also noted that ''this particular type of damage might hold hope for treatment of Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, or even cancer''. The research represents the first-ever observation of this kind for spherical fullerenes, also known as buckyballs, which take their names from the late Buckminster Fuller because they resemble the geodesic dome concept that he popularized.
Engineered carbon nanoparticles, which include fullerenes, are increasing in use worldwide. Each buckyball is a skeletal cage of carbon about the size of a virus. They show potential for creating stronger, lighter structures or acting as tiny delivery mechanisms for designer drugs or antibiotics, among other uses. About four to five tons of carbon nanoparticles are manufactured annually. ''“Nanomaterials are the 21st century revolution,”'' said [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/b/about_us.shtml]] toxicologist Rashi Iyer, the principal research lead. ''“We are going to have to live with them and deal with them, and the question becomes, ‘How are we going to maximize our use of these materials and minimize their impact on us and the environment?’”''
Iyer and lead author Jun Gao, also a Los Alamos toxicologist, exposed cultured human skin cells to several distinct types of buckyballs. The differences in the buckyballs lay in the spatial arrangement of short branches of molecules coming off of the main buckyball structure. One buckyball variation, called the “tris” configuration, had three molecular branches off the main structure on one hemisphere; another variation, called the “hexa” configuration, had six branches off the main structure in a roughly symmetrical arrangement; the last type was a plain buckyball. The researchers found that cells exposed to the tris configuration underwent premature senescence—what might be described as a state of suspended animation. In other words, the cells did not die as cells normally should, nor did they divide or grow. This arrest of the natural cellular life cycle after exposure to the tris-configured buckyballs may compromise normal organ development, leading to disease within a living organism. In short, the tris buckyballs were toxic to human skin cells. Moreover, the cells exposed to the tris arrangement caused unique molecular level responses suggesting that tris-fullerenes may potentially interfere with normal immune responses induced by viruses. The team is now pursuing research to determine if cells exposed to this form of fullerenes may be more susceptible to viral infections. Ironically, the discovery could also lead to a novel treatment strategy for combating several debilitating diseases. In diseases like Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s, nerve cells die or degenerate to a nonfunctional state. A mechanism to induce senescence in specific nerve cells could delay or eliminate onset of the diseases. Similarly, a disease like cancer, which spreads and thrives through unregulated replication of cancer cells, might be fought through induced senescence. This strategy could stop the cells from dividing and provide doctors with more time to kill the abnormal cells. Because of the minute size of nanomaterials, the primary hazard associated with them has been potential inhalation—similar to the concern over asbestos exposure.
“Already, from a toxicological point of view, this research is useful because it shows that if you have the choice to use a tris- or a hexa-arrangement for an application involving buckyballs, the hexa-arrangement is probably the better choice,” said Iyer. “These studies may provide guidance for new nanomaterial design and development.” Meantime, Los Alamos research into nanomaterials provides ''a cautionary tale for nanomaterial use, as well as early foundations for worker protection''. Right now, there are no federal regulations for the use of nanomaterials. Disclosure of use by companies or individuals is voluntary. As nanomaterial use increases, understanding of their potential hazards should also increase. Source: From [[Carbon Nanostructures—Elixir or Poison?|http://www.lanl.gov/news/releases/carbon_nanostructures_elixir_or_poison_news_release.html]]. Los Alamos researchers find a case where size really does matter. This work is detailed in the paper ''[[Fullerene derivatives induce premature senescence: A new toxicity paradigm or novel biomedical applications|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WXH-4Y34PV0-2&_user=10&_coverDate=04%2F15%2F2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=2b78828d350eee97bb6a8dc8ff31afdf]]'' by Jun Gao, Hsing Lin Wang, Andrew Shreve, Rashi Iyer.
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag fullerene "fullerene" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanotoxicology "nanotoxicology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanomedicine "nanomedicine" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag concerns "concerns" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag regulation "regulation" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
{{twocolumns{
<html>
<img src="http://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2010/06/03/nyu-chemist-seeman-wins-kavli-prize-in-nanoscience-/_jcr_content/image.img.png" alt="Nadrian Seeman has been awarded the 2010 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience" title="New York University Chemist Nadrian Seeman has been awarded the 2010 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience for his creation of robotic devices that have the potential to create new materials a billionth of a meter in size. Photo credit: Mike Summers" width="100%"/>
</html>These are the second group of recipients of the biennial Kavli Prizes, following the successful launch of [[the awards in 2008|The 2008 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience]].
[[The nanoscience prize|http://www.kavliprize.no/binfil/download.php?tid=45355]] was awarded jointly to US scientists Donald M. Eigler, of IBM’s Almaden Research Centre, San Jose, California, and [[Nadrian Seeman|http://seemanlab4.chem.nyu.edu/]], of New York University.
''[[Donald M. Eigler|http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/31812.wss]]'' is recognized with the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience ''for the development of Atom Manipulation with the STM and for the elucidation and demonstration of quantum phenomena with precisely controlled atomic and molecular arrangements on surfaces.''
''[[Nadrian C. Seeman|http://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2010/06/03/nyu-chemist-seeman-wins-kavli-prize-in-nanoscience-.html]]'' is recognized with the Kavli prize for nanoscience, ''for inventing DNA nanotechnology, for pioneering the use of DNA as a non-biological programmable material for a countless number of devices that self-assemble, walk, compute and catalyze.''
Eigler reserved his place in the history of science in 1989 when he became [[the first person ever to pick up an individual atom and move it precisely to another location|Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope]], and then went on to make a series of breakthroughs that have helped us to understand some of the the most basic units of matter. A decade before Eigler’s historic achievement, Seeman [[invented structural DNA nanotechnology|'nanorobotic' arm to operate within dna sequence]] when he realised the building blocks of the genetic blueprint of living organisms could be harnessed to create the raw materials for new, nanoscale circuits, sensors and medical devices.
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag milestone "milestone" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag microscope "microscope" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag [[dna nanotechnology]] "dna nanotechnology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
}}}
//"We hope to ignite artists' interest in the exploration of nanotech/nanoscience and encourage scientists, scholars and educators to contemplate the implications of an art-nanotech/nanoscience connection". Leonardo/ISAST begin a cooperation with NanoWiki in the publication of capsules tagged "art". See [[Nano and art: Leonardo/ISAST cooperation with NanoWiki]]//
<<forEachTiddler
where
'tiddler.tags.contains("leonardo/isast")'
sortBy
tiddler.created
descending
script '
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>>
In findings that took the experimenters three years to believe, University of Michigan engineers and their collaborators have demonstrated that light itself can twist ribbons of nanoparticles. Matter readily bends and twists light. That's the mechanism behind optical lenses and polarizing 3-D movie glasses. But the opposite interaction has rarely been observed, said [[Nicholas Kotov|http://www.engin.umich.edu/dept/che/research/kotov/people.pi.htm]], principal investigator on the project.
While light has been known to affect matter on the molecular scale - bending or twisting molecules a few nanometers in size - it has not been observed causing such drastic mechanical twisting to larger particles. The nanoparticle ribbons in this study were between one and four micrometers long. A micrometer is one-millionth of a meter. "I didn't believe it at the beginning," Kotov said. "To be honest, ''it took us three and a half years to really figure out how photons of light can lead to such a remarkable change in rigid structures a thousand times bigger than molecules''." Kotov and his colleagues had set out in this study to create "superchiral" particles - spirals of nano-scale mixed metals that could theoretically focus visible light to specks smaller than its wavelength. Materials with this unique "negative refractive index" could be capable of producing Klingon-like invisibility cloaks, said [[Sharon C. Glotzer|http://www.engin.umich.edu/dept/che/chemengin/people/glotzer.html]], who was also involved in the experiments. The twisted nanoparticle ribbons are likely to lead to the superchiral materials, the professors say.
To begin the experiment, the researchers dispersed nanoparticles of cadmium telluride in a water-based solution. They checked on them intermittently with powerful microscopes. After about 24 hours under light, the nanoparticles had assembled themselves into flat ribbons. After 72 hours, they had twisted and bunched together in the process. But when the nanoparticles were left in the dark, distinct, long, straight ribbons formed. "We discovered that if we make flat ribbons in the dark and then illuminate them, we see a gradual twisting, twisting that increases as we shine more light," Kotov said. "This is very unusual in many ways."
The light twists the ribbons by causing a stronger repulsion between nanoparticles in them. ''The twisted ribbon is a new shape in nanotechnology'', Kotov said. Besides superchiral materials, he envisions clever applications for the shape and the technique used to create I it. Sudhanshu Srivastava, a postdoctoral researcher in his lab, is trying to make the spirals rotate. "He's making very small propellers to move through fluid - nanoscale submarines, if you will," Kotov said. "You often see this motif of twisted structures in mobility organs of bacteria and cells." The nanoscale submarines could conceivably be used for drug-delivery and in microfluidic systems that mimic the body for experiments. This newly-discovered twisting effect could also lead to microelectromechanical systems that are controlled by light. And it could be utilized in lithography, or microchip production. Glotzer and Aaron Santos, a postdoctoral researcher in her lab, performed computer simulations that helped Kotov and his team better understand how the ribbons form. The simulations showed that under certain circumstances, the complex combination of forces between the tetrahedrally-shaped nanoparticles could conspire to produce ribbons of just the width observed in the experiments. A tetrahedron is a pyramid-shaped, three-dimensional polyhedron. "The precise balance of forces leading to the self-assembly of ribbons is very revealing," Glotzer said. "It could be used to stabilize other nanostructures made of non-spherical particles. It's all about how the particles want to pack themselves." Source: [[Light twists rigid structures in unexpected nanotech finding|http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/story.php?id=7573]]. This work is detailed in the paper [[Light-Controlled Self-Assembly of Semiconductor Nanoparticles into Twisted Ribbons|http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/327/5971/1355]] by Sudhanshu Srivastava, Aaron Santos, Kevin Critchley, Ki-Sub Kim, Paul Podsiadlo, Kai Sun, Jaebeom Lee, Chuanlai Xu, G. Daniel Lilly, Sharon C. Glotzer, Nicholas A. Kotov.
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanophotonics "nanophotonics" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag self-assembly "self-assembly" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag milestone "milestone" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
{{fourcolumns{
''Directories''
<html><a href="http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Technology/Nanotechnology/" title="the largest, most comprehensive human-edited directory of the web">dmoz open directory project</a></html>
''Educational''
<html><a href="http://www.mcrel.org/nanoleap/index.asp" title="instructional materials that teach high school students about nanoscale science">A NanoLeap into New science</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.exo.net/~jillj/" title="Jill Johnsen Exploratorium Nano Activites">Materials Science and the Nanoworld</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nclt.us/" title="National Center for Learning and Teaching in Nanoscale Science and Engineering">NCLT</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanoed.org/" title="A repository for the collection and dissemination of information for the NSEE community">NanoEd Resource Portal</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanooze.org/" title="Magazine that has been created to get kids excited about science and especially nanotechnology">Nanooze</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanosense.org/" title="The basic sense behind nanoscience">NanoSense</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanonet.go.jp/english/kids/" title="Nanotechnology Researchers Network Center of Japan">Nanotech Kids</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nisenet.org/" title="Nanoscale informal science education">NISE Network</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nnin.org/nnin_edu.html" title="National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network Education Portal">NNIN Education Portal</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanoforum.org/educationtree/index.php" title="Nanoforum has produced a Nanotechnology Education Tree">The Nano Education Tree</a></html>
''International resources''
<html><a href="http://amsn-network.astf.net/" title="Arab Materials Science and Nanotechnology Network. Nanotechnology Researchers on the Arab World">AMSN</a></html>
<html><a href="http://cordis.europa.eu/nanotechnology/" title="Nanotechnology Homepage of the European Commission">Cordis</a></html>
<html><a href="http://icon.rice.edu/" title="A partnership for nanotechnology stewardship and sustainability">International Council on Nanotechnology</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.isnsce.org/" title="International Society for Nanoscale Science, Computation and Engineering">ISNSCE</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanoctr.cn/english/" title="National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China">NCNST</a></html>
<html><a href="http://nanomission.gov.in/" title="To make India a global nano hub">Nano Mission</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanoforum.org/" title="European Nanotechnology Gateway">Nanoforum</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanospain.org/" title="Spanish Nanotechnology Network">Nanospain</a></html>
<html><a href="http://nanonet.mext.go.jp/?lang=en" title="Japanese Nanotechnology innovation Program">NanotechJapan</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nano.gov/" title="The U.S.A. National Nanotechnology Initiative">NNI</a></html>
<html><a href="http://en.rusnano.com/" title="Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies">Rusnano</a></html>
''News services''
<html><a href="http://community.acs.org/nanotation/" title="Assembling the community of nanoscience">ACS Nanotation</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.azonano.com/" title="The A to Z of Nanotechnology">AZoNano.com</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.nanowerk.com/" title="Nanotechnology and nanosciences portal">Nanowerk</a></html>
<html><a href="http://nanotechnews.wordpress.com/" title="Nano Science and Technology Institute">NanoTechNews</a></html>
<html><a href="http://nanotechweb.org/cws/home" title="A community website from IOP Publishing">nanotechweb.org</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.smalltimes.com/" title="Nanotech news with a business angle">Small Times</a></html>
''Research Publications''
<html><a href="http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/index.html" title="American Chemical Society">Nano Letters</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/nr/index.asp" title="Collaborative venture between british RSC Publishing and chinese NCNST">Nanoscale</a></html>
<html><a href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/0957-4484" title="Institute of Physics">Nanotechnology</a></html>
}}}
/***
|''Name:''|LoadRemoteFileThroughProxy (previous LoadRemoteFileHijack)|
|''Description:''|When the TiddlyWiki file is located on the web (view over http) the content of [[SiteProxy]] tiddler is added in front of the file url. If [[SiteProxy]] does not exist "/proxy/" is added. |
|''Version:''|1.1.0|
|''Date:''|mar 17, 2007|
|''Source:''|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#LoadRemoteFileHijack|
|''Author:''|BidiX (BidiX (at) bidix (dot) info)|
|''License:''|[[BSD open source license|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#%5B%5BBSD%20open%20source%20license%5D%5D ]]|
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MESA+ is ''one of the largest nanotechnology research institutes in the world'', delivering competitive and successful [[high quality research|'Molecular Glass Fibre']]. The MESA+ lab facilities play a crucial role in the MESA+ research programs as well as in the commercialization strategy. The MESA+ research programs are directly related to the national research program [[NanoNed|http://www.nanoned.nl/]]. In NanoNed the importance of a national facility has been acknowledged, and a major part of the effort and the accompanying budget is dedicated to [[NanoLab NL|http://www.nanoned.nl/nanolab-nl.html]]. MESA+ NanoLab has extensive laboratory facilities at its disposal. It uses a unique structure, which unites scientific disciplines, and builds fruitful international cooperation to excel in science and education. MESA+ has created a perfect habitat for start-ups in the micro- and nano-industry to establish and to mature. MESA+, Institute for Nanotechnology, is part of the University of Twente, having intensive cooperation with various research groups within the University. Source: [[About MESA+|http://www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/about_mesa/]]
MESA+
University of Twente
Building: Hogekamp/SP
De Veldmaat 10
7522 NM Enschede
The Netherlands
http://www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/
----
[[about nanowiki]]
[[operating manual]]
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[img[http://nanowiki.info/img/nanoaracat.jpg][http://www.nanoaracat.com/]]
[img[http://nanowiki.info/img/logo_icn.jpg][http://www.nanocat.org]]
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{{twocolumns{
Conventional wisdom holds that optical microscopy can't be used to "see" something as small as an individual molecule. But as it is wont, clever science has once again overturned conventional wisdom. [[Secretary of Energy|http://www.energy.gov/organization/dr_steven_chu.htm]], [[Nobel laureate|http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1997/chu-autobio.html#]] and former director of the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab)|http://www.lbl.gov/Publications/Director/index-Chu.html]] Steven Chu led the development of ''a technique that enables the use of optical microscopy to image objects or the distance between them with resolutions as small as 0.5 nanometers'' - one-half of one billionth of a meter, or an order of magnitude smaller than the previous best.
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<img title="Graph on left shows that with the active feedback system off there is a resolution drift of about 0.3 pixels or 19 nanometers, but with the feedback system on resolution is maintained at better than 0.01 pixels, or about 0.64 nanometers. Image on right shows individual Cyanine (Cy) fluorescent dye molecules – Cy3 and Cy5 - used to label 20 base pairs of double-stranded DNA." src="http://newscenter.lbl.gov/wp-content/uploads/Steve-Chu-microscope.jpg" width="95%"/>
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"The ability to get sub-nanometer resolution in biologically relevant aqueous environments has the potential to revolutionize biology, particularly structural biology," says Secretary Chu. "One of the motivations for this work, for example, was to measure distances between proteins that form multi-domain, highly complex structures, such as the protein assembly that forms the human RNA polymerase II system, which initiates DNA transcription."
Pertsinidis is continuing to work with Chu and others in the group on the further development and application of this super-resolution technique. In addition to the human RNA polymerase II system, he and the group are using it to determine the structure of the Epithelial cadherin molecules that are responsible for the cell-to-cell adhesion that holds tissue and other biological materials together. Pertsinidis, Zhang, and another postdoc in Chu’s research group, [[Sang Ryul Park|http://chu.berkeley.edu/dokuwiki/chu:people]], are also using this technique to create 3D measurements of the molecular organization inside brain cells.
In a collaboration with [[Joe Gray|http://www.lbl.gov/lsd/People_&_Organization/Scientific_Staff_Directory/Gray_Lab.html]], Berkeley Lab’s Associate Director for Life Sciences and a leading cancer researcher, postdocs in Chu’s research group are also using the super-resolution technique to study the attachment of signaling molecules on the RAS protein, which has been linked to a number of cancers, including those of the breast, pancreas, lung and colon. This research could help explain why cancer therapies that perform well on some patients are ineffective on others.
In addition to its biological applications, Pertsinidis, Zhang and Chu say their super-resolution technique should also prove valuable to characterize and design precision photometric imaging systems in atomic physics or astronomy, and allow for new tools in optical lithography and nanometrology. Source: [[Correcting a trick of the light brings molecules into view|http://newscenter.lbl.gov/feature-stories/2010/07/14/trick-of-the-light/]] by Lynn Yarris. This work is detailed in the paper ''[[Subnanometre single-molecule localization, registration and distance measurements|http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature09163.html]]'' by [[Alexandros Pertsinidis, Yunxiang Zhang|http://chu.berkeley.edu/dokuwiki/chu:people]] & [[Steven Chu|http://chu.berkeley.edu/dokuwiki/chu:research]]
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag milestone "milestone" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag microscope "microscope" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag images "images" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
}}}
{{twocolumns{
The 2010 <html><a href="http://www.millenniumprize.fi/en/prize/mission/" title="tribute to developers of life-enhancing technological innovations">Millennium Prize</a></html> Laureate <html><a href="http://isic2.epfl.ch/page58671-en.html" title="He discovered a new type of solar cell based on dye sensitized nanocrystalline semiconductor oxide particles">Michael Grätzel</a></html> is the father of third generation dye-sensitized solar cells. Grätzel cells, which promise electricity-generating windows and low-cost solar panels, have just made their debut in consumer products.
"For his invention and development of dye-sensitized solar cells, known as [['Grätzel cells'|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell]]. The excellent price/performance ratio of these novel devices gives them major potential as significant contributor to the diverse portfolio of future energy technologies. Grätzel cells are likely to have an important role in low-cost, large-scale solutions for renewable energy. Besides photovoltaics, the concepts of Grätzel cells can also be applied in batteries and hydrogen production, all important components of future energy needs." - International Selection Committee
One of mankind’s greatest challenges is to find ways to replace the diminishing fossil fuel supply. The most obvious energy source is the sun, origin of almost all the energy found on Earth. The surface of the Earth receives solar radiation energy at an average of 81,000 terawatt – exceeding the whole global energy demand by a factor of 5,000. Yet, we are still figuring out a cost-effective way of harnessing it.
Solar cells, converting energy from the sun into electricity, were first used in the 1950s to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft. Applied to power generation on Earth, the price does matter. Selected silicon based technology was – and still is – expensive, even if the cost of photovoltaics has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured.
[[Grätzel's innovation|http://www.millenniumprize.fi/uploads/images/laureates2010/BackgroundGratzelMichael.pdf]], the dye solar cell (DSC), is ''a third generation photovoltaic technology. The technology often described as ‘artificial photosynthesis’ is a promising alternative to standard silicon photovoltaics''. It is made of low-cost materials and does not need an elaborate apparatus to manufacture. Though DSC cells are still in relatively early stages of development, they show great promise as an inexpensive alternative to costly silicon solar cells and an attractive candidate for a new renewable energy source.
In the 1980s Grätzel was working doing basic research on nanotechnology. ''They were the first to make nanoparticles from titanium oxide''. The properties of the new material were examined in many ways. "That was a fundamental study, just driven by our curiosity. Nobody had done it before. However this experiments provided important insight in the sensitization process that formed the scientific basis for the subsequent realization of dye sensitized solar cells."
Source: [[Millennium Prize - PROFESSOR MICHAEL GRÄTZEL: DEVELOPER OF DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS|http://www.millenniumprize.fi/en/2010-prize/professor-michael-graetzel/]]. The original landmark paper presenting an entirely new paradigm in photovoltaic technology: ''[[A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films|http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v353/n6346/abs/353737a0.html]]'' by Brian O'Regan & Michael Grätzel.
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Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag milestone "milestone" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag energy "energy" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoparticles "nanoparticles" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
}}}
{{twocolumns{
Researchers announce new breakthrough in developing molecules that behave like robots. ''Researchers have created and programmed robots the size of single molecule that can move independently across a nano-scale track''. This development marks an important advancement in the nascent fields of molecular computing and robotics, and could someday lead to molecular robots that can fix individual cells or assemble nanotechnology products.
The project was led by [[Milan N. Stojanovic|http://columbiamedicine2.org/CPET/research/molecularrobotics.html]], a faculty member in the division of experimental therapeutics at Columbia University, who partnered with [[Erik Winfree|http://molecular-programming.org/]], associate professor of computer science at Caltech, [[Hao Yan|http://yanlab.asu.edu/index.html]], professor of chemistry and biochemistry at Arizona State University and an expert in DNA nanotechnology, and with [[Nils G. Walter|http://www.umich.edu/~rnapeopl/WalterIndex.htm]], professor of chemistry and director of the Single Molecule Analysis in Real-Time (SMART) Center at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
The word ‘robot' makes most people think of solid machines that use computer circuitry to perform defined jobs, such as vacuuming a carpet or welding together automobiles. In recent years, scientists have worked to create robots that could also reliably perform useful tasks, but at a molecular level. This is, needless to say, not a simple endeavor, and it involves reprogramming DNA molecules to perform in specific ways. "Can you instruct a biomolecule to move and function in a certain way -- researchers at the interface of computer science, chemistry, biology and engineering are attempting to do just that," says Mitra Basu, a program director at NSF responsible for the agency's support to this research.
Recent molecular robotics work has produced so-called DNA walkers, or strings of reprogrammed DNA with 'legs' that enabled them to briefly walk. Now this research team has shown these molecular robotic spiders can in fact move autonomously through a specially-created, two-dimensional landscape. The spiders acted in rudimentary robotic ways, showing they are capable of starting motion, walking for awhile, turning, and stopping.
In addition to be incredibly smal -- about 4 nanometers in diameter -- the walkers are also move slowly, covering 100 nanometers in times ranging 30 minutes to a full hour by taking approximately 100 steps. This is a significant improvement over previous DNA walkers that were capable of only about three steps.
While the field of molecular robotics is still emerging, it is possible that these tiny creations may someday have important medical applications. "This work one day may lead to effective control of chronic diseases such as diabetes or cancer," Basu says.
According to Stojanovich, these practical applications are still many years off, but he and his colleagues hope to continue their work in to the foundations of this young field. Source: ''[[Molecular Robots On the Rise|http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=116957&WT.mc_id=USNSF_51&WT.mc_ev=click]]''. This work is detailed in the paper ''[[Molecular robots guided by prescriptive landscapes|http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v465/n7295/full/nature09012.html]]'' by Kyle Lund, Anthony J. Manzo, Nadine Dabby, Nicole Michelotti, Alexander Johnson-Buck, Jeanette Nangreave, Steven Taylor, Renjun Pei, Milan N. Stojanovic, Nils G. Walter, Erik Winfree & Hao Yan
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[[Related quotes|http://topics.treehugger.com/search/quotes?q=molecular+robot]]
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag milestone "milestone" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanodevice "nanodevice" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanomachinery "nanomachinery" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag video "video" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
<<tag [[dna nanotechnology]] "dna nanotechnology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
}}}
There is a several thousand year history of associating music with cosmic phenomena, the famous "Music of the Spheres" created from the regularities in the astronomical universe. Even though of course there is generally no sound in outer space, because the conditions of pressure and density to allow accoustic waves are very rare.
The same urge motivates artists and scientists interested in sonifying
Sound Artist Peter Gena has a large collection of DNA Music and other sonifications of molecular structures:
http://www.petergena.com/DNAmus.html
Like Kepler, and many others who subscibed to the Pythagorian ideas
http://www.skyscript.co.uk/kepler.html
Gena believes that:
"From the onset I believed that a musical reading of DNA ought to be rendered literally. As the sequences represent life of many sorts, I am reluctant to tamper with the “score.” The DNA mixer can realize sequences as digital sound and/or print them out in musical notation.
Ideally, performances of the gene sequences should be executed live from the computer as in an installation, where the ribosome simulations can be positioned spontaneously before playing.
Red Blood Cells is a mix of five genes that are present in human blood: alpha and beta globin, heme synthetase, transaldolase, and glucose 6 phosphate. These are realized simultaneously, just as they are produced in the body. "
John Dunn and Mary Anne Clark
An artist and a biologist have collaborated on the sonification of protein data.
http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/002409499552966
See also:
http://www.whozoo.org/mac/Music/
Proteins, Immersive Games and Music
Y.Y. Cai, B.F. Lu, Z.W. Fan, C.W. Chan, K.T. Lim, L. Qi and L. Li
Implementations of VR protein games and protein-derived computer music:
http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/leon.2006.39.2.135
There is even now an automated software package, PROM Composer,
http://amas.cz3.nus.edu.sg/music/
to create the music of your own submitted protein sequence from a team in Singapore:
Artist and Fine Art Program Leader: Jiang Li,
Music Program Leader: L. Y. Han
Web-Design: L. Y. Han, Jiang Li, H.H.Lin and C. J. Zheng
Bioinformatics and computational scientists: J. Cui, C. J. Zheng, H.
Zhou, H. H. Lin, H.L. Zhang
Supervisor: Associate Professor Y. Z. Chen
These are associations or translations of nano structures to sound structures because there is no sound at the nano level any more than produced by the planetary system.
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag art "art" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag [[Roger Malina]] "Roger Malina" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
{{twocolumns{
NANOYOU (Nano for Youth) is a project funded by the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme that aims to increase young people’s basic understanding of nanotechnologies (NT) and to engage in the dialogue about its ethical, legal and social aspects (ELSA).
Nanotechnologies are the design, characterisation, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale - the scale of individual molecules, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale. NTs will impact the life of every citizen. They are already revolutionising different disciplines in science, such as medicine, computing sciences and energy production.
Although NTs are being developed to provide benefits, some of these new applications may have harmful effects under certain circumstances. Therefore, citizens need to be informed in order to weigh benefits versus hypothetical risks so that they can make a real contribution to future decision-making. Moreover, at this early stage of development, when just a few applications have reached the market, it is a critical moment for potential communication on NTs. Source: [[Nanoyou project|http://www.nanoyou.eu/en/nanoyou-project/about.html?view=alphacontent]]
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Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag educational "educational" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag video "video" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
}}}
{{twocolumns{
''Astronomers using NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope have discovered carbon molecules, known as "buckyballs," in space for the first time''.
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"We found what are now the largest molecules known to exist in space," says astronomer [[Jan Cami|http://www.astro.uwo.ca/~jcami/]] of The University of Western Ontario and the SETI Institute in Mountain View, Calif. "We are particularly excited because they have unique properties that make them important players for all sorts of physical and chemical processes going on in space."
[[The Cami team unexpectedly found the carbon balls in a planetary nebula named Tc 1|http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/spitzer/news/spitzer20100722.html]]. Planetary nebulas are the remains of stars, like the sun, that shed their outer layers of gas and dust as they age. A compact, hot star, or white dwarf, at the center of the nebula illuminates and heats these clouds of material that has been shed.
In 1970, Japanese professor Eiji Osawa predicted the existence of buckyballs, but they were not observed until lab experiments in 1985. Researchers simulated conditions in the atmospheres of aging, carbon-rich giant stars, in which chains of carbon had been detected. Surprisingly, these experiments resulted in the formation of large quantities of buckminsterfullerenes. The molecules have since been found on Earth in candle soot, layers of rock and meteorites. Sir Harry Kroto, who shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry with Bob Curl and Rick Smalley for [[the discovery of buckyballs|C60: Buckminsterfullerene]], said, "This most exciting breakthrough provides convincing evidence that the buckyball has, as I long suspected, existed since time immemorial in the dark recesses of our galaxy."
Previous searches for buckyballs in space, in particular around carbon-rich stars, proved unsuccessful. Source: From [[NASA telescope finds elusive buckyballs|http://communications.uwo.ca/com/western_news/stories/nasa_telescope_finds_elusive_buckyballs_20100722446613/]] by Heather Travis. This work is detailed in the paper ''[[Detection of C60 and C70 in a Young Planetary Nebula|http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/science.1192035]]'' by Jan Cami, [[Jeronimo Bernard-Salas|http://isc.astro.cornell.edu/~jbs/struct_astro.html]], [[Els Peeters|http://www.astro.uwo.ca/~epeeters/]], Sarah Elizabeth Malek.
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag astronomy "astronomy" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag fullerene "fullerene" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag video "video" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
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There are a number of new publications and events which are championing the work of artists and scientists struggling with the cultural meaning of the nano sciences. ''With 2011 the International Year of Chemistry, there will be many opportunities for cultural appropriation and contextualising of the nano world''.
__''Leonardo Journal''__
Leonardo Journal Guest Editor and chemist Tami Spector in San Francisco, California is guest editing a series of articles in Leonardo Journal at MIT Press. An open call for papers from artists, scientists and engineers is available at: ''http://www.leonardo.info/isast/journal/calls/nanocall.html''
__''Mètode''__
Guillermo Muñoz , one of the founders of the group [[Pirates of Science|http://www.piratasdelaciencia.org/]] in Valencia, Spain announces the recent publication of the spring number of the journal Mètode, whichs covers the world of Nanotechnology and Nanoscience and is accompanied with ilustrations from Nanoart from Christa Sommerer & Laurent Mignoneau, Anne Niemetz & Andrew Pelling, [[Victor Puntes]], Hugo Martínez-Tormo, Paul Thomas. With a few scientifics articles which explains in a popularizating languaje the hot topics and the key points of Nano it is presented an article from [[Chris Toumey]] about Nanotechnology and Religion, and another one from Josep Perello about Nanoart. The monograph is ilustrated at the same time with examples of interdisciplinary work from Victoria Vesna & James Gimzewsky, Cris Orfescu and his [[Nanoart21|http://www.nanoart21.org/]] online competition, [[SPMage|http://www.icmm.csic.es/spmage07/spmage09.php]] nanophotograph competition and [[Fotciencia|http://www.fotciencia.fecyt.es/]] Spanish goverment photograpic competition. Finally, the monograph present two interviews to Rober Langer and Georges Whitesides.
''http://www.metode.cat''
Finally, a third opportunity:
__''HAIP10: NEW NATURE''__
<html>
<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-HAIP10: NEW NATURE"> <a class="url" href="http://www.haip.cc/"> <abbr class="dtstart" title="20101123">November 23th</abbr> — <abbr class="dtend" title="20101126">26th, 2010</abbr> <span class="summary">HAIP10: NEW NATURE</span>— at <span class="location">Ljubljana, Slovenia</span> </a> <div class="description">4th International Multimedia Festival HAIP10 is coming this fall - multimedia centre "Cyberpipe/Kiberpipa" from Ljubljana is announcing call for applications. This year's festival theme is "New Nature". Application deadline is May 9th 2010.</div></html>
Information about applications, festival and theme is available on HAIP website: ''http://www.haip.cc/''
The theme " New nature" deals centrally with nano: Data processing through the synthesis, manipulation and characterization of matter on the atomic and molecular level (which enables the creation of so-called nanostructure materials) opens a line of thought as regards the new levels of autonomy and life of a certain matter. In the attempt to understand the use of matter that is in the process of being modified on its atomic level (as a multidirectional medium) the focus turns towards the specifics and (non)materiality of the intermediate spaces - towards contents, quantumly transformed through these spaces. This means that the artistic medium is established on an entirely new - atomic and subatomic level.
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag art "art" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag [[Roger Malina]] "Roger Malina" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
"The critical challenges of the 21st century require mobilization and cross-fertilization among the domains of art, science and technology. Leonardo/ISAST fosters ''collaborative explorations'' both nationally and internationally by facilitating interdisciplinary projects and documenting and disseminating information about interdisciplinary practice." From [[Leonardo /ISAST Mission|http://www.leonardo.info/isast/isastinfo.html]]
Currently, "Leonardo, the Journal of the International Society of the Arts, Sciences and Technology, is seeking to publish papers and artworks on the intersections of chemistry, nanotechnology and art for our on-going special section on nanotechnology and the arts. With this special section of Leonardo, ''we hope to ignite artists' interest in the exploration of nanotech/nanoscience and encourage scientists, scholars and educators to contemplate the implications of an art-nanotech/nanoscience connection''. Leonardo, in collaboration with the [[Exploratorium|http://www.exploratorium.edu/]] under the auspices of the [[Nanotech Informal Science Education Network|http://www.nisenet.org/]], will publish a series of special sections periodically over the next 5 years exploring the intersections of nanotech/science and art." From [[Nanotechnology, Nanoscale Science And Art|http://nanowiki.info/#%5B%5BNanotechnology%2C%20Nanoscale%20Science%20And%20Art%5D%5D]]
In this framework, ''Leonardo/ISAST begin a cooperation with NanoWiki'' in the publication of capsules tagged "art", providing one new item a month; an abstract of a paper either accepted or published in one of the Leonardo journals or a related news that deal with nano and art. NanoWiki is a digital online publication, developed in the frame of NanoAracat, to track the evolution of paradigms and discoveries in nanoscience and nanotechnology field, annotate and disseminate them, giving an overall view and feed the essential public debate on nanotechnology and its practical applications.
This is the first post resulting from this cooperation of Leonardo with NanoWiki, send by [[Roger Malina|http://www.leonardo.info/rolodex/malina.roger.html]] from a call of [[Victoria Vesna|http://vv.arts.ucla.edu/biography/]] and edited by NanoWiki team: ''[[SciArt NanoLab]]''
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag art "art" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag NanoWiki "NanoWiki" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
{{twocolumns{
Our cognitive systems have developed using our senses and a certain scale of things that our system is able to interact with. We have immense difficulty imagining the world at very difference scales (time or space) and we tend to transpose the experience of daily life inappropriately to the nano scale. At the nano scale the ratio between gravity and other forces (electrical charge for instances) is different and objects can "go up hill" if the electrical forces dominate. Atoms do not have surfaces in spite of the usual way of representing them, and relative motion is constant.
''Artists have been developing projects that help us "imagine" the world and its phenomena at nano scales''.
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Artists [[Christa Sommerer and Laurent Mignoneau|http://www.interface.ufg.ac.at/christa-laurent/]] developed in 2001 an installation called "Nano-Scape" for the public exhibition "Science + Fiction" at the Sprengelmuseum in Hannover. The aim of [["Nano-Scape"|http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1178507]] is to let visitors intuitively experience aspects of nanotechnology by interacting with invisible self-organizing atoms through a magnetic force feedback interface.
It emphasises how touch and manipulating objects is an intrinsic building block that allows us to imagine the world.
Another approach is taken more recently by artist [[Patrick Millard|http://www.patrickmillard.com]] in his simulation work NanoResponse web.
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NanoResponse [excerpt]
Nanobots may help us ward off diseases, enhance our memories, reduce signs of aging, increase physical dexterity and perform a wide range of other tasks. NanoResponse incorporates the sound from Generative Behaviors. These are musical compositions composed by the computer that are ever-changing and require no assistance from the human creator once fundamental elements are set and the system begins to extrapolate them. The graphic element of the work involves a responsive nanobot. By "listening" to and interpolating the audio levels of Generative Behaviors the nanobot limits and expands its range as instructed by the audio output. The response given to the audio replicates the behavior a Microbivore [nanobot white blood cells] would perform in your body when you become ill. Likewise, a Respirocyte [nanobot red blood cells] can aid in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. If, for instance, you suffer from carbon monoxide poisoning in a fire, Respirocytes would release into your blood stream to jump-start your system.
The artists that travelled on the voyages of geographical discovery were essential to building the cultural imaginary that drove human exploration around the planet; the exploration of space built upon the artists and writers scenarios from Jules Verne to Stanley Kubrick. Artists need to be on the journeys to the nano scale if we really want to integrate nano into human culture. Via [[Leonardo/ISAST cooperation with NanoWiki|Nano and art: Leonardo/ISAST cooperation with NanoWiki]]
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}}}
MRC-funded scientists led by [[Dr Josef Kittler|http://ucl.ac.uk/npp/jk.html]] ([[UCL Neuroscience|http://www.ucl.ac.uk/neuroscience/Page.php]]) have ''identified how nano-sized motors in nerve cells help to regulate the balance of communication in the brain.''
The findings may also help to explain why communication between nerve cells is disrupted in [[Huntington’s disease|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%99s_disease]], leading to altered electrical behaviour of nerve cells in this disease.
Nerve cells send signals to each other by releasing chemicals at specialized junctions between the cells called synapses. One key neurotransmitter, called GABA, acts on special proteins (GABA receptors) to generate inhibition, which stops the brain from becoming too excitable. In a paper, Dr Kittler reveals how a protein named HAP1, working together with molecular motor proteins, helps to guide the GABA receptors to the synapses.
Alison Twelvetrees (UCL Neuroscience) first author on the study, said: “This work advances our understanding of how the GABA receptor proteins are delivered to synapses to control the level of inhibition in the brain. ''We show that the receptors are transported to synapses by small nanometer-sized motors, on intracellular protein tracks called microtubules''”.
In the inherited neurological disorder Huntington’s disease, a mutation in the gene for the protein huntingtin leads to the production of a mutant huntingtin protein. This can disrupt several aspects of normal nerve cell function, including the function of the synapses. This altered function of synapses is likely to be an important contributor to the progression of the disorder.
Lead author Dr Josef Kittler said: “Our work shows how the transport of the GABA receptors to synapses is disrupted by the protein that is mutated in Huntington’s disease, and adds another piece to the complex puzzle of how synaptic communication in the brain gets disrupted in this disorder”.
The research is a good example of how understanding the way that tiny, but crucial, cell components such as synapses function contributes to understanding problems that affect whole body systems. Source: [[Nano-motors facilitate communication between brain cells|http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/from-neuroscience/10012001]]. This work is detailed in the paper ''[[Delivery of GABAARs to Synapses Is Mediated by HAP1-KIF5 and Disrupted by Mutant Huntingtin|http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273%2809%2900997-0]]'' by Alison E. Twelvetrees, Eunice Y. Yuen, I. Lorena Arancibia-Carcamo, Andrew F. MacAskill, Philippe Rostaing, Michael J. Lumb, Sandrine Humbert, Antoine Triller, Frederic Saudou, Zhen Yan, Josef T. Kittler.
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''A systematic framework is proposed for unifying and defining nanoscience''. This systematic framework is based on the same "first principles" initiated by Lavoisier, Dalton, Mendeleev and others that lead to a "periodic system and central paradigm" for traditional elemental atom and small molecule chemistry.
This proposed concept must be viewed as a nano-periodic system with many defining dimensions. This new complexity will undoubtedly require more than a single nano-periodic table to capture such a broad range of designable features and information. The daunting challenge will be to consolidate these emerging nano-periodic property patterns into major trends and areas much as pre-Mendeleev scientists did in the 19th century with the expectation that this effort will crystallize into a grand perspective and system of understanding. Accomplishing this objective will provide a powerful means for predicting new nano-properties/behavior as well as an effective system for anticipating new nano-materials yet to be discovered, while defining important and critical risk/benefit boundaries in the field of nanoscience.
From ''[[In Quest of a Systematic Framework for Unifying and Defining Nanoscience|http://www.nseresearch.org/2009/overviews/Day1_Tomalia.pdf]]'' by [[Donald A. Tomalia|http://www.news.cmich.edu/experts/2007/09/donald-tomalia/]], director of the National Dendrimer & Nanotechnology Center at Central Michigan University, 2009. This work is detailed in the paper [[In Quest of a Systematic Framework for Unifying and Defining Nanoscience|http://www.springerlink.com/content/j70t106u875x2g37/]]
''Context:'' //Donald Tomalia commenting on this post "describing our efforts to develop a "nano-periodic system" around hard and soft categories of well defined building blocks (i.e., nano-element categories)", notes that "[[V. Percec|http://perceco2.chem.upenn.edu/~percec/index.html]] has recently published a paper in [[J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 17500 (2009)|http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19904947?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=31]] which ''fulfills our prediction of "nano-periodic property patterns"'' based on conserved Critical Nanoscale Design Parameters(CNDP) such as: size, shape, surface chemistry, flexibility and architecture."//
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Nano Science and Technology deal with phenomena at the sub micron and atomic scale (see [[The Opensource Handbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology|http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Opensource_Handbook_of_Nanoscience_and_Nanotechnology]]). Material and phenomena at these scales are not visible to the human eye, and indeed at these scales interference between light waves can create various kinds interesting structures when converted to images the eye can see directly. May ways of probing matter at these scales use other approaches, there are more than 20 different techniques ([[Seeing Nano|http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nanotechnology/Seeing_Nano]]) from Microscopy to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Inevitably the data from these instruments is converted to visual displays to allow humans to interpret using visual cognition as a tool; but there is no such thing as a correct translation of the data from a field effect microscope to a visual image. But the question “but what does it look like?” is unavoidable.
For the past 7 years the US National Science Foundation and Science Magazine have run an international competition to visualize scientific data, principles and findings: [[International Science & Engineering Visualization Challenge|http://www.sciencemag.org/special/vis2009/]]. Categories included Illustration, Interactive Media, Non Interactive Media, Information Graphics and Photography.
First place winners in the 2009 Illustration category included a large sculpture, Branching Morphogenesis, by architect Jenny E Sabin and biologist peter Lloyd Jones of the University of Pennsylvania. It is a project of the [[Sabin+Jones Lanb|http://www.sabin-jones.com/]] that develops projects to depict large complex data sets in new ways. They emphasise that they are ‘depicting’ not visualizing and that the purpose is to encourage new ways of thinking. In the case of Branching Morphogenesis they have depicted the forces that lung cells exert as they form capillaries. Viewers can walk through the depiction and touch and distort it with their hands.
Their work is also featured in the [[SIGGRAPH Bio Logic exhibition and panels|http://www.siggraph.org/s2009/galleries_experiences/generative_fabrication/]] co-sponsored by Leonardo organization. Many of the works display very different visual styles than those usually associated with scientific visualization, and take the nano to the macro scale.
This kind of work is an example of how artists can help us create new intuitions and even ontologies at the nano scale. Human cognition is shaped by the plastic development of the brain during infancy and childhood and results of complex interactions between the experiences we have and the data that is transmitted by our senses. We have no experience at the nano scale and therefore our brains are unable to interpret nano phenomena except by imposing the way our brain has learned to structure the world at our human scale. There is no single, or correct, way of converting nano sensory data to perception to cognition to understanding or experience. The question “but what does it look like” is a complex one that artists can help us unpack. Via [[Leonardo/ISAST cooperation with NanoWiki|Nano and art: Leonardo/ISAST cooperation with NanoWiki]]
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{{twocolumns{
''__[[SXM Project: An Open-Source Scanning Tunneling Microscope]]__'': For schools and undergraduate practical courses: build your own nano-instruments
''__[[NanoSense: the basic sense behind nanoscience]]__'': Address the question of how to teach nanoscale science at the high school level
''__[[NANOYOU (Nano for Youth)]]__'': To increase young people’s basic understanding of nanotechnologies and to engage in the dialogue about its ethical, legal and social aspects [video]
''__[[A Delicious New Solar Cell Technology]]__'': Researchers demonstrate a new solar cell technology: How To Make a Solar Cell with Donuts and Tea [video]
''__[[The Strange New World of Nanoscience]]__'': Where and what is nano? How will it shape our future? Cambridge University’s YouTube Channel [video]
''__[[Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope]]__'': 20th anniversary of the announcement [video]
''__[[Bringing Nano to the Public]]__'': Nanoscale science and tech are perfect topics for museum/researcher partnerships
''__[[SciArt NanoLab]]__'': Program for creative high school students who love both art and science [video]
''__[[DragonflyTV Nano]]__'': The first television science series to explore this challenging subject area [video]
''__[[C60: Buckminsterfullerene]]__'': New forms of the element carbon was discovered in 1985 [video]
''__[[A defining moment in nanoscience experimentation]]__'': 20th anniversary of moving atoms [video]
''__[[Richard Feynman and Nanotechnology]]__'': "We can arrange the atoms the way we want; the very atoms, all the way down! " [video]
''__[[Carbon nanotube electronics]]__'': The Stanford Nanoelectronics Group presents an student-created education short on nanotechnology and carbon nanotubes. Funded by NSF [video]
''__[[Visions of the future]]__'': Dr Michio Kaku explores the cutting edge science of today, tomorrow, and beyond. BBC [video]
''__[[Video Journey Into Nanotechnology]]__'': Unique approaches to diagnosis and treatment of cancer that could not even be imagined with conventional technology. The NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer [video]
''__[[Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Between present science fiction and future technology|http://rsef.uc3m.es/images/documentos/Nanociencia.pdf]]__'' (Spanish): 2009, the European Year of Creativity and Innovation; speaking of nanoscience and nanotechnology is to talk about innovation. [[FECYT|http://www.fecyt.es/]]
''__[[Nano: The Next dimension]]__'': When we look at our planet on this new scale, a scale of a billionth of a metre, a nanometre, it suddenly takes on enormous proportions. [video]
''__[[Journal of Nano Education]]__'': Knowledge base in nanoscale science, technology, engineering and medical education. American Scientific Publishers
''__[[Introduction to Nanoscience]]__'': Overview of the field and illuminates some of the interesting questions being currently researched. Kavli Foundation. [video]
''__[[AccessNano|AccessNano: "children were asking to be taught about nanotechnology"]]__'': Accessible and innovative science and technology into secondary school classrooms. Australian Office of Nanotechnology
''__[[A new way to communicate nanoscience]]__'': 'To see what the scientists are doing at the moment'. Video diaries, available to view over the Internet with a forum facilitating discussion between the scientists and the public. nano2hybrids project. [video]
''__[[The Kitty Hawk of nanotechnology]]__'': A tour of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope lab that was the first ever to position individual atoms. [video]
''__[[NanoMission: Learning Nanotechnology through Games]]__'': To inspire youngsters about the world of nanotechnology, potentially opening their eyes to choosing it as a career. ~PlayGen
''__[[Nanotechnology can be child's play|nanotechnology can be child's play]]__'': How young people can observe, test and investigate nanotechnology at home or in a classroom without any expensive equipment. [video]
''__[[Unique models help teach nanoscience to the blind|unique models help teach nanoscience to the blind]]__'': The fact is, we're all blind at the nanoscale.
}}}
~NanoFeeds sources: //[[ACS Nanotation|http://www.acsnanotation.org/]], [[EurekAlert!|http://www.eurekalert.org/]], [[International Council on Nanotechnology|http://icon.rice.edu/]], [[Nanoforum.org|http://www.nanoforum.org/]], [[Nanowerk Nanotechnology Spotlight|http://www.nanowerk.com/]], [[PHYSorg.com: Nanotechnology News|http://physorg.com]]//
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"NanoFeeds" "feeds on nanotechnology" NanoFeeds
"Culture" "feeds on nanotechnology" NanoFeedsCulture
"Educational" "feeds on educational nanotechnology" NanoFeedsEducational
"Biz" "feeds on nanotechnology bussiness" NanoFeedsBiz
"NanoWiki News" "feeds on NanoWiki" NanoWikiNews
"About NanoFeeds" "feeds tailored to nanotechnology tracking" [[About NanoFeeds]]
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~NanoFeedsBiz sources: //[[AZoNano.com|http://www.azonano.com/]], [[NanoTechNews|http://nanotechnews.wordpress.com/]], [[nanotechweb.org|http://nanotechweb.org/]], [[Small Times Wire News|http://www.smalltimes.com/]]//
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~NanoFeedsCulture sources: //[[Metamodern|http://metamodern.com/]], [[nanoarchitecture.net|http://nanoarchitecture.net/]], [[Nanodot|http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/]], [[Responsible Nanotechnology|http://crnano.typepad.com/]]//
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~NanoFeedsEducational sources: //[[nano2hybrids|http://www.nano2hybrids.net/]], [[NISE Network|http://www.nisenet.org/]]//
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''To create Europe’s leading centre for nanomanufacturing research'' focussed on consumer and related products drawing upon [[the University of Leeds’ substantial science and engineering base in nanoscale science and process engineering|Biosensors Identify Disease using Nanotechnology]].
The NMi's target is to establish new research projects drawing on the University’s science that focuses on the issues of scale-up and manufacturability of nano-enabled products. To accomplish its goals, the NMi works closely with all of the academic departments within the University of Leeds and draws on the strengths of its core staff and the members of the various management committees. Source: [[University of Leeds : NMI|http://nmi.leeds.ac.uk/Default.aspx?Id=2]]
NanoManufacturing Institute
University of Leeds
The Houldsworth Building
Clarendon Road
Leeds LS2 9JT
United Kingdom
http://nmi.leeds.ac.uk/
The NanoSense project addressed the question of how to teach nanoscale science at the high school level. Working closely with scientists and educators, the project created, tested, and disseminated [[4 curriculum units|http://nanosense.org/activities.html]] to help high school teachers and students understand nanoscale science. The project hosted [[workshops|http://nanosense.org/workshops.html]] to introduce teachers to the materials, and held working meetings with experts and practitioners to identify and clarify major concepts and learning goals for nanoscience education. NanoSense materials were developed by [[SRI International|http://www.sri.com/]], with support from the [[National Science Foundation|http://nsf.gov/]].
The goal of the NanoSense project is to promote the learning of science concepts that account for nanoscale phenomena. Though these concepts do not represent new scientific understanding, per se, the characteristics and properties of substances exhibited at the nanoscale level is a relatively new focus. We are working closely with chemists, educators, and nanoscientists to generate a set of nanoscience activities to help students visualize physical, chemical, and biological principles that govern the behavior of particles on the nanoscopic scale. These materials also build on previous efforts in our NSF-funded [[ChemSense|http://chemsense.sri.com/]] project.
The NanoSense project ended in December 2008, but the curriculum units remain freely available under a [[Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/]]. We hope the materials continue to be of use. Source: ''[[What is NanoSense?|http://nanosense.org/index.html]]''
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A team of scientists from the United States Food and Drug Administration and the National Cancer Institute have found that nanoscale titanium dioxide used in sunscreen is unlikely to penetrate healthy human skin. Source: [[Federal Scientists Find Nanoscale Sunscreen Ingredient Does Not Penetrate Healthy Skin|http://www.merid.org/ndn/more.php?articleID=2441]].
"Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is included in some sunscreen formulations to physically block UV radiation. A dermal penetration study was conducted in minipigs with three TiO2 particles... There is no significant penetration of TiO2 nanoparticles through the intact normal epidermis." This work is detailed in the paper [[“Lack of Significant Dermal Penetration of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) from Sunscreen Formulations containing Nano- and Sub-Micron-Size TiO2 Particles”|http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/kfq041v1]] by Nakissa Sadrieh, Anna M. Wokovich, Neera V. Gopee, Jiwen Zheng, Diana Haines, David Parmiter, Paul H. Siitonen, Christy R. Cozart, Anil K. Patri, Scott E. McNeil, Paul C. Howard, William H. Doub and Lucinda F. Buhse.
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The “Nanosystems Initiative Munich” (NIM) is ''one of the Clusters of Excellence which have been selected in 2006 by the German Government's "Excellence Initiative"''. Scientists of international repute from various research facilities in and around Munich and different disciplines such as physics, biophysics, physical chemistry, biochemistry, pharmaceutics, biology, electronics and medicine have been brought together to form one coherent and focused Nanoscience Cluster. The overarching vision of NIM is to design, fabricate and achieve control of multi-functional [[nanosystems|New Method to Optimize Molecular Self-Organization]], and to unlock their potential for applications in fields as diverse as future information technologies, the life sciences, or combinations of both. Source: [[Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM)|http://www.nano-initiative-munich.de/about-nim/]]
Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM)
Schellingstraße 4
80799 München
Germany
http://www.nano-initiative-munich.de
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Since 2007 the Cambridge arm of the Nokia Research Center has been keenly hunched over the microscope, ''exploring the possibilities of pioneering nanotechnology''. NRC’s tight-knit collaboration with Cambridge University saw the Morph concept emerge from the laboratory, and now the teams are exploring the nanotechnology that could breathe life into this concept device of the future. However this fascinating research into nanotechnology isn’t locked in an subterranean vault. In fact the research team are so keen to share their studies that its published a book called ''‘Nanotechnologies for Future Mobile Devices’''.
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The book highlights much of the ongoing research that’s being investigated within the NRC team in Cambridge, and details the exploration of some pretty exciting concepts, such as using nanoscale engineering techniques to alter the construction of new materials and the surfaces of devices in the future. Plus, it delves into the details on battery capabilities and using nanoelectronics in the creation of sensors and radios. And those are just a handful of examples from the mountain of information explored in ''[[‘Nanotechnologies for Future Mobile Devices’|http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/reader/0521112168/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-link]]''.
Recently, the <html><a href="http://research.nokia.com/research/labs/nrc_cambridge_uk_laboratory" title="Nanotechnologies for mobile communication and ambient intelligence">Nokia Research Center in Cambridge</a></html> was awarded the UK Nordic Business award for Research and Development by UK Trade and Investment for its pioneering studies in the use of nanotechnologies in mobile devices. Source: ''[[Nokia researchers publish book on nanotechnology|http://conversations.nokia.com/2010/03/09/nokia-researchers-publish-book-on-nanotechnology/]]''
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}}}
As the global nanotechnology industry continues to produce cutting-edge consumer products, ''the scientific community is leaving a key part of the U.S. public behind when sharing knowledge of this new field of science'', according to a new study by Arizona State University and the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Researchers found widening gaps in nanotech knowledge since 2004 between the least educated and most educated citizens. Americans with at least a college degree have shown an increased understanding of the new technology, while knowledge about nanotechnology has declined over time for those with education levels of less than a high school diploma, according to the study.
"Unfortunately, people with little or no formal education – those who need outreach the most – aren't getting as much information about this issue, which will likely become even harder to understand over time," says [[Elizabeth Corley|http://www.public.asu.edu/~ecorley/]], Lincoln Professor of Public Policy, Ethics and Emerging Technologies in Arizona State University's School of Public Affairs, and co-author of the study. Well-educated people who already are "information-rich" are learning about nanotechnology from traditional outreach efforts such as museums, Corley says. Closing these informational gaps among public audiences "is a necessity, especially in light of a projected 2009 U.S. budget that has reduced spending for ‘educational and social dimensions' of nanotechnology to $33.5 million from $39.2 million in 2007," the article states.
"There is a real urgency to find ways of communicating effectively with all groups in society," says [[Dietram Scheufele|http://lsc.wisc.edu/people/faculty/dietram-scheufele/]], John E. Ross Professor in the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and co-author of the study. "Unless we find ways to close these learning gaps, we will create two classes of citizens – those who are able to make informed consumer and policy choices about these new technologies, and those who simply can't."
But there is a silver lining. The study also found that ''the Internet is one of the most effective methods in closing gaps and informing the less educated about nanotechnology.'' "Online and social media are some of the most promising tools for making sure we reach all members of the public with information about science and technology," says Scheufele.
Corley and Scheufele analyzed data from national surveys conducted over the last five years. The study was funded by the [[Center for Nanotechnology in Society|http://cns.asu.edu/]] at ASU. Source: From ''[[Report: Nanotechnology information gap widening|http://asunews.asu.edu/20100111_nanotechreport]]''. This report is published in ''[[Outreach Going Wrong?|http://www.the-scientist.com/2010/1/1/22/1]]''. When we talk nano to the public, we are leaving behind key audiences by By Elizabeth A. Corley and Dietram A. Scheufele.
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''Context:'' //"In the emerging stages of a new technology - as is the case with nanotechnologies today - the public usually is either unaware or uninformed. This leaves a lot of room for extreme opinion makers to either hype or vilify all or aspects of the new technology. As risk perception and acceptance of a technology go hand in hand, risk communication is a key instruments in informing a largely unaware public."// From [[Communicating nanotechnology |http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=14344.php]] by Michael Berger. [[Bibliography of research on public perceptions of nanotechnology|http://nanohype.blogspot.com/2009/10/updated-bib-on-nano-perception.html]]
2011 is the International Year of Chemistry! To celebrate Leonardo is seeking to publish papers and artworks on the intersections of chemistry, nanotechnology and art for our on-going special section on nanotechnology and the arts. Since its inception nanotech/science has been intimately connected to chemistry; fullerenes, nanoputians, molecular machines, nano-inorganics and self-assembling molecular systems all spring from the minds and labs of chemists, biochemists and chemical engineers. If you’re a nano-oriented chemist who is serious about art, an artist working on the molecular level, or a chemical educator exploring the mysteries of nano through the arts we are especially seeking submissions from you.
Over the last decade, "nano" has become a buzzword signifying everything from imagined atomic-scale robotic utopias to small electronics. For scientists the shift toward nano has also become ubiquitous; what used to be referred to as molecular has been reframed as nano; 27 journals devoted to nanotech/nanoscience are now published; and the National Science Foundation and other granting agencies have devoted a significant amount of funding toward nanotech/nanoscience. Among engineers, scientists and science-studies scholars, discussions of the potential of nanotech/nanoscience abound, including conferences that debate the pros and cons of a nano-hegemony and attempt to debunk some of the hype. Artists, however, have only begun to explore this emergent scientific field, leaving it wide open for creative interpretation.'' With this special section of Leonardo, we hope to ignite artists' interest in the exploration of nanotech/nanoscience and encourage scientists, scholars and educators to contemplate the implications of an art-nanotech/nanoscience connection.''
Leonardo, in collaboration with the Exploratorium under the auspices of the Nanotech Informal Science Education Network, will publish a series of special sections periodically over the next 5 years exploring the intersections of nanotech/science and art. We are especially seeking submissions of artworks (visual, performance, sound, etc.) with artist's statements explaining the relationship of the work to nanotech/science; essays from scientists, engineers and scholars exploring the connection between nanotech/science and art; and essays and visuals aiming at nanotech/science education that use the arts as a pedagogical tool.
Interested artists and authors are invited to send proposals, queries and/or manuscripts to the Leonardo editorial office at leonardomanuscripts@gmail.com
Resources and related projects:
[[The Leonardo Scientists Working Group|http://www.leonardo.info/isast/sci-workgroup.html]] (Tami Spector, Chair)
[[Nanotechnology and Art|http://www.media.uoa.gr/yasmin/viewtopic.php?t=1262]] discussion on YASMIN Network (co-sponsored by Leonardo), moderated by piratas.de.la.ciencia
[[Nanotechnology Takes Off|http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/embed/189]] and [[Future of Nanosolar|http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/embed/399]] - two short films on nanotechnology from QUEST: KQED's Bay Area Science, Nature and Environment Series.
Source: ''[[Leonardo Journal Call for Papers: NANOTECHNOLOGY, NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND ART.|http://www.leonardo.info/isast/journal/calls/nanocall.html]]'' Guest Editors: Tom Rockwell and Tami I. Spector
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"Governments and industry are pouring billions of euros into developing nanotechnology, while the media and consumer goods companies use the word “nano” with ever-increasing regularity. Yet nanotechnology is well understood by very few outside the scientific community even though its impacts, both positive and negative, are likely to affect many aspects of our lives within a decade. ''This report aims to give the non-scientist a brief yet comprehensive overview of nanotechnology'' – what it is, what its impacts will be on industry, the economy, the environment and society - and suggests some actions that can be implemented on a regional basis to address the key issues of concern, with particular reference to [[Catalonia|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia]]." Source: ''[[Nanotechnology: What is it and how will affect us? A non-technical review of nanotechnology from a Catalan perspective — its potential economic and social impacts and the potential role of public policy|http://www.fcri.es/interior.asp?idcanal=7&idcategory=65&idsubcategory=111]]''. Edited by: Catalan Foundation for Research and Innovation ([[FCRI|http://www.fcr.es/home.asp?Idcanal=7&idioma=EN]]), June 2009. Direction: Judit Castellà. Co-ordination: Dolors López. Author: Boaz Kogon. Scientific revision: Jordi Pascual. Linguistic revision: Montserrat Miras. Design and layout: Iván Barreda
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''A new book about the evolution of Nanotechnology'', in electronic ([[ePub|http://nanowiki.info/NanotechnologyBalancingThePromises.epu]], pdf) and [[paper|http://www.bubok.com/libros/169483/Nanotechnology-balancing-the-promises]] editions. This book includes [[42 original plates of nanoparticles|Balancing the promises plates]].
//"We would like to start the year with some thoughts on some of the recent news appeared in Nanowiki 2009. In this occasion we would like to focus on probably one of the major impact areas of nanotechnology nowadays, that is, to solve the question of its preasumed potential uses in medicine versus its unknown potential in human health and environment risks. This new thing, does it heal or does it kill? Ultimately, both, the toxicity and the medical applications will emerge from the interaction dynamics between inorganic and organic matter at the nanometric (molecular) scale. The responsible implementation of Nanotechnology will result as a balance between the risks and benefits to society analyzed by a broad spectrum of stakeholders. Our intention is ''to promote the debate on the evolution of this young discipline, nanotechnology, for its safe and responsible development. In parallel, we would like to approach Nature to society through Science and Nanotechnology''."//
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Download the free ebook at the Internet Archive: [[Nanotechnology: balancing the promises|http://www.archive.org/details/NanotechnologyBalancingThePromises]]
[[(168 MB) pdf_high resolution (print)|http://www.archive.org/download/NanotechnologyBalancingThePromises/BalancingThePromises.pdf]]
[[(3.14 MB) pdf_low resolution (web)|http://www.archive.org/download/NanotechnologyBalancingThePromises/BalancingThePromises_WEB.pdf]]
[[(8.84 MB) ePub (e-readers)|http://www.archive.org/download/NanotechnologyBalancingThePromises/BalancingThePromises.epub]]. You can download this ePub for multiple [[reading systems|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB#Reading_systems]] in [[PCs|http://calibre-ebook.com/]], [[mobiles|http://fbreader.org/about.php]] or [[ebook readers|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_e-book_readers]], even [[read ePub-files in Firefox|https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/45281]].
Cells of the innate immune system produces NET as a part of their defense mechanism. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of extracellular fibres generated by neutrophils that bind pathogens. NETs consist of stretches of DNA and globular protein domains with diameters of 15-17 nm and 25 nm, respectively. These aggregate into larger threads with a diameter of 50 nm. NETs disarm pathogens with antimicrobial proteins such as neutrophil elastase and hitones that are bound to the DNA. NETs provide for a high local concentration of antimicrobial components and bind, disarm, and kill microbes extracellularly independent of phagocytic uptake. In addition to their antimicrobial properties, NETs may serve as a physical barrier that prevents further spread of the pathogens. Recently, researchers observed that those DNA-Peptide webs were also efficient in trapping Au nanoparticles with different surface preparations. Not all the studied type of particles was similarly retained in a system were the CTAB in its disordered or micellar form appears to play a critical role. The results recalled the avidity of opsonins for positive charges and hydrophobic domains. The mesh of these NETs is around 100 nm so should be any problem for smaller than 100 nm non-sticky nanoparticles to go through, however, a number of interactions with the fibres will be inevitable, what may be key for the nanoparticles to pass the barriers in their medical journey into the body for diagnosis and or therapy.
[[Phagocytosis Independent Extracellular Nanoparticle Clearance by Human Immune Cells|http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl902830x]] by Matthias Bartneck, Heidrun A. Keul, Gabriele Zwadlo-Klarwasser and Jürgen Groll
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Some classes of molecules are capable of arranging themselves in specific patterns on surfaces. This ability to self-organize is crucial for many technological applications, which are dependend on the assembly of ordered structures on surfaces. However, it has so far been virtually impossible to predict or control the result of such processes. Now a group of researchers led by [[Dr. Bianca Hermann|http://www.wmi.badw-muenchen.de/spm/aboutus/about.html]], a physicist from the [[Center for Nanoscience (CeNS)|http://www.cens.de/]] at LMU Munich, reports a significant breakthrough: By combining statistical physics and detailed simulations with images obtained by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), the team has been able to ''formulate a simple model that can predict the patterns observed''. "With the help of the model, we can generate a wide variety of patterns that reproduce surprisingly well the arrangements observed experimentally", says Hermann. "We want to extend this approach to other surface symmetries. Already now the areas of molecular electronics, sensor applications, surface catalysis and organic photovoltaics can profit from our model. ''Its ability to predict structures formed by self-organization allows optimization of molecular building blocks prior to synthesis''." (NanoLetters online, 16 February 2010)
When "mother nature" does the engineering, molecules can self-organize into complex structures - a first step in the formation of membranes, cells and other molecular systems. The principle of self-organization, which allows very economical use of resources, is also exploited in the production of functionalized surfaces required in molecular electronics, sensor applications, catalysis and photovoltaic components. The idea of the manufacturing process is that molecular components are brought into contact with a substrate material, and then "magically" find their preferred positions in the desired molecular network. The starting components are selected to display specific structural and chemical features intended for the envisaged application. However, the optimization of the molecular adlayers depends largely on a trial-and-error approach, and is therefore complicated and time-consuming.
To develop the new molecular-interaction site model, Dr. Herrmann's group collaborated with [[Priv. Doz. Dr. Thomas Franosch|http://www.theorie.physik.uni-muenchen.de/lsfrey/members/group_leaders/thomas_franosch/index.html]] and [[Professor Erwin Frey|http://www.theorie.physik.uni-muenchen.de/about/board/erwin_frey/index.html]] within the Cluster of Excellence [["Nanosystems Initiative Munich" (NIM)|http://www.nano-initiative-munich.de/]]. The problem was tackled using an approach from statistical physics known as Monte Carlo method, which allows one to conduct a detailed computer simulation on the statistics of molecular interactions. The structural motifs so generated were compared with experimental high-resolution images of molecular patterns obtained by STM. Marta Balbás Gambra, a doctoral student, began each simulation with a mathematical representation of a collection of hundreds of randomly oriented particles of defined conformation. These schematic molecules were then perturbed by - computationally - adding energy, causing the population to adopt a new configuration. Using this simulation strategy, one can generate a greater variety of patterns than are found naturally, and many of these corresponded closely to the real molecular patterns revealed by STM. "In one case we actually predicted a pattern that was only later verified with STM", reports doctoral student Carsten Rohr.
According to the laws of thermodynamics, physical systems tend to adopt the state with the most favourable (i.e. lowest) energy. Experimental tests showed that different molecular configurations interconvert until an arrangement predominates that is reminiscent of tyre tracks. And indeed, the Monte Carlo approach had predicted that this arrangement corresponds to the state with the lowest energy. "In the end, we were able to show that the molecular geometry and a few salient features encode the structural motifs observed", explains theorist Franosch. "We plan to extend the approach to other types of surface symmetries, but the model already provides an important theoretical tool, because it helps us to forecast the type of surface pattern that a given functional molecule will form. This means that the design of molecules can be optimized during the synthetic phase, so as to obtain surfaces with the desired characteristics", says Hermann. The physicists in the group, who come from different scientific backgrounds and were able to pool their expertise for this project, envisage multiple potential applications for their model in molecular electronics, sensor technology, catalysis and photovoltaics.
Further possibilities include its use for predicting the results of other types of molecular interactions also on partially patterned substrates. Source: [[When molecules leave tire tracks – A new approach to optimizing molecular self-organization|http://www.en.uni-muenchen.de/news/research/2010-hermann-frey.html]]. This work is detailed in the paper ''[[Molecular Jigsaw: Pattern Diversity Encoded by Elementary Geometrical Features|http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl903225j]]'' by Carsten Rohr, Marta Balbás Gambra, K. Gruber, EC Constable, Erwin Frey, Thomas Franosch, and Bianca Hermann.
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The Beilstein-Institut publishes the Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry (BJOC) and starting in 2010, the Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology (BJNANO).
''Beilstein Open Access Journals support the unrestricted dissemination of scientific research results and information. Free access to publications maximizes the impact and visibility of scientific advances, allowing the rapid and efficient communication of new research ideas and discoveries among the scientific community.''
[[Beilstein-Institut|http://www.beilstein-institut.de/index.php?id=11&L=3&no_cache=&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=&tx_ttnews[backPid]=&cHash=]] started this new funding programme in the spirit of the [[Berlin Declaration (2003)|http://oa.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html]], where renowned institutes and researchers advocate open access to scientific information.
All articles published in the Beilstein Journals are fully peer reviewed, to ensure their quality, originality, novelty and importance. Articles are freely available online worldwide immediately on publication, and are archived in public repositories. Authors retain the copyright to their work. The Beilstein Journals are supported by international editorial and advisory boards.
The Beilstein-Institut is responsible for the production and hosting of the journal and has developed the Beilstein Publication System to provide high-quality submission, peer-review, editorial and publication processes for authors. Source: ''[[Beilstein Open Access Journals|http://www.beilstein-institut.de/en/journals]]''
''The Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology is an international, peer-reviewed, [[Open Access journal|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_journal]]. It provides a unique platform for rapid publication without publication charges. At the same time, all articles are freely accessible to readers worldwide''. Editor-in-Chief is Professor Thomas Schimmel, [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology|http://www.int.kit.edu/english/index.php]].
The Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology offers scientists the unique opportunity to publish their research free of charge in an Open Access scientific journal that is freely available online 365 days a year to any user worldwide. Source: [[Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology - Home|http://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjnano/home/home.htm]]
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What will New York City look like in 20 years? Nanotech, [[energy monitoring|http://www.google.com/powermeter/about/]], solar facades, [[building-integrated farms|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_farming]], tide turbine projects – these technologies and developments are currently underway and their future growth can dramatically affect the way we live and work.
During our recent event, “New York City the Future Metropolis,” we brought distinguished panelists speaking on an array of new technologies, research and development projects, and innovative, forward-looking design that will enhance our built environment.
Speakers Nanotechnology presentations:
* ''[[Edward M. Cupoli|https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B2tsQE090S3GOWUwODg3OTgtNmVkNS00ZTMyLThkMzYtMzQwNjM5ZjY5MmI2&hl=en]]'', Ph.D., Professor and Head, [[NanoEconomics Constellation|http://cnse.albany.edu/academic_programs/constellations/nanoeconomics.html]], College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany. "Buildings use more energy than any other sector of the U.S. economy, consuming more than 70 percent of electricity and over 50 percent of natural gas", Source: Department of Energy
* ''[[Peter Yeadon and Martina Decker|https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B2tsQE090S3GNjZkYzM3NjMtN2U4ZC00NzRmLTkyMmEtNGU1M2E2YmZlMjk0&hl=en]]'', Partners of [[Decker Yeadon LLC|http://www.deckeryeadon.com/]] to speak on nanotechnology in architectural design
Source: [[Solar One » NYCFutureMetropolis|http://solar1.org/nycfuturemetropolis/]]
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Scientists have created a 3D map of the earth so small that 1,000 of them could fit on one grain of salt. The scientists accomplished this by means of a new, breakthrough technique that uses a tiny, silicon tip with a sharp apex — 100,000 times smaller than a sharpened pencil — to create patterns and structures as small as 15 nanometers at greatly reduced cost and complexity. This patterning technique opens new prospects for developing nanosized objects in fields such as electronics, future chip technology, medicine, life sciences, and opto-electronics. To demonstrate the technique’s unique capability, the team created several 3D and 2D patterns (like a replica of the Matterhorn, a famous Alpine mountain), using different materials for each one.
The core component of the new technique, which was developed by a team of IBM scientists, is a tiny, very sharp silicon tip measuring 500 nanometers in length and only a few nanometers at its apex.
''“Advances in nanotechnology are intimately linked to the existence of high-quality methods and tools for producing nanoscale patterns and objects on surfaces,”'' explains physicist Dr. Armin Knoll of IBM Research – Zurich. “With its broad functionality and unique 3D patterning capability, this nanotip-based patterning methodology is a powerful tool for generating very small structures.”
The tip, similar to the kind used in atomic force microscopes, is attached to a bendable cantilever that controllably scans the surface of the substrate material with the accuracy of one nanometer—a millionth of a millimeter. By applying heat and force, the nano-sized tip can remove substrate material based on predefined patterns, thus operating like a “nanomilling” machine with ultra-high precision. Similar to using a milling machine, more material can be removed to create complex 3D structures with nanometer precision by modulating the force or by readdressing individual spots. The new IBM ''technique achieves resolutions as high as 15 nanometers—with a potential of going even smaller''. Using existing methods such as e-beam lithography it is becoming increasingly challenging to fabricate patterns at resolutions below 30 nanometers, where the technical limitations of that method are reached.
What’s more, compared to expensive e-beam-lithography tools that require several processing steps and equipment that can easily fill a laboratory, the tool created by IBM scientists—which can sit on a tabletop—promises improved and extended capabilities at very high resolutions, but at one-fifth to one-tenth of the cost and with far less complexity.
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Yet another advantage of the nanotip-based technique is the ability to assess the pattern directly by using the same tip to create an image of the written structures, as the IBM scientists demonstrated in their experiments.
Potential applications range from fast prototyping for CMOS nanoelectronics to creating prototype optical components and meta-materials, from fabricating 3D nanoparticles to shape-matching templates for the self-assembly of nanoscale objects such as nanorods or nanotubes. Source: [[IBM Research creates world’s smallest 3D map; brings low cost and ease of use to the fabrication of nanoscale objects |http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/10/nanopatterning.html]]. New 3D microscopic technique improves development of nanoscale structures and devices. This work is detailed in the papers:
* ''[[Nanoscale 3D Patterning of Molecular Resists by Scanning Probes|http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/science.1187851]]'' by D. Pires, J. L. Hedrick, A. De Silva, J. Frommer, B. Gotsmann, H. Wolf, M. Despont, U. Duerig and A. W. Knoll
* ''[[Probe-based 3-D Nanolithography Using Self-Amplified Depolymerization Polymers|http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123373953/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0]]'' by A. Knoll, D. Pires, O. Coulembier, P. Dubois, J. L. Hedrick, J. Frommer and U. Duerig
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Researchers are developing a new type of rocket propellant made of a frozen mixture of water and "nanoscale aluminum" powder that is ''more environmentally friendly than conventional propellants and could be manufactured on the moon, Mars and other water-bearing bodies''.
The aluminum-ice, or ALICE, propellant might be used to launch rockets into orbit and for long-distance space missions and also to generate hydrogen for fuel cells, said [[Steven Son|http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~sson/Son_Webpage/Welcome.html]], an associate professor of mechanical engineering at Purdue University.
Purdue is working with NASA, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research and Pennsylvania State University to develop ALICE.
"It's a proof of concept," Son said. "It could be improved and turned into a practical propellant. Theoretically, it also could be manufactured in distant places like the moon or Mars instead of being transported at high cost."
''The tiny size of the aluminum particles, which have a diameter of about 80 nanometers, or billionths of a meter, is key to the propellant's performance''. The nanoparticles combust more rapidly than larger particles and enable better control over the reaction and the rocket's thrust, said [[Timothée Pourpoint|https://engr.purdue.edu/AAE/People/Faculty/showFaculty?resource_id=23845]], a research assistant professor in the School of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
"It is considered a green propellant, producing essentially hydrogen gas and aluminum oxide," Pourpoint said. "In contrast, each space shuttle flight consumes about 773 tons of the oxidizer ammonium perchlorate in the solid booster rockets. About 230 tons of hydrochloric acid immediately appears in the exhaust from such flights."
ALICE provides thrust through a chemical reaction between water and aluminum. As the aluminum ignites, water molecules provide oxygen and hydrogen to fuel the combustion until all of the powder is burned.
"ALICE might one day replace some liquid or solid propellants, and, when perfected, might have a higher performance than conventional propellants," Pourpoint said. "It's also extremely safe while frozen because it is difficult to accidentally ignite."
Other researchers previously have used aluminum particles in propellants, but those propellants usually also contained larger, micron-size particles, whereas the new fuel contained pure nanoparticles.
Manufacturers over the past decade have learned how to make higher-quality nano-aluminum particles than was possible in the past. The fuel needs to be frozen for two reasons: It must be solid to remain intact while subjected to the forces of the launch and also to ensure that it does not slowly react before it is used.
Future work will focus on perfecting the fuel and also may explore the possibility of creating a gelled fuel using the nanoparticles. Such a gel would behave like a liquid fuel, making it possible to vary the rate at which the fuel is pumped into the combustion chamber to throttle the motor up and down and increase the vehicle's distance.
A gelled fuel also could be mixed with materials containing larger amounts of hydrogen and then used to run hydrogen fuel cells in addition to rocket motors, Son said. Source: From ''[[New aluminum-water rocket propellant promising for future space missions |http://www.purdue.edu/UNS/x/2009b/091007SonRocket.html]]'' by Emil Venere. This work is detailed in the paper ''~Aluminum-Ice (ALICE) Propellants for Hydrogen Generation and Propulsion'' by Grant A. Risha, Terrence L. Connell, Jr., Richard A. Yetter, Vigor Yang (The Pennsylvania State University) and Tyler D. Wood, Mark A. Pfeil, Timothée L. Pourpoint, Steven F. Son (Purdue University)
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Ushering in a new era of high-performance image sensors, InVisage Technologies, Inc. – a venture-backed start-up that is revolutionizing the way light is captured – announced QuantumFilm. Harnessing the power of custom-designed semiconductor materials, QuantumFilm image sensors are ''the world’s first commercial quantum dot-based image sensors, replacing silicon''. InVisage delivers 4x higher performance, 2x higher dynamic range and professional camera features not yet found in mobile image sensors. The first QuantumFilm-enabled product, due out later this year, solves the crucial challenge of capturing stunning images using mobile handset cameras.
QuantumFilm was developed by InVisage after years of research under the guidance of notable scientist and InVisage CTO Ted Sargent. The technology is based on [[quantum dots|http://www.invisageinc.com/page.aspx?cont=QuantumFilm%20Technology]] – semiconductors with unique light-capture properties. QuantumFilm works by capturing an imprint of a light image, and then employing the silicon beneath it to read out the image and turn it into versatile digital signals. InVisage spent three years engineering the quantum dot material to produce highly-sensitive image sensors that integrate with standard CMOS manufacturing processes. The first application of QuantumFilm will enable high pixel count and high performance in tiny form factors, breaking silicon's inherent performance-resolution tradeoff.
“It is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive to develop next-generation image sensors using silicon; essentially, silicon has hit a wall,” says Jess Lee, InVisage President and C.E.O. “The fundamental problem is that silicon cannot capture light efficiently, but until now it has been the only option. The disruptive nature of QuantumFilm builds on silicon's success in electronics, and elevates its function using new materials that are engineered from the ground up for light capture.”
''Silicon-based image sensors – the technology used today for all digital cameras including handheld, professional, mobile phone, security and automotive cameras – capture on average a mere 25 percent of light. QuantumFilm captures between 90-95 percent, enabling better pictures in even the most challenging lighting conditions''. This increase in efficiency will deliver improvements across the entire imaging market, allowing QuantumFilm to be the de-facto next generation camera platform. The first target market for QuantumFilm is mobile handsets, where there is the greatest demand for small, high performance image sensors.
Just nanometers in size, the quantum dot-based material is deposited directly on top of the wafer during manufacturing. And unlike silicon-based image sensor technologies such as BSI (back-side illumination) and FSI (front-side illumination), QuantumFilm covers 100 percent of each pixel. The material is added as a final wafer-level process, which allows for easy integration into standard semiconductor foundries. The process - akin to coating a layer of photoresist onto a standard wafer - adds minimal cost on top of the standard layers of silicon processes.
“It is safe to say that the industry spends an average of $1 billion for each new generation of pixel technology, all to achieve a single-digit percentage improvement in image quality,” says Tetsuo Omori, senior analyst, Techno Systems Research Co. “The future of imaging is in new materials like QuantumFilm, which will change the competitive landscape and possibly re-ignite the pixel race.” Source: ''[[InVisage Unveils QuantumFilm Image Sensors|http://www.invisageinc.com/page.aspx?cont=Announcements]]''.
Future solutions: QuantumFilm is a tunable semiconductor in liquid form; the material can be treated like paint, and applied just about anywhere. The technology is ideal for applications like solar panels, because the efficiency of the material is much higher than what is currently used in solar panels today.
[[Related quotes|http://topics.treehugger.com/search?q=quantum+dot-based+image+sensors]]
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag [[quantum dots]] "quantum dots" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag energy "energy" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
<<option chkRegExpSearch>> RegExpSearch
<<option chkCaseSensitiveSearch>> CaseSensitiveSearch
<<option chkAnimate>> EnableAnimations
----
Also see AdvancedOptions
<!--{{{-->
<div class='header' macro='gradient vert [[ColorPalette::PrimaryLight]] [[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]]'>
<div class='headerShadow'>
<span class='siteTitle' refresh='content' tiddler='SiteTitle'></span>
<span class='siteSubtitle' refresh='content' tiddler='SiteSubtitle'></span>
</div>
<div class='headerForeground'>
<span class='siteTitle' refresh='content' tiddler='SiteTitle'></span>
<span class='siteSubtitle' refresh='content' tiddler='SiteSubtitle'></span>
</div>
</div>
<div id='mainMenu' refresh='content' tiddler='MainMenu'></div>
<div id='sidebar'>
<div id='sidebarOptions' refresh='content' tiddler='SideBarOptions'></div>
</div>
<div id='displayArea'>
<div id='messageArea'></div>
<div id='tiddlerDisplay'></div>
</div>
<!--}}}-->
/***
|''Name:''|PasswordOptionPlugin|
|''Description:''|Extends TiddlyWiki options with non encrypted password option.|
|''Version:''|1.0.2|
|''Date:''|Apr 19, 2007|
|''Source:''|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#PasswordOptionPlugin|
|''Author:''|BidiX (BidiX (at) bidix (dot) info)|
|''License:''|[[BSD open source license|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#%5B%5BBSD%20open%20source%20license%5D%5D ]]|
|''~CoreVersion:''|2.2.0 (Beta 5)|
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.PasswordOptionPlugin = {
major: 1, minor: 0, revision: 2,
date: new Date("Apr 19, 2007"),
source: 'http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#PasswordOptionPlugin',
author: 'BidiX (BidiX (at) bidix (dot) info',
license: '[[BSD open source license|http://tiddlywiki.bidix.info/#%5B%5BBSD%20open%20source%20license%5D%5D]]',
coreVersion: '2.2.0 (Beta 5)'
};
config.macros.option.passwordCheckboxLabel = "Save this password on this computer";
config.macros.option.passwordInputType = "password"; // password | text
setStylesheet(".pasOptionInput {width: 11em;}\n","passwordInputTypeStyle");
merge(config.macros.option.types, {
'pas': {
elementType: "input",
valueField: "value",
eventName: "onkeyup",
className: "pasOptionInput",
typeValue: config.macros.option.passwordInputType,
create: function(place,type,opt,className,desc) {
// password field
config.macros.option.genericCreate(place,'pas',opt,className,desc);
// checkbox linked with this password "save this password on this computer"
config.macros.option.genericCreate(place,'chk','chk'+opt,className,desc);
// text savePasswordCheckboxLabel
place.appendChild(document.createTextNode(config.macros.option.passwordCheckboxLabel));
},
onChange: config.macros.option.genericOnChange
}
});
merge(config.optionHandlers['chk'], {
get: function(name) {
// is there an option linked with this chk ?
var opt = name.substr(3);
if (config.options[opt])
saveOptionCookie(opt);
return config.options[name] ? "true" : "false";
}
});
merge(config.optionHandlers, {
'pas': {
get: function(name) {
if (config.options["chk"+name]) {
return encodeCookie(config.options[name].toString());
} else {
return "";
}
},
set: function(name,value) {config.options[name] = decodeCookie(value);}
}
});
// need to reload options to load passwordOptions
loadOptionsCookie();
/*
if (!config.options['pasPassword'])
config.options['pasPassword'] = '';
merge(config.optionsDesc,{
pasPassword: "Test password"
});
*/
//}}}
Plants got the capacity of absorbing minerals and nutrients from the ground, then, they are processed and release specific elements in the environment; they can also be used as ‘phytoremediation’ species thanks to this metabolism. Dr. Jorge Luis Hernandez Piñero from the UANL School of Biological Sciences, who is working in the Department of Botany, he is analyzing and looking for Northeast Mexico plants’ morphological, anatomical and microscopic characteristics. They have started to work in a project focused on some ''plants use as an economic resource for metallic nanoparticles synthesis''. “In spite of its benefits, nano particles’ synthesis require processes which consume many chemical compounds that inevitably, are toxic, so there is a pollutant that is released in the environment and has serious consequences,” said Venezuelan researcher.
The use of plants is a cheaper and an ecological option in synthesis process, because it reduces the affectation in environment thanks to the plant turns into a reducer agent of nano particles. The studies about phytoremediation plants which absorb and stand heavy metals have made us to wonder what occurs with the metal.
“There are pioneer researches that show how specific plants can reduce the ionic silver to metallic silver in nano particles shape when the ionic silver is added to them, all this occurs in the same plant.” Likewise, it has been found that extracts can be used in stead of waiting for the plant to absorb metals from the ground through the root and goes through the stem and leaf, a process that is more complicated and slower. Furthermore, the techniques for making an extract of the plant and taking its reactive compounds are so cheap and do not generate toxic wastes.
We have to mention that “''not any plant can biosynthesize nanoparticles and studies are focused on the appropriate species research for this technology''. It is known that this phenomenon occurs in alfalfa and other plants which are not related at all with; we have seen which the common factor among the plants with biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles is.”
Currently, Dr. Jorge Luis Hernandez Piñero and his FCB research team are looking for becoming plants in a viable, cheap and eological option to the Nanotechnology. Source: [[Plants for Purifying the Environment|http://noticias.uanl.mx/interes/descripcion.php?id_not=492&lang=en]]. Research and use of vegetable species -for the phytoremediation- by Mayra Silva Almanza
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag nanoparticles "nanoparticles" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag [[green chemistry]] "green chemistry" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanoremediation "nanoremediation" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag waste "waste" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanotoxicology "nanotoxicology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
{{twocolumns{
On April 5, 1990, Don Eigler and Erhard Schweizer announced in Nature that they had arranged 35 single atoms of xenon to spell out IBM. [[A defining moment in nanoscience experimentation]].
"Since its invention in the early 1980s by Binnig and Rohrer, the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) has provided images of surfaces and adsorbed atoms and molecules with unprecedented resolution. The STM has also been used to modify surfaces, for example by locally pinning molecules to a surface and by transfer of an atom from the STM tip to the surface. Here we report the use of the STM at low temperatures (4 K) to position individual xenon atoms on a single-crystal nickel surface with atomic pre-cision. This capacity has allowed us to fabricate rudimentary structures of our own design, atom by atom. The processes we describe are in principle applicable to molecules also. In view of the device-like characteristics reported for single atoms on surfaces, the possibilities for perhaps the ultimate in device miniaturization are evident. The tip of an STM always exerts a finite force on an adsorbate atom. This force contains both Van der Waals and electrostatic contributions. By adjusting the position and the voltage of the tip we may tune both the magnitude and direction of this force. This, taken together with the fact that it generally requires less force to move an atom along a surface than to pull it away from the surface, makes it possible to set these parameters such that the STM tip can pull an atom across a surface while the atom remains bound to the surface." From [[Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope|http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524a0.html]] by [[D. M. Eigler|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Eigler]] & E. K. Schweizer. IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, "[[The Kitty Hawk of nanotechnology]]".
"One half of 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to [[Ernst Ruska|http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/ruska-lecture.html]] for "his fundamental work in electron optics and for the design of the first electron microscope" (...) The other half of this year's prize has been awarded to [[Gerd Binnig|http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/binnig-lecture.html]] and [[Heinrich Rohrer|http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/rohrer-lecture.html]] for "their design of the scanning tunneling microscope". This instrument is not a true microscope (i.e. an instrument that gives a direct image of an object) since it is based on the principle that the structure of a surface can be studied using a stylus that scans the surface at a fixed distance from it. Vertical adjustment of the stylus is controlled by means of what is termed the tunnel effect - hence the name of the instrument. An electrical potential between the tip of the stylus and the surface causes an electric current to flow between them despite the fact that they are not in contact. The strength of the current is strongly dependent on the distance, and this makes it possible to maintain the distance constant at approximately 10^^-7^^ cm (i.e. about two atom diameters). The stylus is also extremely sharp, the tip being formed of one single atom. This enables it to follow even the smallest details of the surface it is scanning. Recording the vertical movement of the stylus makes it possible to study the structure of the surface atom by atom. [[The scanning tunneling microscope|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope]] is completely new, and we have so far seen only the beginning of its development. It is, however, clear that entirely new fields are opening up for the study of the structure of matter. Binnig's and Rohrer's great achievement is that, starting from earlier work and ideas. they have succeeded in mastering the enormous experimental difficulties involved in building an instrument of the precision and stability required." From [[Press Release: The 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics|http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/press.html]]
<html><iframe class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="100%" height="268" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/Gc13QUYE5ZM" frameborder="0">
</iframe></html>
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag milestone "milestone" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag microscope "microscope" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag educational "educational" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag video "video" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
}}}
[[Carbon nanostructures - elixir or poison?|Interactions between buckyballs and biological membranes]]
----
[[Finger-pricks a thing of the past|Type 1 diabetes nanosensor and nanovaccine]]
----
[[Unraveling the mysteries of photosynthesis]]
----
[[Robots the size of single molecule|Molecular Robots]]
----
[[First images of atomic spin]]
----
[[To solve some of the world’s biggest challenges|Turn carbon dioxide into useful energy]]
----
[[A major boost to nanorobotics|DNA construction kit for nanoengines]]
----
[[Nano for Youth|NANOYOU (Nano for Youth)]]
----
[[Cultural appropriation and contextualising of the nano world|Nano Words for Nano Culture]]
----
[[Shape control of Platinum nanocrystals]]
----
[[The Strange New World of Nanoscience]]
----
[[Music of the Nano-Spheres]]
----
[[Atmospheric Nanoparticles Impact Health, Weather]]
----
[[Nanotechnologies for future mobile devices]]
----
[[First self-powered nanosensors|Self-Powered Nanosensors]]
----
[[Carbon nanotubes are broken down in the body]]
----
[[Nano: But What does it Look Like?]]
----
[[20th anniversary of moving atoms|Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope]]
----
[[Next generation camera platform|Next generation camera platform: quantum dot-based image sensors]]
----
[[Scientists working with Artists in Nano Science and Technology]]
----
[[Nano and art: Leonardo/ISAST cooperation with NanoWiki]]
----
[[A Transistor Mimics Synapse Functions]]
----
[[Artists have been developing projects that help us "imagine" the world and its phenomena at nano scales|Nano-Imaginary; Artists as Explorers]]
----
[[Nanotechnology: What is it and how will affect us?]]
----
[[Nano-motors facilitate communication between brain cells]]
----
[[Nano-periodic system]]
----
[[First Atomic Force Microscope on Mars]]
----
[[First global regulation database]]
----
[[Final clinical trials for Nano-Cancer® therapy]]
----
[[‘Magnetricity’ observed and measured for the first time]]
----
[[Richard Feynman and Nanotechnology]]
----
[[Contaminated site nanoremediation]]
----
[[Atom Pinhole Camera Acts as a Shrinking Copy Machine]]
----
[[The Chemical Structure of a Molecule Resolved by Atomic Force Microscopy]]
----
[[Linking nanoparticle exposure to pulmonary fibrosis and mortality]]
----
[[Nanoarchitecture: A New Species of Architecture]]
----
[[Sniff out lung cancer, renal disease, brain cancer in humans|Diagnosis through breath]]
----
[[Using design and engineering principles learned from nature, researchers have built from scratch a completely new type of protein|Proteins by Design]]
----
[[Spin Battery: Physicist Develops Battery Using New Source Of Energy]]
----
[[Our planet's physical, chemical, and biological processes are influenced or driven by the properties of nanominerals|"Nanominerals" Influence Earth Systems from Ocean to Atmosphere to Biosphere]]
----
[["Nanominerals" Influence Earth Systems from Ocean to Atmosphere to Biosphere|Active Nanoparticles]]
----
/***
|Name|QuoteOfTheDayPlugin|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#QuoteOfTheDayPlugin|
|Documentation|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#QuoteOfTheDayPluginInfo|
|Version|1.4.1|
|Author|Eric Shulman|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Description|Display a randomly selected "quote of the day" from a list defined in a separate tiddler|
!!!!!Documentation
>see [[QuoteOfTheDayPluginInfo]]
!!!!!Revisions
<<<
2008.03.21 [1.4.1] in showNextItem(), corrected handling for random selection so that //initial// index value will randomized correctly instead of always showing first item, even when randomizing. Thanks to Riccardo Gherardi for finding this.
| Please see [[QuoteOfTheDayPluginInfo]] for previous revision details |
2005.10.21 [1.0.0] Initial Release. Based on a suggestion by M.Russula
<<<
!!!!!Code
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.QuoteOfTheDayPlugin= {major: 1, minor: 4, revision: 1, date: new Date(2008,3,21)};
config.macros.QOTD = {
clickTooltip: "click to view another item",
timerTooltip: "auto-timer stopped... 'mouseout' to restart timer",
timerClickTooltip: "auto-timer stopped... click to view another item, or 'mouseout' to restart timer",
handler:
function(place,macroName,params) {
var tid=params.shift(); // source tiddler containing HR-separated quotes
var p=params.shift();
var click=true; // allow click for next item
var inline=false; // wrap in slider for animation effect
var random=true; // pick an item at random (default for "quote of the day" usage)
var folder=false; // use local filesystem folder list
var cookie=""; // default to no cookie
var next=0; // default to first item (or random item)
while (p) {
if (p.toLowerCase()=="noclick") var click=false;
if (p.toLowerCase()=="inline") var inline=true;
if (p.toLowerCase()=="norandom") var random=false;
if (p.toLowerCase().substr(0,7)=="cookie:") var cookie=p.substr(8);
if (!isNaN(p)) var delay=p;
p=params.shift();
}
if ((click||delay) && !inline) {
var panel = createTiddlyElement(null,"div",null,"sliderPanel");
panel.style.display="none";
place.appendChild(panel);
var here=createTiddlyElement(panel,click?"a":"span",null,"QOTD");
}
else
var here=createTiddlyElement(place,click?"a":"span",null,"QOTD");
here.id=(new Date()).convertToYYYYMMDDHHMMSSMMM()+Math.random().toString(); // unique ID
// get items from tiddler or file list
var list=store.getTiddlerText(tid,"");
if (!list||!list.length) { // not a tiddler... maybe an image directory?
var list=this.getImageFileList(tid);
if (!list.length) { // maybe relative path... fixup and try again
var h=document.location.href;
var p=getLocalPath(decodeURIComponent(h.substr(0,h.lastIndexOf("/")+1)));
var list=this.getImageFileList(p+tid);
}
}
if (!list||!list.length) return false; // no contents... nothing to display!
here.setAttribute("list",list);
if (delay) here.setAttribute("delay",delay);
here.setAttribute("random",random);
here.setAttribute("cookie",cookie);
if (click) {
here.title=this.clickTooltip
if (!inline) here.style.display="block";
here.setAttribute("href","javascript:;");
here.onclick=function(event)
{ config.macros.QOTD.showNextItem(this); }
}
if (config.options["txtQOTD_"+cookie]!=undefined) next=parseInt(config.options["txtQOTD_"+cookie]);
here.setAttribute("nextItem",next);
config.macros.QOTD.showNextItem(here);
if (delay) {
here.title=click?this.timerClickTooltip:this.timerTooltip
here.onmouseover=function(event)
{ clearTimeout(this.ticker); };
here.onmouseout=function(event)
{ this.ticker=setTimeout("config.macros.QOTD.tick('"+this.id+"')",this.getAttribute("delay")); };
here.ticker=setTimeout("config.macros.QOTD.tick('"+here.id+"')",delay);
}
},
tick: function(id) {
var here=document.getElementById(id); if (!here) return;
config.macros.QOTD.showNextItem(here);
here.ticker=setTimeout("config.macros.QOTD.tick('"+id+"')",here.getAttribute("delay"));
},
showNextItem:
function (here) {
// hide containing slider panel (if any)
var p=here.parentNode;
if (p.className=="sliderPanel") p.style.display = "none"
// get a new quote
var index=here.getAttribute("nextItem");
var items=here.getAttribute("list").split("\n----\n");
if (index<0||index>=items.length) index=0;
if (here.getAttribute("random")=="true") index=Math.floor(Math.random()*items.length);
var txt=items[index];
// re-render quote display element, and advance index counter
removeChildren(here); wikify(txt,here);
index++; here.setAttribute("nextItem",index);
var cookie=here.getAttribute("cookie");
if (cookie.length) {
config.options["txtQOTD_"+cookie]=index.toString();
saveOptionCookie("txtQOTD_"+cookie);
}
// redisplay slider panel (if any)
if (p.className=="sliderPanel") {
if(anim && config.options.chkAnimate)
anim.startAnimating(new Slider(p,true,false,"none"));
else p.style.display="block";
}
},
getImageFileList: function(cwd) { // returns HR-separated list of image files
function isImage(fn) {
var ext=fn.substr(fn.length-3,3).toLowerCase();
return ext=="jpg"||ext=="gif"||ext=="png";
}
var files=[];
if (config.browser.isIE) {
cwd=cwd.replace(/\//g,"\\");
// IE uses ActiveX to read filesystem info
var fso = new ActiveXObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject");
if(!fso.FolderExists(cwd)) return [];
var dir=fso.GetFolder(cwd);
for(var f=new Enumerator(dir.Files); !f.atEnd(); f.moveNext())
if (isImage(f.item().path)) files.push("[img[%0]]".format(["file:///"+f.item().path.replace(/\\/g,"/")]));
} else {
// FireFox (mozilla) uses "components" to read filesystem info
// get security access
if(!window.Components) return;
try { netscape.security.PrivilegeManager.enablePrivilege("UniversalXPConnect"); }
catch(e) { alert(e.description?e.description:e.toString()); return []; }
// open/validate directory
var file=Components.classes["@mozilla.org/file/local;1"].createInstance(Components.interfaces.nsILocalFile);
try { file.initWithPath(cwd); } catch(e) { return []; }
if (!file.exists() || !file.isDirectory()) { return []; }
var folder=file.directoryEntries;
while (folder.hasMoreElements()) {
var f=folder.getNext().QueryInterface(Components.interfaces.nsILocalFile);
if (f instanceof Components.interfaces.nsILocalFile)
if (isImage(f.path)) files.push("[img[%0]]".format(["file:///"+f.path.replace(/\\/g,"/")]));
}
}
return files.join("\n----\n");
}
}
//}}}
<html>
<div id="hcard-ralph-sperling" class="vcard">
<img style="float:left; margin-right:4px" src="http://www.cin2.es/media/staff/20090331719856117.jpg" width="150" alt="ralph sperling photo" class="photo"/>
<a class="url fn n" href="http://www.cin2.es/english/staff-personnel-list-member.php?miembro=97"> <span class="given-name">ralph</span>
<span class="family-name">sperling</span>
</a>
<div class="org">institut català de nanotecnologia</div>
<a class="email" href="mailto:ralph.sperling.icn(at)uab.es">ralph.sperling.icn(at)uab.es</a>
</div>
<span class="badge"
style="float: left; font: 9px Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; padding: 0 1em 1px 0;
border: 1px solid #000; background: #D1940C; color: #fff; text-decoration: none;
text-align: center;">
<span style="background: #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; color: #fff; padding: 1px 0.75em;
margin-right: 0.1em;">
›››
</span>
hCard
</span>
</html>
Do molecules have beauty? Is it possible to fall in love with one? Based on what Harry Kroto and others have written about buckminsterfullerene, Chris Toumey thinks that the answer to both these questions is yes.
We know that scientific thought is enriched by human qualities such as curiosity, imagination or a stubborn refusal to go along with conventional wisdom. Perhaps the greatest saint of science-as-humanity was Albert Einstein, but countless others have also shown us that science can thrive when humanistic qualities are part of a scientist’s thinking. Moreover, by being able to imagine things that great scientists have imagined, the non-expert can feel connected to the expert and experience the joy of science.
Beauty is one place to seek this connection. There is quite a cottage industry — books, journals, symposiums and so on — dedicated to the idea that nature possesses beauty, that scientists appreciate it as well as anyone, and that scientists sometimes create beauty in their models and theories. Nanotechnology has its fair share of beauty, but one molecule in particular is more beautiful than the rest — buckminsterfullerene^^1^^.
In 1966, David E. H. Jones, writing in New Scientist, speculated about large hollow carbon cages, 100 nm in diameter^^2^^, and in 1970 Eiji Osawa predicted that 60 carbon atoms could form a molecule with the same shape as a football — the truncated icosahedron would have 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons^^3^^. In 1984 researchers at Exxon’s Corporate Research Laboratory detected carbon clusters of various sizes in experiments, including some clusters with more than 40 carbon atoms (see page 50 in ref. 4).
Then came September 1985. Harry Kroto of Sussex University had detected chains of carbon atoms in interstellar space and wanted to create similar structures in the laboratory. Robert Curl brought Kroto to Rice University in Houston where Richard Smalley, Curl and others were making plasmas of carbon atoms by blasting a graphite disk with a laser. The plasma was then subject to a quick blast of helium, enabling clusters of carbon to self-assemble before passing through a series of detectors. The purpose for this apparatus, said Smalley, was "to make measurements so fundamental that theorist stayed awake at night trying to understand them" (ref. 5).
Kroto, Curls, Smalley and two graduate students - Jim Heath and Sean O'Brien - detected a range of carbon structures, with C~~60~~ being the most abundant. And after optimizing the experiment they were able to make samples that were mostly C~~60~~, with a small amount of C~~70~~ and minimal amounts of other varieties.
But how did the 60 carbon atoms fit together? Originally the team thought that the structures contained four flat sheets of carbon atoms (two containing 6 atoms and two containing 24), but this turned out to be problematic. The Rice-Sussex group then drew inspiration from the geodesic domes of the architect Buckminster Fuller, plus some other ideas, and concluded that C~~60~~ must be atruncated icosahedron. Their 1985 article announcing C~~60~~ showed a photo of "a football (in the United States, a soccerball)" to illustrate the shape the imagined^^1^^.
Kroto and co-workers had detected C~~60~~, and they explained why they believed that it had to be an icosahedron^^6, 7^^. They were, of course, correct, but their experiments were not capable of creating enoug C~~60~~ to characterize it sufficiently to convince other scientists. However, in August 1990 a collaboration between researchers at the Max Planck Institute in Heidelberg and the University of Arizona in Tucson was able to make enough C~~60~~ to confirm the truncated icosahedron structure and make even more ambitious experiments possible^^8^^. Buckminsterfullerene was now official, and Curl, Kroto and Smalley shared the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1996.
Subsequent to the Heidelberg-Tucson work, a series of charming articles appeared about the discovery of C~~60~~. The best short memoirs by Kroto^^9^^(wich emphasizes the connections with interstellar space) and Smalley^^10^^ (wich stresses teamwork, imagination, frustration and other human-interest themes), but the Nobel acceptance speeches by Curl^^11^^, Kroto^^12^^and Smalley^^5^^ are also worth reading, as is a 1991 //Scientific American// article by Curl and Smalley^^13^^, and books by Hugh Aldersey-Williams^^3^^and Jim Baggot^^14^^.
Of the central player in this history, Kroto is clearly the scientist most infatuated with the molecule, as the following quotations from references 9 and 12 illustrate. "The story of C~~60~~ cannot be recounted without refererences to its beauty"; the results of Krätschmer and co-workers were beautifully consistent with expectations”; the colour of a solution of C~~60~~ was “an exquisitely delicate magenta”; this molecule possesses “a charismatic quality that few other molecules possess”; “the molecule was so beautiful that it just had to be right”; and the “molecule’s most delightful property lies in the inherent charisma ... which arises from its elegantly simple ... structure”.
As a truncated icosahedron, C~~60~~ is as perfectly round as a sphere of hexagons and pentagons can be (see figure). It is also perfectly symmetrical in the sense that every single atom is a vertex of two hexagons and one pentagon. Moreover, unlike other forms of carbon, there are no dangling bonds that other objects can easily latch on to.
Smalley’s tone was different, but he also had some moving things to say. “This discovery was one of the most spiritual experiences that any of us in the original team of five have ever experienced”, he said in his Nobel lecture, and he concluded by saying that among the many bright personalities who contributed to the discovery of buckminsterfullerene, “the only character of true genius in the story is carbon”. Of course, even before Curl, Kroto and Smalley collected their Nobel prizes, a newer form of carbon — the carbon nanotube — had eclipsed the glory of buckminsterfullerene and, more recently, an even newer form — graphene — has become one of the hottest topics in research.
In elementary school, I once read an article titled The Mathematical Beauty Contest. It praised ellipses and spirals and other shapes for their natural beauty, but it reserved top honours for the author’s personal favourite, the circle. OK, I thought, this thing is beautiful. But a beauty contest for geometric shapes? Aren’t grown-ups supposed to have more serious things to do?
In I Corinthians 13, St Paul wrote that when he was a child, he understood things clearly, but when he became a man he saw “through a glass darkly”. When I quibbled in my childhood about the mathematical beauty contest, I inverted Paul’s aphorism: I was being cynical when a child ought to be more open to the beauty before him. Today I can see better. I can place myself within the pleasures of science by seeing what great scientists have seen. In other words, I can see beauty in nature and beauty in scientific discovery. I can also see why scientists sometimes behave like Immanuel Rath, the professor in The Blue Angel (the film that made Marlene Dietrich famous) who becomes hopelessly infatuated with the sexy siren Lola Lola. Kroto’s fate has been very different from Rath’s, but falling madly in love is still falling madly in love.
What can I say? I’m with Kroto: if it is wrong to love an icosahedral molecule, then I don’t want to be right.
{{twocolumns{
''References''
^^1. Kroto, H. W., Heath, J. R., O’Brien, S. C., Curl, R. F. & Smalley, R. E. Nature 318, 162–163 (1985).
2. Jones, D. E. H. (pen name Daedalus) New Sci. 245 (3 November 1966).
3. Osawa, E. in The Fullerenes (eds Kroto, H. W. & Walton, D. R. M.) 1–7 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993).
4. Aldersey-Williams, H. The Most Beautiful Molecule (Wiley, 1995).
5. Smalley, R. E. Rev. Mod. Phys. 69, 723–730 (1997).
6. Curl, R. F. & Smalley, R. E. Science 242, 1017–1022 (1988).
7. Kroto, H. W. Science 242, 1139–1145 (1988).
8. Krätschmer, W., Lamb, L. D., Fostiropoulos, K. & Huffman, D. R. Nature 347, 354–358 (1990).
9. Kroto, H. W. Nanotechnology 3, 111–112 (1992).
10. Smalley, R. E. The Sciences 22–28 (March 1991).
11. Curl, R. F. Rev. Mod. Phys. 69, 691–702 (1997).
12. Kroto, H. W. Rev. Mod. Phys. 69, 703–722 (1997).
13. Curl, R. F. & Smalley, R. E Sci. Am. 54–63 (October 1991).
14. Baggott, J. Perfect Symmetry (Oxford Univ. Press, 1994).
^^
}}}
CHRIS TOUMEY
University of South Carolina
NanoCenter, 1212 Greene Street, Columbia,
South Carolina 29208, USA.
e-mail: Toumey@sc.edu
''Source:'' [[Rhapsody in C|http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v3/n11/abs/nnano.2008.324.html]]. November 2008, Nature Nanotechnology, Vol 3. © 2008 Macmillan Publishers Limited. Post by permision of Chris Toumey
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag art "art" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
/***
|''Name:''|ReminderPlugin|
|''Version:''|2.3.10 (Jun 28, 2007)|
|''Source:''|http://remindermacros.tiddlyspot.com|
|''Author:''|Jeremy Sheeley(pop1280 [at] excite [dot] com)<<br>>Maintainer: simon.baird@gmail.com|
|''Licence:''|[[BSD open source license]]|
|''Macros:''|reminder, showreminders, displayTiddlersWithReminders, newReminder|
|''TiddlyWiki:''|2.0+|
|''Browser:''|Firefox 1.0.4+; InternetExplorer 6.0|
!Description
This plugin provides macros for tagging a date with a reminder. Use the {{{reminder}}} macro to do this. The {{{showReminders}}} and {{{displayTiddlersWithReminder}}} macros automatically search through all available tiddlers looking for upcoming reminders.
!Installation
* Create a new tiddler in your tiddlywiki titled ReminderPlugin and give it the {{{systemConfig}}} tag. The tag is important because it tells TW that this is executable code.
* Double click this tiddler, and copy all the text from the tiddler's body.
* Paste the text into the body of the new tiddler in your TW.
* Save and reload your TW.
* You can copy some examples into your TW as well. See [[Simple examples]], [[Holidays]], [[showReminders]] and [[Personal Reminders]]
!Syntax:
|>|See [[ReminderSyntax]] and [[showRemindersSyntax]]|
!Revision history
* v2.3.10 (Jun 28, 2007)
** Removed window.story = window backwards compatibility hacks since they were breaking TW 2.2
* v2.3.9 (Apr 26, 2007)
** allow bracketed list format in tags param lets you use tags with spaces
* v2.3.8 (Mar 9, 2006)
**Bug fix: A global variable had snuck in, which was killing FF 1.5.0.1
**Feature: You can now use TIDDLER and TIDDLERNAME in a regular reminder format
* v2.3.6 (Mar 1, 2006)
**Bug fix: Reminders for today weren't being matched sometimes.
**Feature: Solidified integration with DatePlugin and CalendarPlugin
**Feature: Recurring reminders will now return multiple hits in showReminders and the calendar.
**Feature: Added TIDDLERNAME to the replacements for showReminders format, for plugins that need the title without brackets.
* v2.3.5 (Feb 8, 2006)
**Bug fix: Sped up reminders lots. Added a caching mechanism for reminders that have already been matched.
* v2.3.4 (Feb 7, 2006)
**Bug fix: Cleaned up code to hopefully prevent the Firefox 1.5.0.1 crash that was causing lots of plugins
to crash Firefox. Thanks to http://www.jslint.com
* v2.3.3 (Feb 2, 2006)
**Feature: newReminder now has drop down lists instead of text boxes.
**Bug fix: A trailing space in a title would trigger an infinite loop.
**Bug fix: using tag:"birthday !reminder" would filter differently than tag:"!reminder birthday"
* v2.3.2 (Jan 21, 2006)
**Feature: newReminder macro, which will let you easily add a reminder to a tiddler. Thanks to Eric Shulman (http://www.elsdesign.com) for the code to do this.
** Bug fix: offsetday was not working sometimes
** Bug fix: when upgrading to 2.0, I included a bit to exclude tiddlers tagged with excludeSearch. I've reverted back to searching through all tiddlers
* v2.3.1 (Jan 7, 2006)
**Feature: 2.0 compatibility
**Feature AlanH sent some code to make sure that showReminders prints a message if no reminders are found.
* v2.3.0 (Jan 3, 2006)
** Bug Fix: Using "Last Sunday (-0)" as a offsetdayofweek wasn't working.
** Bug Fix: Daylight Savings time broke offset based reminders (for example year:2005 month:8 day:23 recurdays:7 would match Monday instead of Tuesday during DST.
!Code
***/
//{{{
//============================================================================
//============================================================================
// ReminderPlugin
//============================================================================
//============================================================================
version.extensions.ReminderPlugin = {major: 2, minor: 3, revision: 8, date: new Date(2006,3,9), source: "http://remindermacros.tiddlyspot.com/"};
//============================================================================
// Configuration
// Modify this section to change the defaults for
// leadtime and display strings
//============================================================================
config.macros.reminders = {};
config.macros["reminder"] = {};
config.macros["newReminder"] = {};
config.macros["showReminders"] = {};
config.macros["displayTiddlersWithReminders"] = {};
config.macros.reminders["defaultLeadTime"] = [0,6000];
config.macros.reminders["defaultReminderMessage"] = "DIFF: TITLE on DATE ANNIVERSARY";
config.macros.reminders["defaultShowReminderMessage"] = "DIFF: TITLE on DATE ANNIVERSARY -- TIDDLER";
config.macros.reminders["defaultAnniversaryMessage"] = "(DIFF)";
config.macros.reminders["untitledReminder"] = "Untitled Reminder";
config.macros.reminders["noReminderFound"] = "Couldn't find a match for TITLE in the next LEADTIMEUPPER days."
config.macros.reminders["todayString"] = "Today";
config.macros.reminders["tomorrowString"] = "Tomorrow";
config.macros.reminders["ndaysString"] = "DIFF days";
config.macros.reminders["emtpyShowRemindersString"] = "There are no upcoming events";
//============================================================================
// Code
// You should not need to edit anything
// below this. Make sure to edit this tiddler and copy
// the code from the text box, to make sure that
// tiddler rendering doesn't interfere with the copy
// and paste.
//============================================================================
//this object will hold the cache of reminders, so that we don't
//recompute the same reminder over again.
var reminderCache = {};
config.macros.showReminders.handler = function showReminders(place,macroName,params)
{
var now = new Date().getMidnight();
var paramHash = {};
var leadtime = [0,14];
paramHash = getParamsForReminder(params);
var bProvidedDate = (paramHash["year"] != null) ||
(paramHash["month"] != null) ||
(paramHash["day"] != null) ||
(paramHash["dayofweek"] != null);
if (paramHash["leadtime"] != null)
{
leadtime = paramHash["leadtime"];
if (bProvidedDate)
{
//If they've entered a day, we need to make
//sure to find it. We'll reset the
//leadtime a few lines down.
paramHash["leadtime"] = [-10000, 10000];
}
}
var matchedDate = now;
if (bProvidedDate)
{
var leadTimeLowerBound = new Date().getMidnight().addDays(paramHash["leadtime"][0]);
var leadTimeUpperBound = new Date().getMidnight().addDays(paramHash["leadtime"][1]);
matchedDate = findDateForReminder(paramHash, new Date().getMidnight(), leadTimeLowerBound, leadTimeUpperBound);
}
var arr = findTiddlersWithReminders(matchedDate, leadtime, paramHash["tag"], paramHash["limit"]);
var elem = createTiddlyElement(place,"span",null,null, null);
var mess = "";
if (arr.length == 0)
{
mess += config.macros.reminders.emtpyShowRemindersString;
}
for (var j = 0; j < arr.length; j++)
{
if (paramHash["format"] != null)
{
arr[j]["params"]["format"] = paramHash["format"];
}
else
{
arr[j]["params"]["format"] = config.macros.reminders["defaultShowReminderMessage"];
}
mess += getReminderMessageForDisplay(arr[j]["diff"], arr[j]["params"], arr[j]["matchedDate"], arr[j]["tiddler"]);
mess += "\n";
}
wikify(mess, elem, null, null);
};
config.macros.displayTiddlersWithReminders.handler = function displayTiddlersWithReminders(place,macroName,params)
{
var now = new Date().getMidnight();
var paramHash = {};
var leadtime = [0,14];
paramHash = getParamsForReminder(params);
var bProvidedDate = (paramHash["year"] != null) ||
(paramHash["month"] != null) ||
(paramHash["day"] != null) ||
(paramHash["dayofweek"] != null);
if (paramHash["leadtime"] != null)
{
leadtime = paramHash["leadtime"];
if (bProvidedDate)
{
//If they've entered a day, we need to make
//sure to find it. We'll reset the leadtime
//a few lines down.
paramHash["leadtime"] = [-10000,10000];
}
}
var matchedDate = now;
if (bProvidedDate)
{
var leadTimeLowerBound = new Date().getMidnight().addDays(paramHash["leadtime"][0]);
var leadTimeUpperBound = new Date().getMidnight().addDays(paramHash["leadtime"][1]);
matchedDate = findDateForReminder(paramHash, new Date().getMidnight(), leadTimeLowerBound, leadTimeUpperBound);
}
var arr = findTiddlersWithReminders(matchedDate, leadtime, paramHash["tag"], paramHash["limit"]);
for (var j = 0; j < arr.length; j++)
{
displayTiddler(null, arr[j]["tiddler"], 0, null, false, false, false);
}
};
config.macros.reminder.handler = function reminder(place,macroName,params)
{
var dateHash = getParamsForReminder(params);
if (dateHash["hidden"] != null)
{
return;
}
var leadTime = dateHash["leadtime"];
if (leadTime == null)
{
leadTime = config.macros.reminders["defaultLeadTime"];
}
var leadTimeLowerBound = new Date().getMidnight().addDays(leadTime[0]);
var leadTimeUpperBound = new Date().getMidnight().addDays(leadTime[1]);
var matchedDate = findDateForReminder(dateHash, new Date().getMidnight(), leadTimeLowerBound, leadTimeUpperBound);
if (!store.getTiddler)
{
store.getTiddler=function(title) {return this.tiddlers[title];};
}
var title = window.story.findContainingTiddler(place).id.substr(7);
if (matchedDate != null)
{
var diff = matchedDate.getDifferenceInDays(new Date().getMidnight());
var elem = createTiddlyElement(place,"span",null,null, null);
var mess = getReminderMessageForDisplay(diff, dateHash, matchedDate, title);
wikify(mess, elem, null, null);
}
else
{
createTiddlyElement(place,"span",null,null, config.macros.reminders["noReminderFound"].replace("TITLE", dateHash["title"]).replace("LEADTIMEUPPER", leadTime[1]).replace("LEADTIMELOWER", leadTime[0]).replace("TIDDLERNAME", title).replace("TIDDLER", "[[" + title + "]]") );
}
};
config.macros.newReminder.handler = function newReminder(place,macroName,params)
{
var today=new Date().getMidnight();
var formstring = '<html><form>Year: <select name="year"><option value="">Every year</option>';
for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
formstring += '<option' + ((i == 0) ? ' selected' : '') + ' value="' + (today.getFullYear() +i) + '">' + (today.getFullYear() + i) + '</option>';
}
formstring += '</select> Month:<select name="month"><option value="">Every month</option>';
for (i = 0; i < 12; i++)
{
formstring += '<option' + ((i == today.getMonth()) ? ' selected' : '') + ' value="' + (i+1) + '">' + config.messages.dates.months[i] + '</option>';
}
formstring += '</select> Day:<select name="day"><option value="">Every day</option>';
for (i = 1; i < 32; i++)
{
formstring += '<option' + ((i == (today.getDate() )) ? ' selected' : '') + ' value="' + i + '">' + i + '</option>';
}
formstring += '</select> Reminder Title:<input type="text" size="40" name="title" value="please enter a title" onfocus="this.select();"><input type="button" value="ok" onclick="addReminderToTiddler(this.form)"></form></html>';
var panel = config.macros.slider.createSlider(place,null,"New Reminder","Open a form to add a new reminder to this tiddler");
wikify(formstring ,panel,null,store.getTiddler(params[1]));
};
// onclick: process input and insert reminder at 'marker'
window.addReminderToTiddler = function(form) {
if (!store.getTiddler)
{
store.getTiddler=function(title) {return this.tiddlers[title];};
}
var title = window.story.findContainingTiddler(form).id.substr(7);
var tiddler=store.getTiddler(title);
var txt='\n<<reminder ';
if (form.year.value != "")
txt += 'year:'+form.year.value + ' ';
if (form.month.value != "")
txt += 'month:'+form.month.value + ' ';
if (form.day.value != "")
txt += 'day:'+form.day.value + ' ';
txt += 'title:"'+form.title.value+'" ';
txt +='>>';
tiddler.set(null,tiddler.text + txt);
window.story.refreshTiddler(title,1,true);
store.setDirty(true);
};
function hasTag(tiddlerTags, tagFilters)
{
//Make sure we respond well to empty tiddlerTaglists or tagFilterlists
if (tagFilters.length==0 || tiddlerTags.length==0)
{
return true;
}
var bHasTag = false;
/*bNoPos says: "'till now there has been no check using a positive filter"
Imagine a filterlist consisting of 1 negative filter:
If the filter isn't matched, we want hasTag to be true.
Yet bHasTag is still false ('cause only positive filters cause bHasTag to change)
If no positive filters are present bNoPos is true, and no negative filters are matched so we have not returned false
Thus: hasTag returns true.
If at any time a positive filter is encountered, we want at least one of the tags to match it, so we turn bNoPos to false, which
means bHasTag must be true for hasTag to return true*/
var bNoPos=true;
for (var t3 = 0; t3 < tagFilters.length; t3++)
{
for(var t2=0; t2<tiddlerTags.length; t2++)
{
if (tagFilters[t3].length > 1 && tagFilters[t3].charAt(0) == '!')
{
if (tiddlerTags[t2] == tagFilters[t3].substring(1))
{
//If at any time a negative filter is matched, we return false
return false;
}
}
else
{
if (bNoPos)
{
//We encountered the first positive filter
bNoPos=false;
}
if (tiddlerTags[t2] == tagFilters[t3])
{
//A positive filter is matched. As long as no negative filter is matched, hasTag will return true
bHasTag=true;
}
}
}
}
return (bNoPos || bHasTag);
};
//This function searches all tiddlers for the reminder //macro. It is intended that other plugins (like //calendar) will use this function to query for
//upcoming reminders.
//The arguments to this function filter out reminders //based on when they will fire.
//
//ARGUMENTS:
//baseDate is the date that is used as "now".
//leadtime is a two element int array, with leadtime[0]
// as the lower bound and leadtime[1] as the
// upper bound. A reasonable default is [0,14]
//tags is a space-separated list of tags to use to filter
// tiddlers. If a tag name begins with an !, then
// only tiddlers which do not have that tag will
// be considered. For example "examples holidays"
// will search for reminders in any tiddlers that
// are tagged with examples or holidays and
// "!examples !holidays" will search for reminders
// in any tiddlers that are not tagged with
// examples or holidays. Pass in null to search
// all tiddlers.
//limit. If limit is null, individual reminders can
// override the leadtime specified earlier.
// Pass in 1 in order to override that behavior.
window.findTiddlersWithReminders = function findTiddlersWithReminders(baseDate, leadtime, tags, limit)
{
//function(searchRegExp,sortField,excludeTag)
// var macroPattern = "<<([^>\\]+)(?:\\*)([^>]*)>>";
var macroPattern = "<<(reminder)(.*)>>";
var macroRegExp = new RegExp(macroPattern,"mg");
var matches = store.search(macroRegExp,"title","");
var arr = [];
var tagsArray = null;
if (tags != null)
{
// tagsArray = tags.split(" ");
tagsArray = tags.readBracketedList(); // allows tags with spaces. thanks Robin Summerhill, 4-Oct-06.
}
for(var t=matches.length-1; t>=0; t--)
{
if (tagsArray != null)
{
//If they specified tags to filter on, and this tiddler doesn't
//match, skip it entirely.
if ( ! hasTag(matches[t].tags, tagsArray))
{
continue;
}
}
var targetText = matches[t].text;
do {
// Get the next formatting match
var formatMatch = macroRegExp.exec(targetText);
if(formatMatch && formatMatch[1] != null && formatMatch[1].toLowerCase() == "reminder")
{
//Find the matching date.
var params = formatMatch[2] != null ? formatMatch[2].readMacroParams() : {};
var dateHash = getParamsForReminder(params);
if (limit != null || dateHash["leadtime"] == null)
{
if (leadtime == null)
dateHash["leadtime"] = leadtime;
else
{
dateHash["leadtime"] = [];
dateHash["leadtime"][0] = leadtime[0];
dateHash["leadtime"][1] = leadtime[1];
}
}
if (dateHash["leadtime"] == null)
dateHash["leadtime"] = config.macros.reminders["defaultLeadTime"];
var leadTimeLowerBound = baseDate.addDays(dateHash["leadtime"][0]);
var leadTimeUpperBound = baseDate.addDays(dateHash["leadtime"][1]);
var matchedDate = findDateForReminder(dateHash, baseDate, leadTimeLowerBound, leadTimeUpperBound);
while (matchedDate != null)
{
var hash = {};
hash["diff"] = matchedDate.getDifferenceInDays(baseDate);
hash["matchedDate"] = new Date(matchedDate.getFullYear(), matchedDate.getMonth(), matchedDate.getDate(), 0, 0);
hash["params"] = cloneParams(dateHash);
hash["tiddler"] = matches[t].title;
hash["tags"] = matches[t].tags;
arr.pushUnique(hash);
if (dateHash["recurdays"] != null || (dateHash["year"] == null))
{
leadTimeLowerBound = leadTimeLowerBound.addDays(matchedDate.getDifferenceInDays(leadTimeLowerBound)+ 1);
matchedDate = findDateForReminder(dateHash, baseDate, leadTimeLowerBound, leadTimeUpperBound);
}
else matchedDate = null;
}
}
}while(formatMatch);
}
if(arr.length > 1) //Sort the array by number of days remaining.
{
arr.sort(function (a,b) {if(a["diff"] == b["diff"]) {return(0);} else {return (a["diff"] < b["diff"]) ? -1 : +1; } });
}
return arr;
};
//This function takes the reminder macro parameters and
//generates the string that is used for display.
//This function is not intended to be called by
//other plugins.
window.getReminderMessageForDisplay= function getReminderMessageForDisplay(diff, params, matchedDate, tiddlerTitle)
{
var anniversaryString = "";
var reminderTitle = params["title"];
if (reminderTitle == null)
{
reminderTitle = config.macros.reminders["untitledReminder"];
}
if (params["firstyear"] != null)
{
anniversaryString = config.macros.reminders["defaultAnniversaryMessage"].replace("DIFF", (matchedDate.getFullYear() - params["firstyear"]));
}
var mess = "";
var diffString = "";
if (diff == 0)
{
diffString = config.macros.reminders["todayString"];
}
else if (diff == 1)
{
diffString = config.macros.reminders["tomorrowString"];
}
else
{
diffString = config.macros.reminders["ndaysString"].replace("DIFF", diff);
}
var format = config.macros.reminders["defaultReminderMessage"];
if (params["format"] != null)
{
format = params["format"];
}
mess = format;
//HACK! -- Avoid replacing DD in TIDDLER with the date
mess = mess.replace(/TIDDLER/g, "TIDELER");
mess = matchedDate.formatStringDateOnly(mess);
mess = mess.replace(/TIDELER/g, "TIDDLER");
if (tiddlerTitle != null)
{
mess = mess.replace(/TIDDLERNAME/g, tiddlerTitle);
mess = mess.replace(/TIDDLER/g, "[[" + tiddlerTitle + "]]");
}
mess = mess.replace("DIFF", diffString).replace("TITLE", reminderTitle).replace("DATE", matchedDate.formatString("DDD MMM DD, YYYY")).replace("ANNIVERSARY", anniversaryString);
return mess;
};
// Parse out the macro parameters into a hashtable. This
// handles the arguments for reminder, showReminders and
// displayTiddlersWithReminders.
window.getParamsForReminder = function getParamsForReminder(params)
{
var dateHash = {};
var type = "";
var num = 0;
var title = "";
for(var t=0; t<params.length; t++)
{
var split = params[t].split(":");
type = split[0].toLowerCase();
var value = split[1];
for (var i=2; i < split.length; i++)
{
value += ":" + split[i];
}
if (type == "nolinks" || type == "limit" || type == "hidden")
{
num = 1;
}
else if (type == "leadtime")
{
var leads = value.split("...");
if (leads.length == 1)
{
leads[1]= leads[0];
leads[0] = 0;
}
leads[0] = parseInt(leads[0], 10);
leads[1] = parseInt(leads[1], 10);
num = leads;
}
else if (type == "offsetdayofweek")
{
if (value.substr(0,1) == "-")
{
dateHash["negativeOffsetDayOfWeek"] = 1;
value = value.substr(1);
}
num = parseInt(value, 10);
}
else if (type != "title" && type != "tag" && type != "format")
{
num = parseInt(value, 10);
}
else
{
title = value;
t++;
while (title.substr(0,1) == '"' && title.substr(title.length - 1,1) != '"' && params[t] != undefined)
{
title += " " + params[t++];
}
//Trim off the leading and trailing quotes
if (title.substr(0,1) == "\"" && title.substr(title.length - 1,1)== "\"")
{
title = title.substr(1, title.length - 2);
t--;
}
num = title;
}
dateHash[type] = num;
}
//date is synonymous with day
if (dateHash["day"] == null)
{
dateHash["day"] = dateHash["date"];
}
return dateHash;
};
//This function finds the date specified in the reminder
//parameters. It will return null if no match can be
//found. This function is not intended to be used by
//other plugins.
window.findDateForReminder= function findDateForReminder( dateHash, baseDate, leadTimeLowerBound, leadTimeUpperBound)
{
if (baseDate == null)
{
baseDate = new Date().getMidnight();
}
var hashKey = baseDate.convertToYYYYMMDDHHMM();
for (var k in dateHash)
{
hashKey += "," + k + "|" + dateHash[k];
}
hashKey += "," + leadTimeLowerBound.convertToYYYYMMDDHHMM();
hashKey += "," + leadTimeUpperBound.convertToYYYYMMDDHHMM();
if (reminderCache[hashKey] == null)
{
//If we don't find a match in this run, then we will
//cache that the reminder can't be matched.
reminderCache[hashKey] = false;
}
else if (reminderCache[hashKey] == false)
{
//We've already tried this date and failed
return null;
}
else
{
return reminderCache[hashKey];
}
var bOffsetSpecified = dateHash["offsetyear"] != null ||
dateHash["offsetmonth"] != null ||
dateHash["offsetday"] != null ||
dateHash["offsetdayofweek"] != null ||
dateHash["recurdays"] != null;
// If we are matching the base date for a dayofweek offset, look for the base date a
//little further back.
var tmp1leadTimeLowerBound = leadTimeLowerBound;
if ( dateHash["offsetdayofweek"] != null)
{
tmp1leadTimeLowerBound = leadTimeLowerBound.addDays(-6);
}
var matchedDate = baseDate.findMatch(dateHash, tmp1leadTimeLowerBound, leadTimeUpperBound);
if (matchedDate != null)
{
var newMatchedDate = matchedDate;
if (dateHash["recurdays"] != null)
{
while (newMatchedDate.getTime() < leadTimeLowerBound.getTime())
{
newMatchedDate = newMatchedDate.addDays(dateHash["recurdays"]);
}
}
else if (dateHash["offsetyear"] != null ||
dateHash["offsetmonth"] != null ||
dateHash["offsetday"] != null ||
dateHash["offsetdayofweek"] != null)
{
var tmpdateHash = cloneParams(dateHash);
tmpdateHash["year"] = dateHash["offsetyear"];
tmpdateHash["month"] = dateHash["offsetmonth"];
tmpdateHash["day"] = dateHash["offsetday"];
tmpdateHash["dayofweek"] = dateHash["offsetdayofweek"];
var tmpleadTimeLowerBound = leadTimeLowerBound;
var tmpleadTimeUpperBound = leadTimeUpperBound;
if (tmpdateHash["offsetdayofweek"] != null)
{
if (tmpdateHash["negativeOffsetDayOfWeek"] == 1)
{
tmpleadTimeLowerBound = matchedDate.addDays(-6);
tmpleadTimeUpperBound = matchedDate;
}
else
{
tmpleadTimeLowerBound = matchedDate;
tmpleadTimeUpperBound = matchedDate.addDays(6);
}
}
newMatchedDate = matchedDate.findMatch(tmpdateHash, tmpleadTimeLowerBound, tmpleadTimeUpperBound);
//The offset couldn't be matched. return null.
if (newMatchedDate == null)
{
return null;
}
}
if (newMatchedDate.isBetween(leadTimeLowerBound, leadTimeUpperBound))
{
reminderCache[hashKey] = newMatchedDate;
return newMatchedDate;
}
}
return null;
};
//This does much the same job as findDateForReminder, but
//this one doesn't deal with offsets or recurring
//reminders.
Date.prototype.findMatch = function findMatch(dateHash, leadTimeLowerBound, leadTimeUpperBound)
{
var bSpecifiedYear = (dateHash["year"] != null);
var bSpecifiedMonth = (dateHash["month"] != null);
var bSpecifiedDay = (dateHash["day"] != null);
var bSpecifiedDayOfWeek = (dateHash["dayofweek"] != null);
if (bSpecifiedYear && bSpecifiedMonth && bSpecifiedDay)
{
return new Date(dateHash["year"], dateHash["month"]-1, dateHash["day"], 0, 0);
}
var bMatchedYear = !bSpecifiedYear;
var bMatchedMonth = !bSpecifiedMonth;
var bMatchedDay = !bSpecifiedDay;
var bMatchedDayOfWeek = !bSpecifiedDayOfWeek;
if (bSpecifiedDay && bSpecifiedMonth && !bSpecifiedYear && !bSpecifiedDayOfWeek)
{
//Shortcut -- First try this year. If it's too small, try next year.
var tmpMidnight = this.getMidnight();
var tmpDate = new Date(this.getFullYear(), dateHash["month"]-1, dateHash["day"], 0,0);
if (tmpDate.getTime() < leadTimeLowerBound.getTime())
{
tmpDate = new Date((this.getFullYear() + 1), dateHash["month"]-1, dateHash["day"], 0,0);
}
if ( tmpDate.isBetween(leadTimeLowerBound, leadTimeUpperBound))
{
return tmpDate;
}
else
{
return null;
}
}
var newDate = leadTimeLowerBound;
while (newDate.isBetween(leadTimeLowerBound, leadTimeUpperBound))
{
var tmp = testDate(newDate, dateHash, bSpecifiedYear, bSpecifiedMonth, bSpecifiedDay, bSpecifiedDayOfWeek);
if (tmp != null)
return tmp;
newDate = newDate.addDays(1);
}
};
function testDate(testMe, dateHash, bSpecifiedYear, bSpecifiedMonth, bSpecifiedDay, bSpecifiedDayOfWeek)
{
var bMatchedYear = !bSpecifiedYear;
var bMatchedMonth = !bSpecifiedMonth;
var bMatchedDay = !bSpecifiedDay;
var bMatchedDayOfWeek = !bSpecifiedDayOfWeek;
if (bSpecifiedYear)
{
bMatchedYear = (dateHash["year"] == testMe.getFullYear());
}
if (bSpecifiedMonth)
{
bMatchedMonth = ((dateHash["month"] - 1) == testMe.getMonth() );
}
if (bSpecifiedDay)
{
bMatchedDay = (dateHash["day"] == testMe.getDate());
}
if (bSpecifiedDayOfWeek)
{
bMatchedDayOfWeek = (dateHash["dayofweek"] == testMe.getDay());
}
if (bMatchedYear && bMatchedMonth && bMatchedDay && bMatchedDayOfWeek)
{
return testMe;
}
};
//Returns true if the date is in between two given dates
Date.prototype.isBetween = function isBetween(lowerBound, upperBound)
{
return (this.getTime() >= lowerBound.getTime() && this.getTime() <= upperBound.getTime());
}
//Return a new date, with the time set to midnight (0000)
Date.prototype.getMidnight = function getMidnight()
{
return new Date(this.getFullYear(), this.getMonth(), this.getDate(), 0, 0);
};
// Add the specified number of days to a date.
Date.prototype.addDays = function addDays(numberOfDays)
{
return new Date(this.getFullYear(), this.getMonth(), this.getDate() + numberOfDays, 0, 0);
};
//Return the number of days between two dates.
Date.prototype.getDifferenceInDays = function getDifferenceInDays(otherDate)
{
//I have to do it this way, because this way ignores daylight savings
var tmpDate = this.addDays(0);
if (this.getTime() > otherDate.getTime())
{
var i = 0;
for (i = 0; tmpDate.getTime() > otherDate.getTime(); i++)
{
tmpDate = tmpDate.addDays(-1);
}
return i;
}
else
{
var i = 0;
for (i = 0; tmpDate.getTime() < otherDate.getTime(); i++)
{
tmpDate = tmpDate.addDays(1);
}
return i * -1;
}
return 0;
};
function cloneParams(what) {
var tmp = {};
for (var i in what) {
tmp[i] = what[i];
}
return tmp;
}
// Substitute date components into a string
Date.prototype.formatStringDateOnly = function formatStringDateOnly(template)
{
template = template.replace("YYYY",this.getFullYear());
template = template.replace("YY",String.zeroPad(this.getFullYear()-2000,2));
template = template.replace("MMM",config.messages.dates.months[this.getMonth()]);
template = template.replace("0MM",String.zeroPad(this.getMonth()+1,2));
template = template.replace("MM",this.getMonth()+1);
template = template.replace("DDD",config.messages.dates.days[this.getDay()]);
template = template.replace("0DD",String.zeroPad(this.getDate(),2));
template = template.replace("DD",this.getDate());
return template;
};
//}}}
''In 1993, Professor Richard E. Smalley envisioned the first nanotechnology center in the world''. Thus, the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) was born. In 2005 after the passing of Professor Smalley, the Rice University Board of Trustees renamed the Institute in his honor: the ''Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology''. Source: [[History : Smalley Institute|http://cnst.rice.edu/history/?ekmensel=c580fa7b_26_28_174_7]]
The pivotal [[discovery of the buckyball|C60: Buckminsterfullerene]] marks the birth of nanoscience and nanotechnology on Rice's Campus. This discovery resulted in Professors Curl, Kroto and Smalley being awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. After the discovery of the buckyball, Smalley’s research focus turned to carbon nanotubes and the application of their extraordinary properties. Later in his career, Smalley became very passionate about energy and education. He believed that by making affordable, clean energy available to all many of humanity’s other pressing problems like poverty and food supply would be much easier to solve. Smalley spent time not only researching paths to abundant, clean energy he also devoted time to educating politicians and world leaders on the need for and a solution to the energy problem. Smalley believed strongly that one critical aspect to solving the issue of energy was educating the next generation of scientists. He often encouraged young students to consider careers in science and engineering under the slogan “Be a scientist, save the world.”
Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology
Rice University
6100 Main Street
Space Science Building, Suite 301
Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
http://cnst.rice.edu/
{{twocolumns{
''Foods produced by nanotechnology should undergo specific risk assessment before being put on the European market and should not be included on the EU's list of novel foods (foods not on the market before May 1997) until then'', according to European Parliament's [[Environment, Public Health and Food Safety Committee|http://www.europarl.europa.eu/activities/committees/homeCom.do?language=EN&body=ENVI]].
The Committee voted 4 May that food produced using nanotechnology should be excluded from the novel food list, and thus the EU market, until the possible health effects of nano production can be fully assessed.
An example of nanotechnology in food production is a wax-like nano-coating on fruits and vegetables to extend shelf life. It can also be used in salad dressings and sauces to make them pour more easily. Some of the world's largest food manufacturers - including European companies - are researching nanotechnology for food applications. But, according to the European Commission, there are currently no nano-foods on the EU market. [About the rise of nano foods have been published [[The taste of tiny: Putting nanofoods on the menu|http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20627611.100-the-taste-of-tiny-putting-nanofoods-on-the-menu.html?full=true]] by Emma Davies, New Scientist]
Kartika Liotard, a Dutch member of left-leaning GUE/NGL, who is steering the proposals through the EP said, "we have insisted that no food products made by nanotechnology or containing nanoparticles will be put on the market unless they have undergone a validated risk assessment and are proven to be safe." Source: ''[[Novel foods: risk assessment for nano-foods|http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/story_page/067-74271-127-05-19-911-20100507STO74257-2010-07-05-2010/default_en.htm]]''.
Before a novel food is included in the Community list of those accepted in the EU, the opinion of the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies on the ethical and environmental implications must be sought when necessary, said MEPs. The co-decision [[report by Kartika Liotard|http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/envi/pr/810/810811/810811en.pdf]] was approved in committee at the second reading with 42 votes in favour, 2 against and 3 abstentions. The plenary vote is currently scheduled for July (tbc).
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</object</html>
Related news list by date, most recent first: <<tag food "food" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag [[public opinion]] "public opinion" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag concerns "concerns" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag nanotoxicology "nanotoxicology" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag regulation "regulation" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag video "video" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
}}}
<html>
<div id="hcard-robert-root-tourney" class="vcard">
<a class="url fn n" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Root-Bernstein"> <span class="given-name">robert</span>
<span class="family-name">root-tourney</span>
</a>
<div class="org">Department of Physiology. Michigan State University </div>
<a class="email" href="mailto:rootbern@msu.edu">rootbern(at)msu.edu</a>
</div>
<span class="badge"
style="float: left; font: 9px Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; padding: 0 1em 1px 0;
border: 1px solid #000; background: #D1940C; color: #fff; text-decoration: none;
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margin-right: 0.1em;">
›››
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hCard
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''Posts by Robert Root-Bernstein'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag [[Robert Root-Bernstein]] "Robert Root-Bernstein" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
<html>
<div id="hcard-roger-malina" class="vcard">
<img style="float:left; margin-right:4px" src="http://www.meetthemediaguru.org/wp-content/uploads/Malina-web.jpg" width="150" alt="roger malina photo" class="photo"/>
<a class="url fn n" href="http://www.leonardo.info/rolodex/malina.roger.html"> <span class="given-name">roger</span>
<span class="family-name">malina</span>
</a>
<div class="org">Leonardo/ISAST Chair Emeritus</div>
<a class="email" href="mailto:rmalina@alum.mit.edu">rmalina(at)alum.mit.edu</a>
</div>
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''Posts by Roger Malina'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag [[Roger Malina]] "Roger Malina" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
{{twocolumns{
<html>
<img src="http://sxm4.uni-muenster.de/AFM-gesamt.jpg" width="95%"/>
</html>The emerging Nanotechnology is expected to change our world to a comparable extent as Microtechnology has (introducing integrated circuits, microsurgery and spacecrafts).
''To give everybody an opportunity to make his own "hands on" experience with the Nanoworld'' we provide all information to build up and use some of the standard equipment of this fascinating field of science, starting with the Nobel-Prize-Winner of 1986: the Scanning-Tunneling-Microscope (STM).
[[Scanning tunneling microscopy, developed by Binnig and Rohrer|Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope]] in the early eighties, allows the investigation of molecular and also atomic structures. It is the only technique with such a high resolution, that even works in air and in liquid.
The STM consists of a very fine, electrically conducting tip, which is guided over a sample surface at an extremely small distance. Owing to an applied voltage a current flows between tip and sample, where the variation of the current reveals information about the electronic structure of the surface and can also render a height relief. A computer is used to collect single scan points and calculates a detailed map of the sample surface.
''Today tunneling microscopy is a standard technique in nanoscience, which is not only used to investigate samples at the atomic scale, but can be employed to construct structures atom by atom as well''.
We hope you enjoy the content of the following pages and have fun constructing our scanning tunneling microscope! Source: From ''[[SXM Project. Scanning Probe Microscope construction kit|http://sxm4.uni-muenster.de/]]'' by the [[Interface Physics Group at the University of Münster|http://www.uni-muenster.de/Physik.PI/Fuchs/]]
''Related news'' list by date, most recent first: <<tag educational "educational" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag open "open" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag microscope "microscope" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">><<tag images "images" "news list by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
<html>
<img title="Atomic resolution of HOPG (highly-oriented, pyrolitic graphite: a crystal of graphite that has extremely smooth and flawless surfaces after cleaving). Imaged by Sven Ullrich using the presented set-up" src="http://sxm4.uni-muenster.de/stm-en/HOPG1.jpg" width="95%"/>
</html>
}}}
{{twocolumns{
<html><object width="100%" height="268"><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always" /><param name="movie" value="http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=9285524&server=vimeo.com&show_title=1&show_byline=1&show_portrait=0&color=&fullscreen=1" /><embed src="http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=9285524&server=vimeo.com&show_title=1&show_byline=1&show_portrait=0&color=&fullscreen=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="100%" height="268"></embed></object><p><a href="http://vimeo.com/9285524">nanolab</a> from <a href="http://vimeo.com/artsci">Art|Sci Center</a> on <a href="http://vimeo.com">Vimeo</a>.</p></html>
NanoLab is a unique program for creative high school students who love both art and science. This program will immerse students in a world renowned research University setting with access to cutting edge science labs and museums. Small groups of students are led by an art-science instructor duo -- giving a larger perspective to the sciences being explored.
A two week summer course including lecture, required screenings, lab visits, field trips and outside study, offered through UCLA's Summer Institute. This introductory studio / lab course explores the creative aspects of scientific research and innovation. Students will gain a br